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This study investigated the effects of the ß-mannanase enzyme and soyhulls on production performance, economics, egg quality, hematology and serum biochemistry, nutrient digestibility, gut morphology, digesta viscosity, and excreta consistency in laying hens during the late peak production phase (37 to 40 weeks of age). Golden brown hens (RIR × Fayoumi; n = 200) were fed a control diet (no soyhulls or enzymes) and diets containing four combinations, i.e., 3% soyhulls with 20 mg/kg ß-mannanase (D1), 3% soyhulls with 30 mg/kg ß-mannanase (D2), 9% soyhulls with 20 mg/kg ß-mannanase (D3), and 9% soyhulls with 30 mg/kg ß-mannanase (D4), for four weeks in four replicates of 10 birds each. Overall, a significantly higher (p < 0.05) feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and water intake were calculated in the D2 group as compared to the control and remaining combinations of soyhulls and ß-mannanase. No mortality was recorded during the entire experiment. Economically, the D1 and D2 groups showed the best results as compared to the D3 and D4 groups. Egg quality parameters like egg weight, shell weight and shell thickness, yolk weight, albumen weight and height, and the Haugh unit remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Similarly, the D2 group showed significantly lower total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL levels and enhanced gut morphology with greater villus width, height, crypt depth, and surface area across intestinal segments. Crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), crude fat, and ash digestibility were higher (p < 0.05) in the D1 and D2 groups compared to the control. Digesta viscosity, excreta consistency, and other egg quality parameters remained unaffected. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of a combination of 3% soyhulls and 30 mg/kg ß-mannanase may have potential benefits for laying hens by improving some production performance and egg quality indicators and economics, lowering blood cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL levels, enhancing nutrient digestibility, and improving gut morphology without affecting egg quality.
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This study explored the ability of formic acid (FA) to replace antibiotics in broiler chicken diets. It examined how FA affected the chickens' growth, carcass characteristics, blood chemistry, and gut bacteria. The experiment randomly assigned 300 one-day-old (Ross 308) broiler chicks to 5 groups, each divided into 6 replicates with 10 unsexed chicks. The following were the treatments: 1st group, negative control (NC): only received a basal diet; 2nd group, positive control (PC): received a basal diet supplemented with 0.5 grams of Colistin antibiotic per kilogram of diet; 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups (FA2, FA4, and FA6) these groups received a basal diet along with formic acid added at increasing levels: 2, 4, and 6 Cm3 per kilogram of diet, respectively. Results found no significant differences in live body weight (LBW) or body weight gain (BWG) between treatment groups, except for LBW at one week and BWG at 0 to 1 and 4 to 5 wk of age. No significant variations were found in feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the treatment groups, excluding FI and FCR at 1 to 2 wk of age. The treatments significantly impacted carcass traits, dressing percentage, breast meat, thigh meat, spleen, giblets, blood levels of urea, creatinine, total protein, globulin, and albumin, as well as the activity of enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in chicks fed different diets compared to control groups. The addition of FA to the diet significantly impacted antioxidant levels. Also, the FA2 group had the highest total bacterial count (TBC). However, the FA6 group was the opposite; it had the lowest levels of harmful bacteria, such as E. coli and Coliform. Supplementing broiler diets with formic acid improves blood parameters, antioxidant activity, and gut bacteria counts, with 4.0 cm³ formic acid/kg diet supplementation promoting optimal broiler health and product quality.
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Soft ticks pose significant health risks as vectors of various pathogens. This study explored the spatio-temporal distribution and genetic relationships of the soft tick species Argas persicus infesting domestic hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) across different districts in Pakistan. An examination of 778 hens revealed a notable tick infestation prevalence of 70.82%, with a total of 1299 ticks collected from 551 hens. The overall mean intensity was 2.19 soft ticks per infested chicken, and the overall mean abundance was 1.61 soft ticks per examined hen. Morphological identification confirmed all collected ticks (n = 1210) as A. persicus, comprising 719 males, 333 females, 121 nymphs, and 38 larvae. The Haveli, Muzaffarabad, and Kotli districts had the highest infestation rates, while Bagh had the lowest. Molecular analyses of tick DNA, focusing on 16S rDNA and 12S rDNA sequences, revealed genetic similarities among A. persicus soft ticks from Pakistan and other regions, providing insights into their evolutionary history. Importantly, no Babesia, Rickettsia, or Anaplasma infections were detected in the examined samples. These findings enhance the understanding of soft tick infestation patterns and the genetic diversity of A. persicus in the studied region.
