RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Data on the dynamics and persistence of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after primary vaccination with two-dose inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac) are limited. This study evaluated the sequential effects of prior infection, heterologous boosting with mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and the occurrence of Omicron vaccine-breakthrough infection (VBI) thereafter. METHODS: We evaluated anti-spike IgG (Abbott) and neutralising (cPASS/GenScript) antibody (nAb) titers up to one year after mRNA-1273 boost in two-dose-CoronaVac-primed Indonesian healthcare workers (August 2021-August 2022). We used linear mixed modeling to estimate the rate of change in antibody levels, and logistic regression to examine associations between antibody levels and VBI. RESULTS: Of 138 participants, 52 (37.7%) had a prior infection and 78 (56.5%) received an mRNA-1273 booster. After two-dose CoronaVac, antibody titers had significantly declined within 180 days, irrespective of prior infection. After mRNA-1273 booster, anti-spike IgG (1.47% decline/day) and Omicron B.1.1.529/BA.2 nAbs declined between day 28-90, and IgG titers plateaued between day 90-360. During the BA.1/BA.2 wave (February-March 2022), 34.6% (27/78) of individuals experienced a VBI (median 181 days after mRNA-1273), although none developed severe illness. VBI was associated with low pre-VBI anti-spike IgG and B.1.1.529/BA.2 nAbs, which were restored post-VBI. CONCLUSIONS: mRNA-1273 booster after two-dose CoronaVac did not prevent BA.1/BA.2 VBI. Periodic vaccine boosters may be warranted against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Vacuna nCoV-2019 mRNA-1273 , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Infección Irruptiva , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Inmunización Secundaria , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vacuna nCoV-2019 mRNA-1273/inmunología , Vacuna nCoV-2019 mRNA-1273/administración & dosificación , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/sangre , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Infección Irruptiva/epidemiología , Infección Irruptiva/inmunología , Infección Irruptiva/prevención & control , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/epidemiología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , Personal de Salud , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Indonesia/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Vacunación , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados/inmunología , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In early-onset severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), transplacental transfer of maternal antierythrocyte IgG alloantibodies causes fetal anemia that leads to the use of high-risk intrauterine transfusions in order to avoid fetal hydrops and fetal death. Nipocalimab, an anti-neonatal Fc receptor blocker, inhibits transplacental IgG transfer and lowers maternal IgG levels. METHODS: In an international, open-label, single-group, phase 2 study, we assessed treatment with intravenous nipocalimab (30 or 45 mg per kilogram of body weight per week) administered from 14 to 35 weeks' gestation in participants with pregnancies at high risk for recurrent early-onset severe HDFN. The primary end point was live birth at 32 weeks' gestation or later without intrauterine transfusions as assessed against a historical benchmark (0%; clinically meaningful difference, 10%). RESULTS: Live birth at 32 weeks' gestation or later without intrauterine transfusions occurred in 7 of 13 pregnancies (54%; 95% confidence interval, 25 to 81) in the study. No cases of fetal hydrops occurred, and 6 participants (46%) did not receive any antenatal or neonatal transfusions. Six fetuses received an intrauterine transfusion: five fetuses at 24 weeks' gestation or later and one fetus before fetal loss at 22 weeks and 5 days' gestation. Live birth occurred in 12 pregnancies. The median gestational age at delivery was 36 weeks and 4 days. Of the 12 live-born infants, 1 received one exchange transfusion and one simple transfusion and 5 received only simple transfusions. Treatment-related decreases in the alloantibody titer and IgG level were observed in maternal samples and cord blood. No unusual maternal or pediatric infections were observed. Serious adverse events were consistent with HDFN, pregnancy, or prematurity. CONCLUSIONS: Nipocalimab treatment delayed or prevented fetal anemia or intrauterine transfusions, as compared with the historical benchmark, in pregnancies at high risk for early-onset severe HDFN. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; UNITY ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03842189.).
