RESUMEN
Synaptic dysfunction is an early pathogenic event leading to cognitive decline in Huntington's disease (HD). We previously reported that the active ADAM10 level is increased in the HD cortex and striatum, causing excessive proteolysis of the synaptic cell adhesion protein N-Cadherin. Conversely, ADAM10 inhibition is neuroprotective and prevents cognitive decline in HD mice. Although the breakdown of cortico-striatal connection has been historically linked to cognitive deterioration in HD, dendritic spine loss and long-term potentiation (LTP) defects identified in the HD hippocampus are also thought to contribute to the cognitive symptoms of the disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the contribution of ADAM10 to spine pathology and LTP defects of the HD hippocampus. We provide evidence that active ADAM10 is increased in the hippocampus of two mouse models of HD, leading to extensive proteolysis of N-Cadherin, which has a widely recognized role in spine morphology and synaptic plasticity. Importantly, the conditional heterozygous deletion of ADAM10 in the forebrain of HD mice resulted in the recovery of spine loss and ultrastructural synaptic defects in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Meanwhile, normalization of the active ADAM10 level increased the pool of synaptic BDNF protein and activated ERK neuroprotective signaling in the HD hippocampus. We also show that the ADAM10 inhibitor GI254023X restored LTP defects and increased the density of mushroom spines enriched with GluA1-AMPA receptors in HD hippocampal neurons. Notably, we report that administration of the TrkB antagonist ANA12 to HD hippocampal neurons reduced the beneficial effect of GI254023X, indicating that the BDNF receptor TrkB contributes to mediate the neuroprotective activity exerted by ADAM10 inhibition in HD. Collectively, these findings indicate that ADAM10 inhibition coupled with TrkB signaling represents an efficacious strategy to prevent hippocampal synaptic plasticity defects and cognitive dysfunction in HD.
Asunto(s)
Proteína ADAM10 , Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide , Hipocampo , Enfermedad de Huntington , Potenciación a Largo Plazo , Proteínas de la Membrana , Receptor trkB , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Proteína ADAM10/metabolismo , Proteína ADAM10/genética , Enfermedad de Huntington/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Huntington/patología , Ratones , Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/metabolismo , Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/antagonistas & inhibidores , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patología , Receptor trkB/metabolismo , Receptor trkB/antagonistas & inhibidores , Potenciación a Largo Plazo/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Cadherinas/metabolismo , Espinas Dendríticas/metabolismo , Espinas Dendríticas/patología , Neuroprotección , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Plasticidad Neuronal , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/genética , Ratones NoqueadosRESUMEN
Mutations in the IER3IP1 (Immediate Early Response-3 Interacting Protein 1) gene can give rise to MEDS1 (Microcephaly with Simplified Gyral Pattern, Epilepsy, and Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Syndrome-1), a severe condition leading to early childhood mortality. The small endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-membrane protein IER3IP1 plays a non-essential role in ER-Golgi transport. Here, we employed secretome and cell-surface proteomics to demonstrate that the absence of IER3IP1 results in the mistrafficking of proteins crucial for neuronal development and survival, including FGFR3, UNC5B and SEMA4D. This phenomenon correlates with the distension of ER membranes and increased lysosomal activity. Notably, the trafficking of cargo receptor ERGIC53 and KDEL-receptor 2 are compromised, with the latter leading to the anomalous secretion of ER-localized chaperones. Our investigation extended to in-utero knock-down of Ier3ip1 in mouse embryo brains, revealing a morphological phenotype in newborn neurons. In summary, our findings provide insights into how the loss or mutation of a 10 kDa small ER-membrane protein can cause a fatal syndrome.
