Almost 20% of the Latin nouns (193/993) in Terminologia Histologica (TH), the international standard nomenclature for human histology and cytology, display linguistic problems, particularly in the areas of orthography, gender, and declension. Some anatomists have opposed efforts to restore the quality of the Latin nomenclature as pedantry, preferring to create or modify Latin words so that they resemble words in English and other modern languages. A Latin microanatomical nomenclature is vulnerable to the criticism of anachronism, so the requirement for the use of authentic Latin, including derivation of new words from Greek and Latin words rather than from modern languages, if possible, may be even greater than it is for the anatomical nomenclature. The most common problem identified here appears to have been caused by derivation of Latin nouns by addition of -us and -um second declension endings to English words. Many Latin nouns (128) in TH contain one of six morphemes that have been treated this way even though the original Greek words are either first declension masculine or third declension neuter nouns. Ironically, deriving Latin nouns directly from Greek morphemes often results in words that look more familiar to speakers of Romance and Germanic languages than those derived indirectly through modern languages (e.g., astrocyte, collagene, dendrita, lipochroma, osteoclasta and telomere instead of astrocytus, collagenum, dendritum, lipochromum, osteoclastus, and telomerus).
Anatomists , Vocabulary , Humans , Language , Linguistics
La correcta utilización de los términos morfológicos está estandarizada por las terminologías, una de ellas es la Terminologia Histologica (TH). Éstas sugieren la exclusión de los epónimos. Pese a esto, existen estructuras que continúan en esta condición. Específicamente, "Poros de Kohn, Canales de Martin y Canales de Lambert" son términos que componen la ventilación colateral (VC) y son ejemplo de esta situación. Así, el objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar en TH los términos asociados a la VC a fin de proponer denominaciones siguiendo las recomendaciones de la Federación Internacional de Programas de Terminologías Anatómicas (FIPAT). Se buscaron los términos relacionados a la VC en TH, posteriormente, se efectuó el mismo ejercicio en textos de histología, además de esto, en base de datos MedLine a través de su buscador PudMed con el siguiente algoritmo: (lung) AND (alveoli pulmonary) AND (airway) AND (collateral) AND (ventilation). En TH se encontró el término Porus septalis (H3. 05.02.0.00036) para referirse al término Poros de Kohn, en seis textos de histología se menciona el término Poros de Kohn, en 21 artículos revisados se menciona la VC, de estos, en diez se utiliza el epónimo Poro de Kohn, para referirse a los poros septales, el epónimo Canales de Lambert fue utilizado en seis artículos y el epónimo Canales de Martin, apareció en cinco artículos. A partir de la información encontrada, su desarrollo histórico, sumado a los lineamientos de la FIPAT, proponemos complementar e incluir en TH los términos Porus septalis alveolaris para los poros de Kohn, Ductus bronchiolaris alveolaris para los Canales de Lambert y Ductus interbronquiolaris para los canales de Martin, respectivamente.
The correct use of morphological terms is standardized by the Terminologies, one of them is the Histological Terminology (HT) For these Terminologies, the exclusion of eponyms is recommended. Despite this, there are structures that remain as eponyms. Three in particular: Pores of Kohn, Martin Channels and Lambert Channels are terms that make up collateral ventilation (CV) and are an example of this. Thus, the objective of the present study was to identify in the HT the terms associated with the CV in order to propose denominations following the recommendations of the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies (FIPAT). The terms related to CV in the TH were researched, and subsequently, the same exercise was carried out in histology texts. The MedLine database was also used through its PudMed search engine with the following algorithm: (lung) AND (alveoli pulmonary) AND (airway) AND (collateral) AND (ventilation). In HT the term Porus Septalis" (H3.05.0.0.036) was found to refer to the term "Pores of Kohn, in six histology texts the term Pores of Kohn is mentioned, in 21 reviewed articles the CV is mentioned, of these, in ten the eponymous Pores of Kohn is used, to refer to the Septal Pores, the eponymous Lambert Channels was used in six articles and the eponymous Martin Channels appeared in five articles. From the information found, its historical development, added to the guidelines of the FIPAT, we propose complementing and including in the HT the terms "Porus septalis alveolaris" for pores of Kohn, "Ductus bronchiolaris alveolaris" for the Lambert Channels and "Ductus interbronquiolaris" for the Martin Channels, respectively.
Humans , Pulmonary Alveoli/anatomy & histology , Bronchi/anatomy & histology , Terminology as Topic , Pulmonary Ventilation , Eponyms
At first sight, the issue of morphological terminology may seem to be a "closed and unchanging chapter", as many of the structures within the human body have been known for decades or even centuries. However, the exact opposite is true. The initial knowledge of the microscopic structure of the human body has been continuously broadening thanks to the development of new specialized staining techniques, discovery of the electron microscope, or later application of histochemical and immunohistochemical methods into routine tissue examination. Contrary to popular belief, histology has a status of constantly developing scientific discipline, with continuous influx of new knowledge, resulting in an unavoidable necessity to revise the histological nomenclature at regular intervals. The team of experts of the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology, a working group of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, published in 2008 the First Edition of Terminologia Histologica. Terminologia Histologica (TH) is the best and most extensive of all the histological nomenclatures ever issued. However, here we suggest that several terms of important histological structures are still missing while several other terms are disputable. First, we present some clinically important terms of cells and tissue structures for inclusion in the next TH and, in a second part, we refer to some new terms in the current edition of the TH which are not yet mentioned in current histology textbooks (e.g., fusocellular connective tissue, bundle bone as the third type of bone tissue, spongy layer of vagina or arteria vaginata from the splenic white pulp). With this article we hope to start a wide scientific discussion which will lead to an inambiguous definition and demonstration of typical examples of all terms in the TH, with the result that the new edition of the Terminologia Histologica will become an internationally accepted communication tool for all practitioners and teachers of histology alike.