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Transfusión de Sangre Intrauterina , Eritroblastosis Fetal , Inmunoglobulina G , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/efectos adversos , Adulto , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Transfusión de Sangre Intrauterina/efectos adversos , Nacimiento Vivo , Isoanticuerpos/sangre , Receptores Fc , Edad Gestacional , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase IAsunto(s)
Eritroblastosis Fetal , Inmunoglobulina G , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Embarazo , FemeninoRESUMEN
Anti-Spike IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, which are elicited by vaccination and infection, are correlates of protection against infection with pre-Omicron variants. Whether this association can be generalized to infections with Omicron variants is unclear. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with 8457 blood donors in Tyrol, Austria, analyzing 15,340 anti-Spike IgG antibody measurements from March 2021 to December 2022 assessed by Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Using a Bayesian joint model, we estimated antibody trajectories and adjusted hazard ratios for incident SARS-CoV-2 infection ascertained by self-report or seroconversion of anti-Nucleocapsid antibodies. At the time of their earliest available anti-Spike IgG antibody measurement (median November 23, 2021), participants had a median age of 46.0 years (IQR 32.8-55.2), with 45.3% being female, 41.3% having a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 75.5% having received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. Among 6159 participants with endpoint data, 3700 incident SARS-CoV-2 infections with predominantly Omicron sublineages were recorded over a median of 8.8 months (IQR 5.7-12.4). The age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio for SARS-CoV-2 associated with having twice the anti-Spike IgG antibody titer was 0.875 (95% credible interval 0.868-0.881) overall, 0.842 (0.827-0.856) during 2021, and 0.884 (0.877-0.891) during 2022 (all p < 0.001). The associations were similar in females and males (Pinteraction = 0.673) and across age (Pinteraction = 0.590). Higher anti-Spike IgG antibody titers were associated with reduced risk of incident SARS-CoV-2 infection across the entire observation period. While the magnitude of association was slightly weakened in the Omicron era, anti-Spike IgG antibody continues to be a suitable correlate of protection against newer SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales , COVID-19 , Inmunoglobulina G , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Masculino , Femenino , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/epidemiología , Adulto , Estudios Retrospectivos , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Austria/epidemiología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , Seroconversión , Teorema de BayesRESUMEN
We compared the immunogenicity of recombinant S. pneumoniae pneumolysin (rPly) when administered with and without Al(OH)3 adjuvant, and evaluated the protective properties of recombinant protein in the active defense experiment. It was shown that double immunization with rPly+Al(OH)3 increases the levels of IgG antibodies in comparison with the control (p<0.01), while triple immunization results in a more significant increase in IgG antibody levels (p<0.001). Double immunization with rPly without Al(OH)3 does not induce a significant increase in antibody levels in comparison with the control, while triple immunization results in a slight but significant increase in antibody levels (p<0.05). The active defense test proved the protective activity of rPly against S. pneumoniae serotype 3 at intranasal infection.
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Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Proteínas Bacterianas , Inmunoglobulina G , Proteínas Recombinantes , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Estreptolisinas , Estreptolisinas/inmunología , Estreptolisinas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/inmunología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Streptococcus pneumoniae/inmunología , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genética , Animales , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunología , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Ratones , Infecciones Neumocócicas/inmunología , Infecciones Neumocócicas/prevención & control , Infecciones Neumocócicas/microbiología , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos , Hidróxido de Aluminio/inmunología , Hidróxido de Aluminio/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Neumococicas/inmunología , Vacunas Neumococicas/administración & dosificación , FemeninoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic liver disease leading to inflammation with scaring and strictures of bile ducts, which can lead to liver cirrhosis. A subtype of PSC characterized by high serum IgG4 (sIgG4) levels has been reported to be associated with poor outcomes, but the exact role and the longitudinal development of sIgG4 levels in PSC progression remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate if subsequent analysis of sIgG4 levels allows the identification of the PSC phenotype with high sIgG4. METHODS: sIgG4 values were repeatedly analysed in a well-characterized European PSC cohort of 110 individuals. Biochemical parameters, clinical endpoints, death and liver transplantation were compared between PSC subgroups. RESULTS: 12.7% (n = 14) of PSC patients showed increased sIgG4 levels (PSC-IgG4). The values normalized in 57.1% (n = 8; PSC-IgG4norm) during follow-up measurements, whereas the values remained permanently elevated in 42.9% (n = 6; PSC-IgG4const). Serum values of AP and γGT were significantly higher in PSC-IgG4const compared to PSC-IgG4norm at final blood sampling. Furthermore, mean age at PSC diagnosis was markedly lower in PSC-IgG4const compared to PSC-IgG4norm. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study analyzing longitudinal development of sIgG4 in PSC. Our data indicate that only sequential determination of sIgG4 levels allow to accurately distinguish between the PSC phenotype with high sIgG4 and PSC with low sIgG4.