Asunto(s)
Retículo Endoplásmico , Aparato de Golgi , Microcefalia , Retículo Endoplásmico/metabolismo , Animales , Microcefalia/genética , Microcefalia/metabolismo , Microcefalia/patología , Ratones , Aparato de Golgi/metabolismo , Humanos , Mutación , Transporte de Proteínas , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas/patologíaRESUMEN
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly conserved process for the degradation of cellular components and plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis maintenance. During autophagy, specialized double-membrane vesicles known as autophagosomes are formed and sequester cytoplasmic cargoes and deliver them to lysosomes or vacuoles for breakdown. Central to this process are autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, with the ATG9-the only integral membrane protein in this core machinery-playing a central role in mediating autophagosome formation. Recent years have witnessed the maturation of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and single-particle analysis into powerful tools for high-resolution structural determination of protein complexes. These advancements have significantly deepened our understanding of the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying autophagosome biogenesis. In this study, we present a protocol detailing the acquisition of the three-dimensional structure of ATG9 from Arabidopsis thaliana. The structural resolution achieved 7.8 Å determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Proteínas Relacionadas con la Autofagia , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Microscopía por Crioelectrón/métodos , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/ultraestructura , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/química , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/ultraestructura , Proteínas Relacionadas con la Autofagia/metabolismo , Proteínas Relacionadas con la Autofagia/química , Autofagosomas/metabolismo , Autofagosomas/ultraestructura , Autofagia , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/química , Proteínas de la Membrana/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced myocarditis involves intensive immune/inflammation activation; however, its molecular basis is unclear. Here, we show that gasdermin-E (GSDME), a gasdermin family member, drives ICI-induced myocarditis. Pyroptosis mediated by GSDME, but not the canonical GSDMD, is activated in myocardial tissue of mice and cancer patients with ICI-induced myocarditis. Deficiency of GSDME in male mice alleviates ICI-induced cardiac infiltration of T cells, macrophages, and monocytes, as well as mitochondrial damage and inflammation. Restoration of GSDME expression specifically in cardiomyocytes, rather than myeloid cells, in GSDME-deficient mice reproduces ICI-induced myocarditis. Mechanistically, quantitative proteomics reveal that GSDME-dependent pyroptosis promotes cell death and mitochondrial DNA release, which in turn activates cGAS-STING signaling, triggering a robust interferon response and myocardial immune/inflammation activation. Pharmacological blockade of GSDME attenuates ICI-induced myocarditis and improves long-term survival in mice. Our findings may advance the understanding of ICI-induced myocarditis and suggest that targeting the GSDME-cGAS-STING-interferon axis may help prevent and manage ICI-associated myocarditis.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico , Proteínas de la Membrana , Miocarditis , Nucleotidiltransferasas , Piroptosis , Animales , Miocarditis/inmunología , Miocarditis/patología , Miocarditis/inducido químicamente , Miocarditis/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/farmacología , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/efectos adversos , Ratones , Masculino , Humanos , Nucleotidiltransferasas/metabolismo , Nucleotidiltransferasas/genética , Transducción de Señal , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , ADN Mitocondrial/metabolismo , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Femenino , Miocitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Miocitos Cardíacos/patología , Miocitos Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/genética , Proteínas de Unión a Fosfato/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión a Fosfato/genética , GasderminasRESUMEN
Multidomain proteins with flexible linkers and disordered regions play important roles in many cellular processes, but characterizing their conformational ensembles is difficult. We have previously shown that the coarse-grained model, Martini 3, produces too compact ensembles in solution, that may in part be remedied by strengthening protein-water interactions. Here, we show that decreasing the strength of protein-protein interactions leads to improved agreement with experimental data on a wide set of systems. We show that the 'symmetry' between rescaling protein-water and protein-protein interactions breaks down when studying interactions with or within membranes; rescaling protein-protein interactions better preserves the binding specificity of proteins with lipid membranes, whereas rescaling protein-water interactions preserves oligomerization of transmembrane helices. We conclude that decreasing the strength of protein-protein interactions improves the accuracy of Martini 3 for IDPs and multidomain proteins, both in solution and in the presence of a lipid membrane.