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Argas , Pollos , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Infestaciones por Garrapatas , Animales , Pakistán/epidemiología , Pollos/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/veterinaria , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/epidemiología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/parasitología , Femenino , Prevalencia , Masculino , Análisis Espacio-Temporal , Babesia/aislamiento & purificación , Babesia/genética , Babesia/clasificación , Ninfa , Rickettsia/aislamiento & purificación , Rickettsia/genética , Rickettsia/clasificación , ARN Ribosómico 16S/análisis , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Larva/clasificaciónRESUMEN
This study explored the alteration in kisspeptin and reproductive hormones during different superovulation protocols (SOP) in dromedary camel. The kisspeptin and reproductive hormonal profile, ovarian response, and the quality and quantity of embryos in dromedary camel donors were evaluated. A total of thirty donor camels were divided into two groups: the 5dSOP group, which received diluent containing 400 mg pFSH dissolved in 20 ml and administered two times daily for 5 days at decreasing doses (2.5, 2, 1.5, and 1 ml); and the 3dSOP group, which received diluent containing 400 mg pFSH dissolved in 12 ml and administered two times daily for 3 days at decreasing doses (3 ml, 2 ml, and 1 ml). Ultrasonography was used to monitor the ovarian environment, recording daily follicle count and dimensions and the time taken for follicles to mature. On the sixth day after mating, a corpus luteum (CL) count was conducted. On the 8th day after mating, records of the quantity and quality of embryos collected were kept. Blood samples from the jugular vein were collected at the commencement of the superovulation protocol and at 8:00 a.m. for the following 48 h to measure the concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), kisspeptin (KP), and progesterone (P4). The findings indicated that the 3dSOP yielded superior results compared to the 5dSOP in terms of follicle quantity and size, as well as the quantity of CL and embryos. This improvement was attributed to significantly higher concentrations of reproductive hormones, including FSH, LH, E2, kisspeptin, and P4 (P ≤ 0.05), in the 3dSOP than in the 5dSOP. In conclusion, reducing the duration of superovulation protocols contributed to the proliferation of follicles with improved dimensions and counts, ultimately resulting in a greater quantity of embryos of superior quality. The levels of FSH, LH, E2, KP, and P4 were affected significantly by SOP and time of evaluation.
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Camelus , Hormona Folículo Estimulante , Kisspeptinas , Progesterona , Superovulación , Animales , Camelus/fisiología , Superovulación/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Kisspeptinas/farmacología , Kisspeptinas/administración & dosificación , Hormona Folículo Estimulante/sangre , Hormona Folículo Estimulante/farmacología , Progesterona/sangre , Estradiol/sangre , Folículo Ovárico/efectos de los fármacos , Hormona Luteinizante/sangre , OvarioRESUMEN
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons characterized by muscle weakness, muscle twitching, and muscle wasting. ALS is regarded as the third-most frequent neurodegenerative disease, subsequent to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2007 declared that prolonged use of statins may induce development of ALS-like syndrome and may increase ALS risk. Subsequently, different studies have implicated statins in the pathogenesis of ALS. In contrast, results from preclinical and clinical studies highlighted the protective role of statins against ALS neuropathology. Recently, meta-analyses and systematic reviews illustrated no association between long-term use of statins and ALS risk. These findings highlighted controversial points regarding the effects of statins on ALS pathogenesis and risk. The neuroprotective effects of statins against the development and progression of ALS may be mediated by regulating dyslipidemia and inflammatory changes. However, the mechanism for induction of ALS neuropathology by statins may be related to the dysregulation of liver X receptor signaling (LXR) signaling in the motor neurons and reduction of cholesterol, which has a neuroprotective effect against ALS neuropathology. Nevertheless, the exact role of statins on the pathogenesis of ALS was not fully elucidated. Therefore, this narrative review aims to discuss the role of statins in ALS neuropathology.