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Colangitis Esclerosante , Inmunoglobulina G , Fenotipo , Humanos , Colangitis Esclerosante/inmunología , Colangitis Esclerosante/sangre , Colangitis Esclerosante/diagnóstico , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Anciano , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Trasplante de HígadoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Since March 2020, COVID-19 has evolved from a localized outbreak to a global pandemic. We assessed the seroprevalence of COVID-19 in three towns in the Centre Sud region of Burkina Faso. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in three middle-sized cities in Burkina Faso's Centre Sud region, from June to July 2021. Subjects aged 16 or over at the time of the survey were considered for this seroprevalence study. The Biosynex COVID-19 BSS rapid test was used to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) against SARS-CoV-2. A standardized questionnaire was also administered to collect additional information. RESULTS: A total of 2449 eligible participants (age ≥ 16 years) were identified. Serological tests for COVID-19 were performed in 2155 individuals, of which 2143 valid tests were retained and analyzed. Out of the entire sample, 246 positive tests were observed, corresponding to a prevalence of 11.48%. Prevalence was 9.35% (58 cases) in Kombissiri, 12.86% (80 cases) in Manga and 11.99% (108 cases) in Pô. By gender, 13.37% of women (164 cases) tested positive, and 8.95% of men (82 cases). Women accounted for 66.67% of all positive test subjects. The results from the multivariate analysis show a significantly higher seroprevalence in women (p = 0.007), people over 55 years old (p = 0.004), overweight people (p = 0.026) and those with drinking water sources at home (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that the COVID-19 virus also circulates in the population of middle-sized cities in Burkina Faso, far more than officially reported by the information service of the government of Burkina Faso, given the lack of systematic testing in the general population in the country. The study also highlighted the greater vulnerability of women, older and overweight individuals to the epidemic. The preventive measures put in place to fight the pandemic must take these different factors into account.
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COVID-19 , Ciudades , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/sangre , Burkina Faso/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Estudios Transversales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Adolescente , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Ciudades/epidemiología , Adulto Joven , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Anciano , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/sangreRESUMEN
Background and objectives: Up to 46% of patients with presumed autoimmune limbic encephalitis are seronegative for all currently known central nervous system (CNS) antigens. We developed a cell-based assay (CBA) to screen for novel neural antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using neurons and astrocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Methods: Human iPSC-derived astrocytes or neurons were incubated with serum/CSF from 99 patients [42 with inflammatory neurological diseases (IND) and 57 with non-IND (NIND)]. The IND group included 11 patients with previously established neural antibodies, six with seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), 12 with suspected autoimmune encephalitis/paraneoplastic syndrome (AIE/PNS), and 13 with other IND (OIND). IgG binding to fixed CNS cells was detected using fluorescently-labeled antibodies and analyzed through automated fluorescence measures. IgG neuronal/astrocyte reactivity was further analyzed by flow cytometry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used as CNS-irrelevant control target cells. Reactivity profile was defined as positive using a Robust regression and Outlier removal test with a false discovery rate at 10% following each individual readout. Results: Using our CBA, we detected antibodies recognizing hiPSC-derived neural cells in 19/99 subjects. Antibodies bound specifically to astrocytes in nine cases, to neurons in eight cases, and to both cell types in two cases, as confirmed by microscopy single-cell analyses. Highlighting the significance of our comprehensive 96-well CBA assay, neural-specific antibody binding was more frequent in IND (15 of 42) than in NIND patients (4 of 57) (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.0005). Two of four AQP4+ NMO and four of seven definite AIE/PNS with intracellular-reactive antibodies [1 GFAP astrocytopathy, 2 Hu+, 1 Ri+ AIE/PNS)], as identified in diagnostic laboratories, were also positive with our CBA. Most interestingly, we showed antibody-reactivity in two of six seronegative NMOSD, six of 12 probable AIE/PNS, and one of 13 OIND. Flow cytometry using hiPSC-derived CNS cells or PBMC-detected antibody binding in 13 versus zero patients, respectively, establishing the specificity of the detected antibodies for neural tissue. Conclusion: Our unique hiPSC-based CBA allows for the testing of novel neuron-/astrocyte-reactive antibodies in patients with suspected immune-mediated neurological syndromes, and negative testing in established routine laboratories, opening new perspectives in establishing a diagnosis of such complex diseases.