Asunto(s)
Unión Proteica , Soluciones , Agua/química , Agua/metabolismo , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/metabolismo , Conformación Proteica , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/química , Membrana Dobles de Lípidos/metabolismo , Membrana Dobles de Lípidos/químicaRESUMEN
Cancer is a major category of diseases that need to be addressed urgently, bringing a huge burden to the world. Gastric cancer (GC) is a frequent malignant tumor of the digestive system with the highest incidence and mortality rate among all tumors. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism of action of TMEM45A in pan-cancer and gastric cancer. First, GEO and TCGA database were employed to analyze the expression of TMEM45A in GC patients. Then, we determined the association between TMEM45A expression and survival of GC patients using the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database and TCGA database and verified the accuracy of TMEM45A in predicting prognosis. Next, we analyzed the effect of CTHRC expression on TIICs in GC tissues. A prognostic model was constructed using immunomodulatory genes associated with TMEM45A. The specificity and accuracy of the model were verified. TMEM45A expression was markedly higher in GC tissue than in normal tissue. GC patients with TMEM45A overexpression had a poor prognosis. The AUC value of 5-year survival on the ROC curve was 0.705, indicating that TMEM45A is a reliable prognostic factor and can be used as a clinicopathological indicator alone to predict patient prognosis. Three high-risk immunomodulatory genes (CXCR4 and TGFB1) and one low-risk immunomodulatory gene (PDCD1) were obtained using both univariate and multivariate COX methods. These three immunomodulatory molecules were used to construct prognostic models. GC patients with TMEM45A overexpression have a poor prognosis and are associated with immune cell infiltration. Hence, TMEM45A is a fairly reliable independent prognostic marker.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Proteínas de la Membrana , Neoplasias Gástricas , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Pronóstico , Curva ROC , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Neoplasias Gástricas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Gástricas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/genética , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/metabolismoRESUMEN
The double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor STING has been increasingly implicated in responses to "sterile" endogenous threats and pathogens without nominal DNA or cyclic di-nucleotide stimuli. Previous work showed an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), activates STING. Herein, we sought to determine if ER stress generated a STING ligand, and to identify the UPR pathways involved. Induction of IFN-ß expression following stimulation with the UPR inducer thapsigargin (TPG) or oxygen glucose deprivation required both STING and the dsDNA-sensing cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Furthermore, TPG increased cytosolic mitochondrial DNA, and immunofluorescence visualized dsDNA punctae in murine and human cells, providing a cGAS stimulus. N-acetylcysteine decreased IFN-ß induction by TPG, implicating reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, mitoTEMPO, a mitochondrial oxidative stress inhibitor did not impact TPG-induced IFN. On the other hand, inhibiting the inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) ER stress sensor and its target transcription factor XBP1 decreased the generation of cytosolic dsDNA. iNOS upregulation was XBP1-dependent, and an iNOS inhibitor decreased cytosolic dsDNA and IFN-ß, implicating ROS downstream of the IRE1-XBP1 pathway. Inhibition of the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway also attenuated cytoplasmic dsDNA release. The PERK-regulated apoptotic factor Bim was required for both dsDNA release and IFN-ß mRNA induction. Finally, XBP1 and PERK pathways contributed to cytosolic dsDNA release and IFN-induction by the RNA virus, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV). Together, our findings suggest that ER stressors, including viral pathogens without nominal STING or cGAS ligands such as RNA viruses, trigger multiple canonical UPR pathways that cooperate to activate STING and downstream IFN-ß via mitochondrial dsDNA release.
Asunto(s)
Citosol , Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico , Interferón beta , Proteínas de la Membrana , Nucleotidiltransferasas , Respuesta de Proteína Desplegada , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Nucleotidiltransferasas/metabolismo , Citosol/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Interferón beta/metabolismo , ADN/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , eIF-2 Quinasa/metabolismo , Endorribonucleasas/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de Unión a la X-Box/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de Unión a la X-Box/genética , Tapsigargina/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Activación Transcripcional , ADN Mitocondrial/metabolismoRESUMEN
Leucine-rich repeat-containing 8A (LRRC8A) is a key component of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) that influences essential homeostatic processes in various immune cells. These processes include the regulation of cell volume and membrane potential and the facilitation of the transport of organic agents used as anticancer drugs and immune-stimulating factors. Therefore, understanding the structure-function relationship of LRRC8A, exploring its physiological role in immunity, assessing its efficacy in treating diseases, and advancing the development of compounds that regulate its activity are important research frontiers. This review emphasized the emerging field of LRRC8A, outlined its structure and function, and summarized its role in immune cell development and immune cell-mediated antiviral and antitumor effects. Additionally, it explored the potential of LRRC8A as an immunotherapeutic target, offering insights into resolving persistent challenges and future research directions.