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Bovine mastitis is a widespread and costly disease that affects dairy farming globally, characterized by mammary gland inflammation. Bovine intramammary gland infection has been associated with more than 135 different pathogens of which Staphylococcus aureus is the main etiology of sub-clinical mastitis (SCM). The current study was designed to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic resistance pattern, and the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (mecA, tetK, aacA-aphD and blaZ) in S. aureus isolated from the raw milk of cows with subclinical mastitis. A total of 543 milk samples were collected from lactating cows such as Holstein Friesian (n = 79), Sahiwal (n = 175), Cholistani (n = 107), and Red Sindhi (n = 182) from different dairy farms in Pakistan. From the milk samples microscopic slides were prepared and the somatic cell count was assessed to find SCM. To isolate and identify S. aureus, milk was streaked on mannitol salt agar (MSA) plates. Further confirmation was done based on biochemical assays, including gram staining (+ coccus), catalase test (+), and coagulase test (+). All the biochemically confirmed S. aureus isolates were molecularly identified using the thermonuclease (nuc) gene. The antibiotic resistance pattern of all the S. aureus isolates was evaluated through the disc diffusion method. Out of 543 milk samples, 310 (57.09%) were positive for SCM. Among the SCM-positive samples, S. aureus was detected in 30.32% (94/310) samples. Out of 94 isolates, 47 (50%) were determined to be multidrug resistant (MDR). Among these MDR isolates, 11 exhibited resistance to Cefoxitin, and hence were classified as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The S. aureus isolates showed the highest resistance to Lincomycin (84.04%) followed by Ampicillin (45.74%), while the least resistance was shown to Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (3.19%) and Gentamycin (6.38%). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that 55.31% of the isolates carried blaZ gene, 46.80% carried tetK gene, 17.02% harbored the mecA gene, whereas, aacA-aphD gene was found in 13.82% samples. Our findings revealed a significant level of contamination of milk with S. aureus and half (50%) of the isolates were MDR. The isolated S. aureus harbored various antibiotic resistance genes responsible for the absorbed phenotypic resistance. The alarmingly high prevalence of MDR S. aureus isolates and MRSA strains in these cases possess a serious risk to public health, emphasizes the urgent need to address this issue to protect both human and animal health in Pakistan.
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Antibacterianos , Mastitis Bovina , Leche , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus aureus , Animales , Bovinos , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Mastitis Bovina/epidemiología , Leche/microbiología , Femenino , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/aislamiento & purificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Pakistán/epidemiología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genéticaRESUMEN
Introduction: The present study evaluated the effect of preslaughter stress intensities on the behavioral, physiological, blood biochemicals, and hormonal responses in goats. Methods: Twenty-seven intact male goats (Ardi breed, 10 months of age, 27 kg liveweight) were divided into three treatment groups viz., the control (C) group, ear pulling (EP) group, and leg pulling (LP) group. Various behavioral, physiological, blood biochemical and hormonal responses were recorded before and after handling. Results and Discussion: The EP and LP goats had a higher frequency and intensity of vocalization as compared to control goats. The preslaughter handling stress intensities had a significant effect on the before and after handling values of heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and ear temperature. Further, among groups, the glucose value increased significantly upon preslaughter handling as compared to the baseline value. The LP goats had significantly higher after-handling value for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as compared to the before-handling value. The catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) and ß-endorphin concentrations increased significantly upon preslaughter handling. The higher physiological, behavioral, blood biochemical, and hormonal response indicated higher preslaughter stress in EP and LP goats. Both levels of intensity revealed unfavorable responses in goats that may adversely affect animal welfare and meat quality. Thus, to ensure minimal adverse effects on behavior, physiology, blood enzymes, and hormonal responses, it is recommended to follow animal welfare principles when implementing preslaughter handling practices.
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This study investigates the molecular prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of two prominent blood-borne pathogens, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Plasmodium spp., in common quails (Coturnix coturnix) sampled from both wild (N = 236) and farmed (N = 197) populations across four districts (Layyah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Lahore, and Multan) in Punjab, Pakistan, during the hunting seasons from 2021 to 2023. Additionally, the impact of these pathogens on the complete blood count (CBC) of the hosts is examined. Out of 433 quails tested, 25 (5.8%) exhibited amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) gene for T. gondii, while 15 (3.5%) showed amplification of the Cytochrome b gene for Plasmodium spp. A risk factor analysis indicated that the prevalence of both pathogens was not confined to specific sampling sites or bird sexes (P > 0.05). District-wise analysis highlighted that hens were more susceptible to both T. gondii and Plasmodium spp. infections than cocks. Wild quails exhibited a higher susceptibility to T. gondii compared to farmed birds. Significant CBC variations were recorded in infected birds as compared to uninfected ones. BLAST analysis of generated sequences has confirmed the identity of recovered PCR amplicons as T. gondii and Plasmodium relictum. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Pakistani isolates clustered with those reported from various countries globally. This study provides the first documentation of T. gondii and Plasmodium sp. infections in Pakistani quails, underscoring the need for detailed investigations across different regions to enhance our understanding of infection rates and the zoonotic potential of these parasites.