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Astrocitos , Autoanticuerpos , Inmunoglobulina G , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas , Neuronas , Humanos , Astrocitos/inmunología , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Neuronas/inmunología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/inmunología , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Autoanticuerpos/inmunología , Autoanticuerpos/sangre , Adulto , Anciano , Enfermedades Autoinmunes del Sistema Nervioso/inmunología , Enfermedades Autoinmunes del Sistema Nervioso/diagnóstico , Adulto Joven , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/inmunología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Introduction: Before they can produce their own antibodies, newborns are protected from infections by transplacental transfer of maternal IgG antibodies and after birth through breast milk IgA antibodies. Rhinovirus (RV) infections are extremely common in early childhood, and while RV infections often result in only mild upper respiratory illnesses, they can also cause severe lower respiratory illnesses such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Methods: We used high-density peptide arrays to profile infant and maternal antibody reactivity to capsid and full proteome sequences of three human RVs - A16, B52, and C11. Results: Numerous plasma IgG and breast milk IgA RV epitopes were identified that localized to regions of the RV capsid surface and interior, and also to several non-structural proteins. While most epitopes were bound by both IgG and IgA, there were several instances where isotype-specific and RV-specific binding were observed. We also profiled 62 unique RV-C protein loop sequences characteristic of this species' capsid VP1 protein. Discussion: Many of the RV-C loop sequences were highly bound by IgG from one-year-old infants, indicating recent or ongoing active infections, or alternatively, a level of cross-reactivity among homologous RV-C sites.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales , Inmunoglobulina G , Leche Humana , Rhinovirus , Humanos , Leche Humana/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Femenino , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Lactante , Rhinovirus/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina A/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina A/sangre , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/inmunología , Recién Nacido , Epítopos/inmunología , Proteínas de la Cápside/inmunología , AdultoRESUMEN
Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV), a satellite virus of Hepatitis B virus, exacerbates liver damage in affected individuals. Screening for HDV antibodies in HBsAg positive patients is recommended, but the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests remains uncertain. This review aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for HDV. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus etc. for relevant studies. Studies measuring the sensitivity and specificity of serological HDV tests against PCR as a reference standard were included. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for each test method and sero-marker were calculated. The review included six studies with 11 study arms, evaluating ARCHITECT immunoassay, EIA, ELISA, QMAC, RIA, and Western Blot test methods targeting Anti-HDV IgG, Total anti-HDV and Anti-HDV IgM. Sensitivities for Anti-HDV IgG, Total Anti-HDV and Anti-HDV IgM, tests were 97.4%, 51.9%, and 62.0%, respectively, with specificities of 95.3%, 80.0%, and 85.0%. Our findings, with its limited number of studies, suggest that HDV serological tests, particularly those identifying Anti IgG exhibit high accuracy and can serve as effective screening tools for HDV.
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Hepatitis D , Virus de la Hepatitis Delta , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Pruebas Serológicas , Humanos , Virus de la Hepatitis Delta/inmunología , Hepatitis D/diagnóstico , Hepatitis D/virología , Hepatitis D/sangre , Hepatitis D/inmunología , Pruebas Serológicas/métodos , Pruebas Serológicas/normas , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Anticuerpos Antihepatitis/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/sangreRESUMEN
Background: Production of anti-phosphatidylserine (anti-PS) antibodies has been associated with malaria and can aggravate pathology. How these autoantibodies develop during early childhood in a malaria context is not known. We examined levels of anti-PS IgG and IgM antibodies in a longitudinal cohort of mother-baby pairs during birth, in the infants at 2.5, 6 months, and in mothers and their babies at 9 months postpartum. Results: There was no difference between levels of anti-PS IgG in cord blood and the mothers' peripheral blood at birth. However, anti-PS IgM levels were significantly higher in the mothers compared to the infants' cord blood, and IgM levels were steadily increasing during the first 9 months of the infants' life. In infants that had the highest anti-PS IgM levels at birth, there was a decline until 6 months with a rise at 9 months. Infants that possessed high anti-PS IgG at birth also exhibited a progressive decline in levels. When anti-PS were correlated to different fractions of B-cells, there were several correlations with P. falciparum specific atypical B cells both at birth and at 2.5 months for the infants, especially for anti-PS IgM. Anti-PS also correlated strongly to C1q-fixing antibodies at birth. Conclusion: These results show that anti-PS IgG acquired by mothers could be transferred transplacentally and that IgM antibodies targeting PS are acquired during the first year of life. These results have increased the knowledge about autoimmune responses associated with infections in early life and is critical for a comprehensive understanding of malaria vaccine functionality in endemic areas.