Asunto(s)
Inmunoterapia , Proteínas de la Membrana , Humanos , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , AnimalesRESUMEN
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant tumour of the bone with high mortality. Here, we comprehensively analysed the hypoxia signalling in OS and further constructed novel hypoxia-related gene signatures for OS prediction and prognosis. This study employed Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analyses to identify Stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) and Transmembrane Protein 45A (TMEM45A) as the diagnostic biomarkers, which further assessed by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), decision curve analysis (DCA), and calibration curves in training and test dataset. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to construct the prognostic model. STC2 and metastasis were devised to forge the OS risk model. The nomogram, risk score, Kaplan Meier plot, ROC, DCA, and calibration curves results certified the excellent performance of the prognostic model. The expression level of STC2 and TMEM45A was validated in external datasets and cell lines. In immune cell infiltration analysis, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were significantly higher in the low-risk group. And the immune infiltration of CAFs was negatively associated with the expression of STC2 (P < 0.05). Pan-cancer analysis revealed that the expression level of STC2 was significantly higher in Esophageal carcinoma (ESCA), Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). Additionally, the higher expression of STC2 was associated with the poor outcome in those cancers. In summary, this study identified STC2 and TMEM45A as novel markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of osteosarcoma, and STC2 was shown to correlate with immune infiltration of CAFs negatively.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor , Neoplasias Óseas , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular , Aprendizaje Automático , Osteosarcoma , Osteosarcoma/genética , Osteosarcoma/diagnóstico , Osteosarcoma/patología , Humanos , Pronóstico , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/genética , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/metabolismo , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Neoplasias Óseas/genética , Neoplasias Óseas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Óseas/patología , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Glicoproteínas/genética , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Nomogramas , Transcriptoma , Curva ROC , Femenino , Hipoxia/genética , MasculinoRESUMEN
It is well established that pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) activity contributes to metabolic reprogramming in various cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Estrogen or 17ß-estradiol (E2) signaling is also known to modulate glycolysis markers in cancer cells. However, whether the inhibition of PKM2 combined with E2 treatment could adversely affect glucose metabolism in CRC cells remains to be investigated. First, we confirmed the metabolic plasticity of CRC cells under varying environmental conditions. Next, we identified glycolysis markers that were upregulated in CRC patients and assessed in vitro mRNA levels following E2 treatment. We found that PKM2 expression, which is highly upregulated in CRC clinical samples, is not altered by E2 treatment in CRC cells. In this study, glucose uptake, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate production, cell viability, and apoptosis were evaluated in CRC cells following E2 treatment, PKM2 silencing, or a combination of both. Compared to individual treatments, combination therapy resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability and enhanced apoptosis. Glucose uptake and ROS production were markedly reduced in PKM2-silenced E2-treated cells. The data presented here suggest that E2 signaling combined with PKM2 inhibition cumulatively targets glucose metabolism in a manner that negatively impacts CRC cell growth. These findings hold promise for novel therapeutic strategies targeting altered metabolic pathways in CRC.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Colorrectales , Humanos , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorrectales/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorrectales/genética , Hormonas Tiroideas/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Estrógenos/farmacología , Proteínas de Unión a Hormona Tiroide , Estradiol/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Glucosa/metabolismo , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Piruvato Quinasa/metabolismo , Piruvato Quinasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piruvato Quinasa/genética , Glucólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , FemeninoRESUMEN