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Filogenia , Plasmodium , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis Animal , Animales , Pakistán/epidemiología , Toxoplasma/genética , Plasmodium/genética , Plasmodium/aislamiento & purificación , Plasmodium/clasificación , Prevalencia , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/parasitología , Coturnix/parasitología , Femenino , Malaria Aviar/epidemiología , Malaria Aviar/parasitología , Masculino , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
An essential research area for scientists is the development of high-performing, inexpensive, non-toxic antibacterial materials that prevent the transfer of bacteria. In this study, pure Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite were prepared by hydrothermal method. A series of characterization results by using XRD FTIR, Raman, FESEM, TEM, and EDS analyses, reveal the formation of orthorhombic nanoflakes Bi2WO6 by the addition of NaOH and pH adjustment to 7. Compared to pure Bi2WO6, the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite exhibited that CNTs are efficiently embedded into the structure of Bi2WO6 which results in charge transfer between metal ion electrons and the conduction or valence band of Bi2WO6 and MWCNTs and result in shifting to longer wavelength as shown in UV-visible and PL. The results confirmed that MWCNTs are stuck to the surface of the microflowers, and some of them embedded inside the Bi2WO6 nanoflakes without affecting the structure of Bi2WO6 nanoflakes as demonstrated by TEM. In addition, Pure Bi2WO6 and the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite were tested against P. mirabilis and S. mutans., confirming the effect of addition MWCNTs materials had better antibacterial activity in opposition to both bacterial strains than pure Bi2WO6. Besides, pure Bi2WO6 and the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite tested for cytotoxicity against lung MTT test on Hep-G2 liver cancer cells, and flow-cytometry. Results indicated that pure Bi2WO6 and the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite have significant anti-cancer efficacy against Hep-G2 cells in vitro. In addition, the findings demonstrated that Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/MWCNTs triggered cell death via increasing ROS. Based on these findings, it appears that pure Bi2WO6 and the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite have the potential to be developed as nanotherapeutics for the treatment of bacterial infections, and liver cancer.
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Antibacterianos , Antineoplásicos , Bismuto , Nanocompuestos , Compuestos de Tungsteno , Nanocompuestos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Bismuto/química , Bismuto/farmacología , Compuestos de Tungsteno/química , Compuestos de Tungsteno/farmacología , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Hep G2RESUMEN
Moringa oleifera (MO), a cultivated species of the Moringa, is known for its high concentration of essential nutrients that promote growth. To assess its impact on rabbits' gut morphometric, behavioural, and physiological parameters, a study was conducted using sixty growing male white New Zealand rabbits at 40 days old. The rabbits were divided into four groups and supplemented with dried MO leaves at varying levels (0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% of body weight) for four weeks. The results revealed significant increases in organ weights, such as liver and intestinal length, and the height of intestinal villi and crypt depth in the large intestine. The muscular layer's and submucosa's thickness also increased in different parts of the intestine in rabbits fed with MO compared to the control group. No significant effect was observed on the caecum mucosa depth. Interestingly, no significant differences were found in body weight or weight gain between the Moringa supplementation groups and the control group. However, rabbits offered 0%, 0.5% and 1% MO spent more time feeding and resting than those given 2% MO. The grooming and sniffing percentage remained unaffected by Moringa supplementation. Regarding blood parameters, rabbits that received MO leaves in their diet showed improvements in red blood cell count, haemoglobin levels, packed cell volume, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, total protein, globulin, and A/G ratio. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels and an increase in glutathione and high-density lipoprotein levels, indicating an antioxidative effect. Overall, the study concluded that MO leaves supplementation in the rabbit diet positively influenced the rabbits' health by modulating the immune system, improving histological aspects of the intestine, liver, and spleen, and enhancing physiological parameters through its antioxidative properties.