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Inmunoglobulina G , Inmunoglobulina M , Fosfatidilserinas , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Femenino , Fosfatidilserinas/inmunología , Lactante , Uganda , Recién Nacido , Adulto , Plasmodium falciparum/inmunología , Masculino , Malaria Falciparum/inmunología , Malaria Falciparum/parasitología , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Inmunidad Materno-Adquirida , Autoanticuerpos/inmunología , Autoanticuerpos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Madres , Sangre Fetal/inmunología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Estudios LongitudinalesRESUMEN
The use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) schedules with fewer doses are being considered to reduce costs and improve access, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. While several studies have assessed their immunogenicity, there are limited data on their potential for long-term immune protection, as assessed by pneumococcal serotype-specific memory B cell (Bmem) responses. This current study reports secondary outcome data that aims to compare Bmem responses following reduced-dose (0 + 1 and 1 + 1) schedules of PCV10 and PCV13 in Vietnamese infants from our randomised-controlled trial (trial registration number NCT03098628). Following vaccination at 12 months of age, Bmem levels for most serotypes peaked seven days post-vaccination and were higher in magnitude for the 1 + 1 than 0 + 1 schedules and for PCV13 than PCV10. Furthermore, Bmem did not wane as rapidly as IgG levels by 24 months of age. Further studies are needed to assess the use of Bmem as markers of long-term protection against pneumococcal carriage and disease, which is crucial to generate data for immunisation program decision-making.
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Esquemas de Inmunización , Células B de Memoria , Infecciones Neumocócicas , Vacunas Neumococicas , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Humanos , Vacunas Neumococicas/inmunología , Vacunas Neumococicas/administración & dosificación , Vietnam , Lactante , Streptococcus pneumoniae/inmunología , Infecciones Neumocócicas/prevención & control , Infecciones Neumocócicas/inmunología , Células B de Memoria/inmunología , Femenino , Vacunas Conjugadas/inmunología , Vacunas Conjugadas/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Vacunación/métodos , Preescolar , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , SerogrupoRESUMEN
Advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) is associated with a wide spectrum of immune dysfunction. The clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the development of decompensation and immune response in unvaccinated outpatients has not as yet been clearly defined. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and immunological impact of SARS-CoV-2 on outpatients with ACLD. This is an observational case-control study, in which ACLD outpatients were included prospectively and consecutively and classified into two groups: SARS-CoV-2 infected and non-infected. Patients' baseline characteristics and infection data were collected and analyzed. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels against Spike 1 were evaluated. The primary endpoint was risk of liver decompensation during follow-up, assessed after propensity score matching and adjusted by Cox regression. Between October 2020 and July 2021, ACLD outpatients (n = 580) were identified, and 174 patients with clinical follow-up were included. SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence was 7.6% (n = 44). Risk of liver decompensation was significantly higher after infection (HR = 2.43 [1.01-5.86], p = 0.048) vs. non-infection. The time of IgG evaluation was similar in all patients (n = 74); IgG concentrations were significantly higher in compensated vs. decompensated patients (1.02 ± 0.35 pg/mL vs. 0.34 ± 0.16 pg/mL, p < 0.0001) and correlated with hemoglobin levels. The dysregulation of the innate immune response in patients with decompensated liver disease increased the risk of further decompensation following SARS-CoV-2, mainly due to a worsening of ascites.