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are successfully employed for hematological transplantations, and impaired HSPC function causes hematological diseases and aging. HSPCs maintain the lifelong homeostasis of blood and immune cells through continuous self-renewal and maintenance of the multilineage differentiation potential. TMEM106B is a transmembrane protein localized on lysosomal membranes and associated with neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases; however, its roles in HSPCs and hematopoiesis are unknown. Here, we established tmem106bb-/- knockout (KO) zebrafish and showed that tmem106bb KO reduced the proliferation of HSPCs during definitive hematopoiesis. The differentiation potential of HSPCs to lymphoid lineage was reduced, whereas the myeloid and erythroid differentiation potentials of HPSCs were increased in tmem106bb-/- zebrafish. Similar results were obtained with morpholino knockdown of tmem106bb. Mechanistically, TMEM106B interacted with LAMP2A, the lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A, impaired LAMP2A-Cathepsin A interaction, and enhanced LAMP2A stability; tmem106bb KO or TMEM106B knockdown caused LAMP2A degradation and impairment of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Knockdown of lamp2a caused similar phenotypes to that in tmem106bb-/- zebrafish, and overexpression of lamp2a rescued the impaired phenotypes of HSPCs in tmem106bb-/- embryos. These results uncover a novel molecular mechanism for the maintenance of HSPC proliferation and differentiation through stabilizing LAMP2A via TMEM106B-LAMP2A interaction.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular , Proliferación Celular , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Proteína 2 de la Membrana Asociada a los Lisosomas , Proteínas de la Membrana , Pez Cebra , Animales , Proteína 2 de la Membrana Asociada a los Lisosomas/metabolismo , Proteína 2 de la Membrana Asociada a los Lisosomas/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/metabolismo , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/citología , Proteínas de Pez Cebra/genética , Proteínas de Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Lisosomas/metabolismo , Humanos , Hematopoyesis/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma is a soft tissue neoplasm with elevated recurrence risk and highly metastatic potential. Metal response element binding transcriptional factor 2 (MTF2) has been revealed to exert multiple activities in human tissues. The present research was conducted to explore the functions and related response mechanism of MTF2 in osteosarcoma which have not been introduced yet. METHODS: Bioinformatics tools identified the differential MTF2 expression in osteosarcoma tissues. MTF2 expression in osteosarcoma cells was examined with Western blot. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) staining, wound healing as well as transwell assays measured cell proliferation, migration and invasion, respectively. Flow cytometry assay detected the cellular apoptotic level. Western blot also measured the expressions of proteins associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1)/Wnt signaling. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay confirmed MTF2-EZH2 interaction. RESULTS: MTF2 expression was increased in osteosarcoma tissues and cells. MTF2 interference effectively inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells and promoted the cellular apoptotic rate. MTF2 directly bound to EZH2 and MTF2 silence reduced EZH2 expression, activated SFRP1 expression and blocked Wnt signaling in osteosarcoma cells. EZH2 upregulation or SFRP1 antagonist WAY-316606 partly counteracted the impacts of MTF2 down-regulation on the SFRP1/Wnt signaling and the biological phenotypes of osteosarcoma cells. CONCLUSIONS: MTF2 might down-regulate SFRP1 to activate Wnt signaling and drive the progression of osteosarcoma via interaction with EZH2 protein.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Óseas , Proliferación Celular , Proteína Potenciadora del Homólogo Zeste 2 , Osteosarcoma , Vía de Señalización Wnt , Osteosarcoma/metabolismo , Osteosarcoma/patología , Osteosarcoma/genética , Humanos , Proteína Potenciadora del Homólogo Zeste 2/metabolismo , Proteína Potenciadora del Homólogo Zeste 2/genética , Vía de Señalización Wnt/fisiología , Neoplasias Óseas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Óseas/patología , Neoplasias Óseas/genética , Proliferación Celular/fisiología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/metabolismo , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/genética , Apoptosis/fisiología , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Movimiento Celular/fisiología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
The establishment of neuronal polarity, involving axon specification and outgrowth, is critical to achieve the proper morphology of neurons, which is important for neuronal connectivity and cognitive functions. Extracellular factors, such as Wnts, modulate diverse aspects of neuronal morphology. In particular, non-canonical Wnt5a exhibits differential effects on neurite outgrowth depending upon the context. Thus, the role of Wnt5a in axon outgrowth and neuronal polarization is not completely understood. In this study, we demonstrate that Wnt5a, but not Wnt3a, promotes axon outgrowth in dissociated mouse embryonic cortical neurons and does so in coordination with the core PCP components, Prickle and Vangl. Unexpectedly, exogenous Wnt5a-induced axon outgrowth was dependent on endogenous, neuronal Wnts, as the chemical inhibition of Porcupine using the IWP2- and siRNA-mediated knockdown of either Porcupine or Wntless inhibited Wnt5a-induced elongation. Importantly, delayed treatment with IWP2 did not block Wnt5a-induced elongation, suggesting that endogenous Wnts and Wnt5a act during specific timeframes of neuronal polarization. Wnt5a in fibroblast-conditioned media can associate with small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), and we also show that these Wnt5a-containing sEVs are primarily responsible for inducing axon elongation.