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Kisspeptins are neuropeptides encoded by the Kiss1 gene that was discovered as a metastasis suppressor gene in melanoma and breast cancer. Kisspeptin has pivotal functions for gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion and plays integrated roles in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. However, little is known about the peripheral expression of kisspeptin in ruminants, especially in the female reproductive tract. Here, the objectives of the current study were to investigate the spatial localization of kisspeptin and mRNA expression of Kiss1 and its receptor (Kiss1r) in the fallopian tubes (FT) and uterus of goats at varied reproductive activity (cyclic versus true anoestrous goats, n=6, each). Specimens of the uterus and FT were collected and fixed using paraformaldehyde to investigate the localizations of kisspeptin in the selected tissues by immunohistochemistry. Another set of samples was snape-frozen to identify the expressions of mRNAs encoding Kiss1 and Kiss1r using real-time PCR. Results revealed immunolocalizations of kisspeptin in the uterus and the FT. The staining of kisspeptin was found mainly in the mucosal epithelium of the uterus the FT, and the endometrial glands. Very intense staining of kisspeptin was found in the uterine and FT specimens in the true anoestrous goats compared to that in cyclic ones. The expression of mRNA encoding Kiss1 gene was significantly higher in the uterine specimen of cyclic goats (1.00±0.09) compared to that in the true anoestrous goats (0.62±0.08) (P Ë0.05), while the expression of mRNA encoding Kiss1r was significantly (P Ë0.001) higher in the uterine tissues of true anoestrous goats (1.78±0.17) compared to that in cyclic ones (1.00±0.11). In conclusion, immunohistochemical localization of kisspeptin and the expression of mRNA encoding Kiss1/Kiss1r revealed spatial changes in the uterus and FT of goats according to the reproductive potential of goats (cyclic versus true anoestrous goats). However, the definitive local role of kisspeptin in the uterus and FT need further investigation.
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Trompas Uterinas , Cabras , Kisspeptinas , Útero , Animales , Femenino , Cabras/fisiología , Cabras/genética , Cabras/metabolismo , Kisspeptinas/genética , Kisspeptinas/metabolismo , Útero/metabolismo , Trompas Uterinas/metabolismo , Trompas Uterinas/química , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , Reproducción/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Receptores de Kisspeptina-1/genética , Receptores de Kisspeptina-1/metabolismo , Anestro/metabolismoRESUMEN
In this study, we used in silico techniques to identify available parasite treatments, representing a promising therapeutic avenue. Building upon our computational initiatives aimed at discovering natural inhibitors for various target enzymes from parasites causing neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), we present novel findings on three turmeric-derived phytochemicals as inhibitors of Leishmania pteridine reductase I (PTR1) through in silico methodologies. PTR1, a crucial enzyme in the unique folate metabolism of trypanosomatid parasites, holds established therapeutic significance. Employing MOE software, a molecular docking analysis assesses the efficacy of turmeric phytochemicals against Leishmania PTR1. Validation of the docking protocol is confirmed with an RMSD value of 2. Post-docking, compounds displaying notable interactions with critical residues and binding affinities ranging between -6 and -8 kcal/mol are selected for interaction pattern exploration. Testing twelve turmeric phytochemicals, including curcumin, zingiberene, curcumol, curcumenol, eugenol, bisdemethoxycurcumin, tetrahydrocurcumin, tryethylcurcumin, turmerones, turmerin, demethoxycurcumin, and turmeronols, revealed binding affinities ranging from -5.5 to -8 kcal/mol. Notably, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin exhibit binding affinities within -6.5 to -8 kcal/mol and establish substantial interactions with catalytic residues. These phytochemicals hold promise as lead structures for rational drug design targeting Leishmania spp. PTR in future applications. This work underscores the potential of these identified phytochemicals in the development of more effective inhibitors, demonstrating their relevance in addressing neglected tropical diseases caused by parasites.
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To investigate the effect of age in male quail on testicular weight and histology, sexual libido and semen characteristics, a study was performed on 100 quails at 10, 16, 22, 28 and 34 weeks of age. The body and testicular weights were significantly (p < .05) higher at 16 and 22 than at 28 weeks of age. The circumference and diameter of the seminiferous tubules were significantly (p < .05) higher at 28 and 34 than at 10 and 16 weeks of age. Histological evaluation of testicular slices revealed advanced and effective seminiferous tubes as early as 10 weeks, while spermatogenic activity peaked at 16 weeks of age. The highest semen volume, sperm motility and sperm concentration were observed at weeks of age and then decreased gradually with age. At the same time, the testosterone level and libido were significantly (p < .05) higher at 22 than at 10 weeks of age. Furthermore, the age was positive (p < .05), correlated to seminiferous tubule circumference and diameter, and negative (p < .05), correlated to sperm concentration. In conclusion, the age of quail markedly affected the testicular histological structure, libido, testosterone level and semen characteristics.