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COVID-19 , Inmunoglobulina G , Hepatopatías , Pacientes Ambulatorios , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/complicaciones , COVID-19/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Anciano , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Hepatopatías/inmunología , Hepatopatías/virología , Hepatopatías/epidemiología , Enfermedad Crónica , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Diphtheria is a re-emerging infectious disease and public health concern worldwide and in Vietnam with increasing cases in recent years. This study aimed to assess the anti-diphtheria toxoid antibodies status in Khanh Hoa Province and identify factors contributing to the vaccination policy in the south-central coast of Vietnam. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study to evaluate the seroprevalence of anti-diphtheria toxoid antibodies among 1,195 participants, aged 5 - 40 years in Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. Immunoglobulin G antibody levels against diphtheria were detected using a commercial anti-diphtheria toxoid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SERION ELISA classic Diphtheria Immunoglobulin G) and were categorized following the World Health Organization guidelines. RESULTS: The mean anti-diphtheria toxoid antibody levels were 0.07 IU/ml (95% Confidence Interval: 0.07-0.08). Anti-diphtheria toxoid antibody levels were found to be associated with age and history of diphtheria vaccination. The 5-15 years age group had the highest levels (0.09 IU/ml), while the older age group had the lowest antibody level (p < 0.001). Individuals who received three doses (adjusted Odds ratio: 2.34, 95%CI: 1.35 - 4.07) or 4+ doses (adjusted Odds ratio: 2.45, 95%CI: 1.29 - 4.64) had a higher antibody level compared to those who received only one dose regardless of age. CONCLUSION: It is crucial to promote routine vaccination coverage to over 95% for children under one year of age with three primary doses of the diphtheria-containing vaccine, including additional doses at 18 months and 7 years of age. Booster doses should be promoted and administered to adolescents and adults every 10 years.
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Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Toxoide Diftérico , Difteria , Vacunación , Humanos , Estudios Transversales , Vietnam/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Masculino , Niño , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Difteria/prevención & control , Difteria/inmunología , Difteria/epidemiología , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Preescolar , Toxoide Diftérico/inmunología , Toxoide Diftérico/administración & dosificación , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción EnzimáticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A definition of the immunological features of COVID-19 pneumonia is needed to support clinical management of aged patients. In this study, we characterized the humoral and cellular immune responses in presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, in aged patients admitted to the IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital (Italy) for COVID-19 pneumonia between November 2021 and March 2022. METHODS: The study was approved by local authorities. Disease severity was evaluated according to WHO guidelines. We tested: (A) anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral response (anti-RBD-S IgG, anti-S IgM, anti-N IgG, neutralizing activity against Delta, BA1, BA4/5 variants); (B) Lymphocyte B, CD4 and CD8 T-cell phenotype; (C) plasma cytokines. The impact of vaccine administration and different variants on the immunological responses was evaluated using standard linear regression models and Tobit models for censored outcomes adjusted for age, vaccine doses and gender. RESULT: We studied 47 aged patients (median age 78.41), 22 (47%) female, 33 (70%) older than 70 years (elderly). At hospital admission, 36% were unvaccinated (VACno), whilst 63% had received 2 (VAC2) or 3 doses (VAC3) of vaccine. During hospitalization, WHO score > 5 was higher in unvaccinated (14% in VAC3 vs. 43% in VAC2 and 44% VACno). Independently from vaccination doses and gender, elderly had overall reduced anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral response (IgG-RBD-S, p = 0.0075). By linear regression, the anti-RBD-S (p = 0.0060), B (p = 0.0079), CD8 (p = 0.0043) and Th2 cell counts (p = 0.0131) were higher in VAC2 + 3 compared to VACno. Delta variant was the most representative in VAC2 (n = 13/18, 72%), detected in 41% of VACno, whereas undetected in VAC3, and anti-RBD-S production was higher in VAC2 vs. VACno (p = 0.0001), alongside neutralization against Delta (p = 0141), BA1 (p = 0.0255), BA4/5 (p = 0.0162). Infections with Delta also drove an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, p = 0.0463; IL-6, p = 0.0010). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of 3 vaccination doses reduces the severe symptomatology in aged and elderly. Vaccination showed a strong association with anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral response and an expansion of Th2 T-cells populations, independently of age. Delta variants and number of vaccine doses affected the magnitude of the humoral response against the original SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. A systematic surveillance of the emerging variants is paramount to define future vaccination strategies.