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Axones , Polaridad Celular , Proteína Wnt-5a , Animales , Proteína Wnt-5a/metabolismo , Polaridad Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Axones/metabolismo , Axones/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Vía de Señalización Wnt/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Proyección Neuronal/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas/citología , Proteína Wnt3A/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genéticaRESUMEN
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) is a gradually worsening and fatal heterogeneous lung disease characterized by airflow limitation and increasingly decline in lung function. Currently, it is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The consistent feature of COPD is airway inflammation. Several inflammatory factors are known to be involved in COPD pathogenesis; however, anti-inflammatory therapy is not the first-line treatment for COPD. Although bronchodilators, corticosteroids and roflumilast could improve airflow and control symptoms, they could not reverse the disease. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway plays an important novel role in the immune system and has been confirmed to be a key mediator of inflammation during infection, cellular stress, and tissue damage. Recent studies have emphasized that abnormal activation of cGAS-STING contributes to COPD, providing a direction for new treatments that we urgently need to develop. Here, we focused on the cGAS-STING pathway, providing insight into its molecular mechanism and summarizing the current knowledge on the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in COPD. Moreover, we explored antagonists of cGAS and STING to identify potential therapeutic strategies for COPD that target the cGAS-STING pathway.
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Proteínas de la Membrana , Nucleotidiltransferasas , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica , Transducción de Señal , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/metabolismo , Humanos , Nucleotidiltransferasas/metabolismo , Nucleotidiltransferasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Terapia Molecular Dirigida/métodosRESUMEN
Rationale: The treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) presents an ongoing clinical challenge. Emerging research has implicated that the cGAS-STING pathway promotes the progression of UC, but conflicting results have hindered the development of STING as a therapeutic target. In the current study, we aim to comprehensively elucidate the origins, downstream signaling and pathogenic roles of myeloid STING in colitis and colitis-associated carcinoma (CAC). Methods: Tmem173 fl/fl Lyz2-Cre ert2 mice were constructed for inducible myeloid-specific deletion of STING. RNA-sequencing, flow cytometry, and multiplex immunohistochemistry were employed to investigate immune responses in DSS-induced colitis or AOM/DSS-induced carcinogenesis. Colonic organoids, primary bone marrow derived macrophages and dendritic cells, and splenic T cells were used for in vitro studies. Results: We observed that myeloid STING knockout in adult mice inhibited macrophage maturation, reduced DC cell activation, and suppressed pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells, thereby protecting against both acute and chronic colitis and CAC. However, myeloid STING deletion in neonatal or tumor-present mice exhibited impaired immune tolerance and anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, we found that TFAM-associated mtDNA released from damaged colonic organoids, rather than bacterial products, activates STING in dendritic cells in an extracellular vesicle-independent yet endocytosis-dependent manner. Both IRF3 and NF-κB are required for STING-mediated expression of IL-12 family cytokines, promoting Th1 and Th17 differentiation and contributing to excessive inflammation in colitis. Conclusions: Detection of the TFAM-mtDNA complex from damaged intestinal epithelium by myeloid STING exacerbates colitis through IL-12 cytokines, providing new evidence to support the development of STING as a therapeutic target for UC and CAC.
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ADN Mitocondrial , Células Dendríticas , Interleucina-12 , Mucosa Intestinal , Proteínas de la Membrana , Ratones Noqueados , Animales , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Ratones , Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Interleucina-12/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/patología , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Colitis/patología , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/metabolismo , Colitis/genética , Transducción de Señal , Colitis Ulcerosa/genética , Colitis Ulcerosa/patología , Colitis Ulcerosa/metabolismo , Colitis Ulcerosa/inmunología , Neoplasias Asociadas a Colitis/patología , Neoplasias Asociadas a Colitis/genética , Neoplasias Asociadas a Colitis/metabolismo , Neoplasias Asociadas a Colitis/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Sulfato de DextranRESUMEN
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway is one of the fundamental mechanisms of the body's defense, which responds to the abnormal presence of double-stranded DNA in the cytoplasm to establish an effective natural immune response. In addition to detecting microbial infections, the cGAS pathway may be triggered by any cytoplasmic DNA, which is absent from the normal cytoplasm, and only conditions such as senescence and mitochondrial stress can lead to its leakage and cause sterile inflammation. A growing body of research has shown that the cGAS-STING pathway is strongly associated with sterile inflammation. In this study, we reviewed the regulatory mechanisms and biological functions of the cGAS-STING pathway through its involvement in aseptic inflammation in liver disease, kidney disease, and cellular senescence.