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Coturnix , Semen , Masculino , Animales , Codorniz , Libido , Motilidad Espermática , Testículo/patología , TestosteronaRESUMEN
The ketogenic diet (KD) is a low-carbohydrate, adequate protein and high-fat diet. KD is primarily used to treat refractory epilepsy. KD was shown to be effective in treating different neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer disease (AD) is the first common neurodegenerative disease in the world characterized by memory and cognitive impairment. However, the underlying mechanism of KD in controlling of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases are not discussed widely. Therefore, this review aims to revise the fundamental mechanism of KD in different neurodegenerative diseases focusing on the AD. KD induces a fasting-like which modulates the central and peripheral metabolism by regulating mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, gut-flora, and autophagy in different neurodegenerative diseases. Different studies highlighted that KD improves AD neuropathology by regulating synaptic neurotransmission and inhibiting of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. In conclusion, KD improves cognitive function and attenuates the progression of AD neuropathology by reducing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhancing neuronal autophagy and brain BDNF.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Dieta Cetogénica , Enfermedades Mitocondriales , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas , Humanos , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Enfermedades Mitocondriales/metabolismoRESUMEN
The objectives of the present study were to investigate the potential effects of purified bee venom (BV) on various aspects of growth, carcass, antioxidant, intestinal bacterial count and economic considerations in rabbits. A total of 240 male rabbits, comprising two distinct breeds (V-Line and New Zealand White [NZW]), 5 weeks old, with an average live body weight (BW) of 680 ± 20 g, were randomly divided into six groups, each containing 30 rabbits. Each group had five replicates, with six rabbits in each replicate. The allocation of animals to the groups followed a fully factorial design, incorporating two factors: breed (V-Line and NZW) and four levels of purified BV derived from Apis Mellifera. The control group (G1) received a basal diet without additives. The other three groups (G2, G3 and G4) received the basal diet with BV supplementation in their drinking water at 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/L respectively. The study results indicated that NZW rabbits significantly enhanced feed conversion ratio while maintaining consistent carcass attributes compared to the V-Line breed. Despite variations in growth parameters being less pronounced, the supplementation of BV at levels of 1-2 mg/L demonstrated significant improvements in various other parameters. Notably, the interaction between the BV supplement and the breed factor (p < 0.001) yielded notable distinctions in most production metrics, encompassing BW, weight gain, feed conversion, carcass attributes and blood parameters. Increasing levels of BV supplementation, particularly at 1 mg/L, led to substantial improvements in serum and tissue metabolites. Moreover, the levels of total bacterial count and Escherichia coli in the jejunum and colon were significantly diminished, while the population of Lactobacilli in the colon was augmented (p < 0.001) in rabbits from both breeds receiving BV supplementation (1-2 mg/L) compared to the control group. The results underscore the potential of the BV supplement to enhance final weights, bolster antioxidant status and mitigate the presence of pathogenic bacteria, thereby contributing to enhanced economic efficiency in rabbits. Further inquiries are warranted to comprehensively investigate BV supplementation's potential advantages and limitations across different breeds and dosage levels.