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacunación , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , COVID-19/inmunología , Anciano , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Inmunidad Humoral , Citocinas/sangre , Italia , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/sangre , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Mumps is a vaccine-preventable acute viral infectious disease. To understand the incidence of mumps and population immunity in Quzhou City after measles mumps rubella vaccine (MMR) was included in the immunization program, we analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of mumps cases from 2009 to 2023 and a cross-sectional serosurvey of IgG antibodies to mumps conducted in 2024. We found that 15 years after the MMR vaccine was included in the immunization program, the incidence of mumps was significantly reduced in all populations, but the incidence remained highest in vaccinated children aged 0-12 years. Vaccine escape may explain the high incidence of mumps in highly vaccinated populations. Updating vaccines or developing a new vaccine that targets multiple viral genotypes may be necessary to improve the effectiveness of the vaccine against infection and fully control infections and outbreaks. The positive rate and concentration of mumps IgG antibody were inconsistent with the incidence data. mumps IgG antibody is not an ideal substitute for immunity and cannot be used to accurately predict whether a target population is susceptible or protected. Natural infections may provide longer-lasting immunity than vaccination.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales , Programas de Inmunización , Inmunoglobulina G , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola , Paperas , Humanos , Paperas/epidemiología , Paperas/prevención & control , Paperas/inmunología , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/inmunología , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Preescolar , Lactante , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Niño , Femenino , Incidencia , Adolescente , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Masculino , Estudios Transversales , Adulto Joven , Adulto , China/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Virus de la Parotiditis/inmunología , Virus de la Parotiditis/genética , Recién NacidoRESUMEN
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is an acute form of encephalitis that can lead to poor neurological outcomes. Although the exact pathogenesis of HSE remains elusive, recent reports suggest a significant role for postinfectious immune-inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS). This study aimed to clarify the association between CNS autoimmune responses and clinical presentation in patients with HSE, focusing on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics, particularly the IgG index. We retrospectively analyzed 176 consecutive patients suspected of having aseptic meningitis /encephalitis for chronological changes in CSF findings and clinical presentations. These patients underwent PCR screening for herpesviruses (HV) in their CSF. We identified seven patients positive for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), 20 patients positive for varicella-zoster virus, and 17 patients who met the criteria for aseptic meningitis but were PCR-negative for HV. Patients in the HSV-1-positive group exhibited a significant increase in the IgG index at the time of PCR-negative conversion compared with on admission (p = 0.0156), while such a change was not observed in the other two groups. Additionally, all patients in the HSV-1-positive group tested negative for anti-neural autoantibodies in CSF and serum samples collected approximately 3 weeks after onset. This study, therefore, highlights that CSF IgG index elevation occurs even after PCR-confirmed HSV-1 clearance, which might indicate immunopathogenesis that is independent of antibody-mediated mechanisms.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales , Encefalitis por Herpes Simple , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Inmunoglobulina G , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Femenino , Masculino , Encefalitis por Herpes Simple/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Encefalitis por Herpes Simple/inmunología , Herpesvirus Humano 1/inmunología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Anciano , Anticuerpos Antivirales/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Adulto Joven , Adolescente , Herpesvirus Humano 3/inmunología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Autoanticuerpos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Autoanticuerpos/sangre , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Líquido Cefalorraquídeo/virología , Líquido Cefalorraquídeo/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The effects of co-infections with SARS-CoV-2 and parasitic diseases have been little investigated in terms of immune response, disease dynamics, and clinical outcomes. This study aimed to explore the impact of co-infection with Opisthorchis viverrini and SARS-CoV-2 on the immune response concerning clinical symptoms and the severity of pulmonary abnormalities. A cross-sectional study was conducted, including healthy participants as controls, participants with opisthorchiasis, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and a co-infection group with both diseases. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed based on clinical parameters and severity of pulmonary abnormalities, whereas opisthorchiasis burden was evaluated by eggs-per-gram (EPG) counts. Immune responses were assessed by measuring levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG, and neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2. In the co-infected group, clinical parameters and hospitalization rates were lower than in the SARS-CoV-2 group. Pulmonary abnormalities, such as bronchial fibrosis, were commonly observed in the SARS-CoV-2 group, leading to hospitalization in some cases. Participants with opisthorchiasis had higher IFN-γ levels than healthy individuals. IFN-γ levels were significantly lower in the co-infection group compared with the SARS-CoV-2 group (P = 0.002). There was a significant (P = 0.044) positive correlation between RBD-specific IgG and percent neutralization levels in the SARS-CoV-2 group. Levels of both were somewhat lower (not statistically significant) in the co-infection group. A negative correlation was observed between opisthorchiasis burden (EPG counts) and IFN-γ and RBD-specific IgG levels in the co-infected group. Following vaccination, the increase in IgG levels against the RBD protein was significantly lower in the co-infected group than in the SARS-CoV-2 group. These results suggest that O. viverrini infection suppresses immune responses and may lead to a reduction in severity in cases of SARS-CoV-2 co-infection.