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Senescencia Celular , Enfermedades Renales , Hepatopatías , Proteínas de la Membrana , Nucleotidiltransferasas , Transducción de Señal , Humanos , Nucleotidiltransferasas/metabolismo , Senescencia Celular/inmunología , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Enfermedades Renales/inmunología , Enfermedades Renales/metabolismo , Enfermedades Renales/patología , Animales , Hepatopatías/inmunología , Hepatopatías/metabolismoRESUMEN
Sharply increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to induce oxidative stress, damage cell structure and cause cell death; however, its role in prostate cancer remains unclear. Enzalutamide is a widely used anti-prostate cancer drug that antagonizes androgen binding with its receptor. Further exploration of the mechanism and potential application strategies of enzalutamide is crucial for the treatment of prostate cancer. Here, we confirmed PEX10 can be induced by ROS activators while reduce ROS level in prostate cancer cells, which weakened the anti-tumor effect of ROS activators. The androgen receptor (AR) can promote the expression of PEX10 by acting as an enhancer in cooperation with FOXA1. The anti-tumor drug enzalutamide inhibits PEX10 by inhibiting the function of AR, and synergize with ROS activators ML210 or RSL3 to produce a stronger anti-tumor effect, thereby sensitizing cells to ROS activators. This study reveals a previously unrecognized function of enzalutamide and AR by regulating PEX10 and suggests a new strategy of enzalutamide application in prostate cancer treatment.
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Benzamidas , Nitrilos , Feniltiohidantoína , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Humanos , Feniltiohidantoína/farmacología , Feniltiohidantoína/análogos & derivados , Masculino , Benzamidas/farmacología , Nitrilos/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Receptores Androgénicos/metabolismo , Factor Nuclear 3-alfa del Hepatocito/metabolismo , Animales , Ratones , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones DesnudosRESUMEN
In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Li et al. report that the highly expressed aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A3 interacts with pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in glioblastoma cells. Consequently, PKM2 tetramerization and activation promote lactate production, leading to the lactylation and nuclear translocation of XRCC1 for DNA damage repair and therapeutic resistance.
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Daño del ADN , Reparación del ADN , Humanos , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/patología , Glioblastoma/genética , Efecto Warburg en Oncología , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de Reparación por Escisión del Grupo de Complementación Cruzada de las Lesiones por Rayos X/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión a Hormona Tiroide , Hormonas Tiroideas/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Aldehído Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Aldehído Deshidrogenasa/genéticaRESUMEN
Patients with high ALDH1A3-expressing glioblastoma (ALDH1A3hi GBM) show limited benefit from postoperative chemoradiotherapy. Understanding the mechanisms underlying such resistance in these patients is crucial for the development of new treatments. Here, we show that the interaction between ALDH1A3 and PKM2 enhances the latter's tetramerization and promotes lactate accumulation in glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). By scanning the lactylated proteome in lactate-accumulating GSCs, we show that XRCC1 undergoes lactylation at lysine 247 (K247). Lactylated XRCC1 shows a stronger affinity for importin α, allowing for greater nuclear transposition of XRCC1 and enhanced DNA repair. Through high-throughput screening of a small-molecule library, we show that D34-919 potently disrupts the ALDH1A3-PKM2 interaction, preventing the ALDH1A3-mediated enhancement of PKM2 tetramerization. In vitro and in vivo treatment with D34-919 enhanced chemoradiotherapy-induced apoptosis of GBM cells. Together, our findings show that ALDH1A3-mediated PKM2 tetramerization is a potential therapeutic target to improve the response to chemoradiotherapy in ALDH1A3hi GBM.