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Alimentación Animal , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Venenos de Abeja , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Animales , Masculino , Conejos , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Venenos de Abeja/farmacología , Venenos de Abeja/administración & dosificación , Venenos de Abeja/química , Dieta/veterinaria , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , DesteteRESUMEN
The current study aimed to investigate the effect of xylazine sedation (non-sedated versus sedated conditions) and animal temperament on the fetal and maternal hemodynamics during the late stage of gestation in goats. In addition, it aimed to study the concentrations of cortisol and the echotexture of the placentome. Fourteen goats were assigned into two equal groups (n = 7, each) based on the animal's emotional temperament (calm versus nervous groups). All goats were examined for assessment of the blood flow within the fetal aorta (FA), umbilical artery (UMA), and middle uterine artery (MUA) using color-pulsed Doppler ultrasonography. Goats were exposed to light sedation using the recommended dose of xylazine (0.05 mg/Kg Bw) intramuscularly. Goats in each group were reassessed for the studied parameters after sedation. Blood samples were drawn to determine the concentrations of cortisol. Placentome echotexture pixel intensity (PXI) was evaluated using computer image analysis software. Results revealed the significant impact of the xylazine sedation on the Doppler indices of the blood flow within the measured arteries (FA, UMA, and MUA), the PXI of placentome echotexture, and cortisol concentrations. The emotional temperament of goats had significant effects on the blood flow parameters of the MUA and UMA, concentrations of cortisol, and the PXI of the placentome. The interaction effect (sedation x temperament) was noticed in the measured parameters of the UMA blood flow, fetal heart rate, and cortisol concentrations. In conclusion, xylazine sedation and emotional temperaments induced alterations in the echotexture of the placentomes as well as the hemodynamic parameters of late-stage pregnant goats without affecting the pregnancy outcomes.
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Cabras , Placenta , Xilazina , Animales , Femenino , Cabras/fisiología , Embarazo , Placenta/irrigación sanguínea , Placenta/efectos de los fármacos , Xilazina/farmacología , Xilazina/administración & dosificación , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Temperamento/fisiología , Arterias Umbilicales/diagnóstico por imagen , Arterias Umbilicales/efectos de los fármacos , Arterias Umbilicales/fisiología , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/farmacología , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/administración & dosificación , Feto/irrigación sanguínea , Feto/fisiología , Feto/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
In the current study, the proteolytic enzyme (serratiopeptidase) was used to enhance the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) probiotic as a growth promotor in broiler chicken. The effects of serratiopeptidase on the efficacy of different levels of B. subtilis as a growth promotor in broiler chicks were evaluated regarding growth performance traits, villus histomorphometric characterization, and intestinal microbiota count. Day-old broiler chicks (n = 120) were allocated into 4 groups having 3 replicates/group. In the control group (C), the basal diet was kept without supplementation. In treatment groups (P100, P150, and P200), the basal diet was supplemented with 100, 150, and 200 mg probiotics, respectively besides 30 mg proteolytic enzyme in the 3 treated groups for 4 wk. The performance parameters were significantly affected by the supplementation of serratiopeptidase to the B. subtilis treatment groups. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and dressing percent were significantly improved in the treatment groups as compared to the control group. Significantly, the lowest feed intake was recorded for the P200 group. The highest body weight gain and dressing percentage were recorded for the P200 group. An improved FCR was recorded in the P200 group (1.7) as compared to the control group. The different levels of B. subtilis supplemented with serratiopeptidase revealed significant improvements (P<0.05) in the morphology of the intestine by showing increases in villus height and width and crypt depth of the small intestine. The microbial count revealed that E. coli and salmonella colonies were significantly reduced in the P200 group as compared to the control and other treatment groups. In conclusion, the supplementation of B. subtilis with serratiopeptidase as a growth promoter in broiler chicks significantly improved the overall performance, and intestinal health and reduced microbial load contributing to optimizing the performance of broiler chickens. The greatest improvement was observed in the P200 group fed with B. subtilis as a probiotic and serratiopeptidase enzyme (200 mg:30 mg).