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COVID-19 , Coinfección , Opistorquiasis , Opisthorchis , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/complicaciones , Opistorquiasis/inmunología , Opistorquiasis/complicaciones , Coinfección/inmunología , Coinfección/parasitología , Animales , Masculino , Opisthorchis/inmunología , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Interferón gamma/sangre , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Anciano , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangreRESUMEN
Immune response elicited during pneumococcal carriage has been shown to protect against subsequent colonization and infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The study was designed to measure the baseline serotype-specific anti-capsular IgG concentration and opsonic titers elicited in response to asymptomatic carriage in adults with and without type 2-diabetes. Level of IgG to capsular polysaccharide was measured in a total of 176 samples (124 with type 2 diabetes and 52 without type 2 diabetes) against serotype 1, 19F, 9V, and 18C. From within 176 samples, a nested cohort of 39 samples was selected for measuring the functional capacity of antibodies by measuring opsonic titer to serotypes 19F, 9V, and 18C. Next, we measured levels of IgG to PspA in 90 samples from individuals with and without diabetes (22 non-diabetes and 68 diabetes). Our results demonstrated comparable IgG titers against all serotypes between those with and without type 2-diabetes. Overall, we observed higher opsonic titers in those without diabetes as compared to individuals with diabetes for serotypes 19F and 9V. The opsonic titers for 19F and 9V significantly negatively correlated with HbA1c. For 19F, 41.66% (n = 10) showed opsonic titers ≥ 1:8 in the diabetes group as compared to 66.66% (n = 10) in the non-diabetes group. The percentage was 29.6% (n = 7) vs 66.66% (n = 10) for 9V and 70.83% (n = 17) vs 80% (n = 12) for 18C in diabetes and non-diabetes groups respectively. A comparable anti-PspA IgG (p = 0.409) was observed in those with and without diabetes, indicating that response to protein antigen is likely to remain intact in those with diabetes. In conclusion, we demonstrated comparable IgG titers to both capsular polysaccharide and protein antigens in those with and without diabetes, however, the protective capacity of antibodies differed between the two groups.
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Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Inmunoglobulina G , Infecciones Neumocócicas , Serogrupo , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Humanos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/inmunología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/inmunología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/microbiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Masculino , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunología , Femenino , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones Neumocócicas/inmunología , Infecciones Neumocócicas/microbiología , Pakistán/epidemiología , AncianoRESUMEN
RSV infection remains a serious threat to the children all over the world, especially, in the low-middle income countries. Vaccine delivery via the mucosa holds great potential for inducing local immune responses in the respiratory tract. Previously, we reported the development of highly immunogenic RSV virus-like-particles (RSV-VLPs) based on the conformationally stable prefusogenic-F protein (preFg), glycoprotein and matrix protein. Here, to explore whether mucosal delivery of RSV-VLPs is an effective strategy to induce RSV-specific mucosal and systemic immunity, RSV-VLPs were administered via the nasal, sublingual and pulmonary routes to BALB/c mice. The results demonstrate that immunization with the VLPs via the mucosal routes induced minimal mucosal response and yet facilitated modest levels of serum IgG antibodies, enhanced T cell responses and the expression of the lung-homing marker CXCR3 on splenocytes. Immunization with VLPs via all three mucosal routes provided protection against RSV challenge with no signs of RSV induced pathology.