Histology/standards , Terminology as Topic , Anatomists , Anatomy/standards , Cells/classification , Histology/trends , Humans , Reference Books, Medical
RESUMEN: Terminologia Histologica (TH) fue confeccionada siguiendo las indicaciones del Comité Federativo Internacional en Terminología Anatómica (FIPAT), sin embargo, no está exenta de errores e incongruencias. Lo anterior se evidencia al analizar el término músculo (TM) cuando se considera: el idioma en que se encuentra, número de palabras utilizadas o si las palabras que la componen efectivamente describen la forma de su estructura. En este contexto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar en la TH el TM y su contexto histórico para proponer cambios consistentes con los lineamientos de la FIPAT. Desde el punto de vista histórico, fue descrito primeramente como un tejido contráctil, con acción capaz de originar movimiento; conformado por dos tendones y un relleno de carne. En el Renacimiento fueron incorporados los ligamentos, nervios, venas y arterias como parte del tejido y en el siglo XIX se reconoce la existencia de dos tipos de músculo, voluntario e involuntario; finalmente, Testut incorpora el término estriado a las fibras musculares. Las principales hallazgos indican que las palabras liso, esquelético y cardíaco tiene su origen en el griego y fueron latinizadas, sin embargo, liso tiene su equivalente en latín que es levis; en el caso del término esquelético proponemos reemplazarlo por osseus, que significa relativo al hueso, ya que es una palabra latina y entrega mayor información para la comprensión de la estructura; el término estriado visceral no cardíaco sería una redundancia; los vocablos visceral y cardíaco expresan relación y/o ubicación del músculo estriado y no forma. Pese a esto, el análisis histórico indica que estos conceptos fueron interiorizados desde el siglo XV y XVI aproximadamente, por lo que sugerir su cambio o eliminación es complejo debido a la cantidad de años que han sido utilizados. En este contexto, sería prudente analizar la posibilidad de ir solamente sobre las redundancias, así el término tejido muscular estriado quedaría con tres subordinadas; tejido muscular estriado óseo, tejido muscular estriado visceral y tejido muscular estriado cardiaco.
SUMMARY: Terminologia Histologica (TH) was prepared following the indications of the International Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT), however, it is not exempt from errors and inconsistencies. the above information is analyzed in the term muscle (TM) when considering the language in which it is found, the number of words that are used and the words that make up the form of its structure. In this context, the objective of this research was an analysis in the context of TM and its historical context to propose changes consistent with the guidelines of the FIPAT. From the historical point of view, it was originally described as a contractile tissue, with action capable of originating movement; Made up of two tendons and a meat filling. In the Renaissance the ligaments, nerves, veins and arteries were incorporated as part of the tissue and in the nineteenth century the existence of two types of muscle was recognized, voluntary and involuntary; Finally, Testut incorporates the term striated muscle fibers. the main findings indicate that the words smooth, skeletal and cardiac have their origin in the Greek and were latinized, however, the smooth one has its equivalent in Latin that is levis; in the case of the skeletal term, it was proposed to replace it with bone, which means relative to the bone, since it is a laita word and provides more information for the understanding of the structure; the term non-cardiac visceral striatum would be a redundancy; the visceral and cardiac terms express relationship and / or location of the striated muscle and no form. Despite this, the historical analysis indicates that these concepts have been internalized since the fifteenth and sixteenth century, so it has been suggested that the problem has been reduced or reduced. In this context, it would be prudent. muscular striated bone tissue, visceral striated muscle tissue and cardiac striated muscle tissue.
Humans , Anatomy/history , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Terminology as Topic
This article details our experience with the Terminologia Histologica (TH) and its utility in the teaching of histology, cytology, and clinical medicine (e.g., pathology and hematology). Latin histological nomenclature has been used for 43years, and the latest version of the TH has been in use for 15years (although it was only issued publicly within the past 10years). The following findings and ensuing proposals allow us to discuss key points pertaining to the TH and make important suggestions for potential changes to the TH (such as the exclusion and inclusion of various terms). We classify these changes into six groups: 1.) mistakes in the TH, 2.) discrepancies among various Terminologiae, 3.) discrepancies within the TH, 4.) the repetition of terms, 5.) synonyms in the TH, and 6.) missing terms in the TH. Surprisingly, unlike the anatomical nomenclature, the histological nomenclature has been neglected in the literature. This article addresses this problem by reviewing and summarizing the state of this field, pointing out key discrepancies, offering solutions, and highlighting topics for further discussion.
Anatomy , Terminology as Topic , Anatomy/history , History, 17th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Language/history
College students, who major in health science, feel troubles in learning histology or embryology due to the differences between medical terminology and biological terminologies used in high school course. Moreover, the differences can cause errors in communication between patients and medical personnel. So we investigated and analyzed the terminologies used in 7 high school biology textbooks, and compared them with official histological or embryological terminologies and official biological terminologies (Korean association of biological science). The concordance rates of high school biology terms with histological or embryological terminologies were just 42.3+/-4.0% or 55.8+/-18.1%, while those with official biological terminology were significantly higher (74.0+/-3.8% or 89.5+/- 8.0%). Most notable differences between high school biology textbook terminologies and histological terminologies were found in the chapter of the urinary system. In addition, several eponyms and unofficial word spacing were noted in high school textbooks. These results can be served as valuable basic resources for revision and standardization of terminologies used in the biomedical fields. Collaboration among anatomists, biologists and high school teachers is thought be prerequisite.
Humans , Anatomists , Biology , Cooperative Behavior , Embryology , Eponyms , Learning