Asunto(s)
Bacillus , Probióticos , Animales , Bacillus subtilis , Pollos , Escherichia coli , Péptido Hidrolasas , Probióticos/farmacología , Antibacterianos , Peso CorporalRESUMEN
The primary aim of this investigation was to assess the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among sheep and goats in five districts within the southern region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. Additionally, the study aimed to pinpoint potential factors associated with the spread of this infection. Serum samples were gathered from a total of 3505 small ruminants, comprising 1810 sheep and 1695 goats. These samples were then subjected to testing for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies using the Toxo-Latex slide Agglutination test. Concurrently, a predetermined questionnaire was employed to gather data on possible risk factors. The collected data underwent bivariate frequency analysis and multivariable logistic regression analyses. The findings revealed that 20.08% of the examined animals had positive results for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Notably, the prevalence of T. gondii was notably higher among sheep, with 21.8% of the sheep testing positive, as opposed to the 18% of tested goats (P = 0.007). The seroprevalence percentages were comparable across the five districts for both types of animals. For goats, the prevalence ranged from 16.8% to 20.1%, while for sheep, it ranged from 20.2% to 24%. Among the younger population (≤1 year), the seroprevalence was statistically lower at 17.7% compared to the older population (>1 year) at 23.1% (P < 0.001). Female animals demonstrated a higher prevalence (21.9%) in contrast to their male counterparts (17.8%) (P = 0.002). Animals reared for breeding and milking purposes displayed a greater seroprevalence (23.9%) compared to those intended for sale (17.7%) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, animals kept under a transhumant production system displayed the lowest prevalence (18.9%), followed by sedentary (21.7%) and nomadic (31.2%) herds (P < 0.001). The outcomes of this study highlight the importance of implementing management interventions to curtail T. gondii infection among animals within the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Such measures hold the potential to reduce associated public health risks and enhance the profitability of farmers.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Cabras , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis , Femenino , Masculino , Ovinos , Animales , Pakistán/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Rumiantes , Cabras , Factores de Riesgo , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The investigation examined the use of willow leaf extract (WLE) on broiler chickens, examining carcass characteristics, cecal microbiota, antioxidants, and blood parameters. In 4 groups of 300 chicks, a basal diet was given for 5 wk, and the first treatment was basal diet (C). The diets for the remaining 3 treatments (WLE150, WLE300, and WLE450) contained 150, 300, and 450 mg of willow leaf extract /kg, respectively. The study found that birds fed willow leaf extract supplements had significantly greater body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), and enhanced feed conversion ratio (FCR) vs. the control group. Birds fed at 450 mg/kg food showed the greatest growth features, carcass weight, liver weight, lower abdominal fat, better low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations, and highest hematological characteristics. Chickens fed diets supplemented with varied doses of willow leaf extract showed significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activity, with higher amounts of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and lower malondialdehyde (MDA). However, in the study, birds fed a diet supplemented with 450 mg of willow leaf extract per kg meal showed a significant drop of 13.02%, which found no significant variations in hazardous bacteria (Escherichia coli) across 2 treatments (WLE150 and WLE300). In addition, the study discovered that birds fed with varied doses of willow leaf extract had fewer cecum infections (Staphylococci aureus). We conclude that using willow at a level of 450 mg/kg diet can significantly enhance the BWG, FCR, antioxidant levels and beneficial bacteria activity besides the condition of broiler chicken's general health.
Asunto(s)
Pollos , Salix , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Salix/metabolismo , Ciego/microbiología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Peso CorporalRESUMEN
This study aimed to determine the effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in the freezing medium on functional and oxidative stress parameters and in vitro fertilization (IVF) rate of buffalo sperm. Collected samples were relocated to the laboratory for initial evaluation, gentle dilution in extenders, cooling (4°C, 2 h), equilibration (4°C, 4 h), packaging (straws, 0.5 mL), programmable freezing, and thawing (37°C, 30 s). Statistical analysis depicted that adding CoQ10 (100 µM) in a freezing medium caused a significant augmentation in total motility (%), average path, and straight-line velocities (µm/sec) of buffalo sperm than control. Adding CoQ10 (100 µM) improved sperm progressive motility, rapid velocity, and functional parameters (%) compared to the control and 10 µM of CoQ10. Moreover, CoQ10 in a freezing medium caused a significant augmentation in seminal plasma catalase (U/mL) and glutathione reductase (GSH; nmol/109 ) at 100 µM than control and other treatments. CoQ10 inclusion (100 µM) ameliorates seminal plasma superoxide dismutase (U/mL), glutathione-S-transferase (GST; nmol/mL/min) fructose (µg/mL), and ATP (nmol/million) than control. Furthermore, CoQ10 at 100 µM improved seminal plasma glutathione peroxidase (µM) levels than control, 10 µM, and 20 µM. Lastly, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2; nM) production was significantly lower at 100 µM than at control and 10 µM. CoQ10 (100 µM) caused a significant augmentation in the un-capacitated pattern followed by a reduction in the capacitated pattern, and apoptosis-like changes (%) than control, and other treatments, whereas viability was increased than control and other treatments. CoQ10 (100 µM) significantly improved the IVF rate in comparison with control, CoQ10 at 10 µM, and 20 µM groups. In conclusion, the addition of CoQ10 (100 µM) in the freezing medium can improve the quality and in vitro fertility of post-thawed buffalo semen via its antioxidative effect. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of CoQ10 on the in vivo fertility of buffalo bull semen.