Neurocutaneous Disorders in Pregnancy.

Importance: Neurocutaneous disorders have significant implications for care of the pregnant patient. As neurocutaneous disorders are uncommon, obstetricians may be unfamiliar with these disorders and with recommendations for appropriate care of this population. Objective: This review aims to summarize existing literature on the interaction between neurocutaneous disorders and pregnancy and to provide a guide for physicians caring for an affected patient. Evidence Acquisition: A PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar search was carried out with a broad range of combinations of the medical subject headings (MeSH) terms "pregnancy," "Sturge -Weber," "Neurofibromatosis Type 1," "neurofibromatosis type 2," "von Hippel Lindau," "Tuberous Sclerosis," "neurocutaneous disorder," "treatment," "congenital malformations," "neurodevelopmental defects," "miscarriage," "breastfeeding," "autoimmune," "pathophysiology," and "management." References of included articles were searched to identify any articles that may have been missed after the above method was used. Results: Neurocutaneous disorders are associated with increased pregnancy-associated maternal and fetal/neonatal morbidity, largely surrounding hypertensive disorders, epilepsy, and medication exposure. Some features of neurocutaneous disorders may be worsened or accelerated by pregnancy. Neurocutaneous disorders can often be diagnosed prenatally. Therefore, directed assessment should be offered to affected individuals with a personal or family history of a neurocutaneous disorder. Conclusion and Relevance: Patients affected by neurocutaneous disorders who are pregnant or planning for future pregnancy should be carefully followed by a multidisciplinary team, which could include maternal-fetal medicine, neurology, and anesthesia, as well as other relevant subspecialists. Additional research is required regarding optimal counseling and management of these patients.

Clinical and molecular evaluation of 13 Brazilian patients with Gomez-López-Hernández syndrome.

We aim to characterize patients with Gomez-López-Hernández syndrome (GLHS) clinically and to investigate them molecularly. A clinical protocol, including a morphological and neuropsychological assessment, was applied to 13 patients with GLHS. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and whole-exome sequencing were undertaken; magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 12 patients, including high-resolution, heavily T2-weighted sequences (HRT2) in 6 patients to analyze the trigeminal nerves. All patients presented alopecia; two did not present rhombencephalosynapsis (RES); trigeminal anesthesia was present in 5 of the 11 patients (45.4%); brachycephaly/brachyturricephaly and mid-face retrusion were found in 84.6 and 92.3% of the patients, respectively. One patient had intellectual disability. HRT2 sequences showed trigeminal nerve hypoplasia in four of the six patients; all four had clinical signs of trigeminal anesthesia. No common candidate gene was found to explain GLHS phenotype. RES does not seem to be an obligatory finding in respect of GLHS diagnosis. We propose that a diagnosis of GLHS should be considered in patients with at least two of the following criteria: focal non-scarring alopecia, rhombencephalosynapsis, craniofacial anomalies (brachyturrycephaly, brachycephaly or mid-face retrusion), trigeminal anesthesia or anatomic abnormalities of the trigeminal nerve. Studies focusing on germline whole genome sequencing or DNA and/or RNA sequencing of the alopecia tissue may be the next step for the better understanding of GLHS etiology.

Neurofibromatosis tipo 2, entidad a tener presente durante la práctica clínica / Neurofibromatosis type 2, entity to have present during clinical practice

La neurofibromatosis tipo 2 es un trastorno poco frecuente, que pertenece al grupo de las neurofibromatosis, que se caracterizan por la mayor propensión al desarrollo de tumores. Se presenta con múltiples tumores no malignos del sistema nervioso, incluidos schwannomas, meningiomas, ependimomas y gliomas, siendo los schwannomas vestibulares bilaterales una característica clásica. La mayoría de los casos se diagnostican en la adultez, sin embargo, las características clínicas habitualmente están presentes durante muchos años antes del diagnóstico. Es importante un alto índice de sospecha y un adecuado examen cutáneo y neurológico, ya que es crítico para hacer un diagnóstico correcto y precoz, y así, realizar un tratamiento interdisciplinario adecuado, evitando posibles complicaciones como son la pérdida auditiva y el uso de ayudas técnicas.

Neurofibromatosis type 2 is a rare disorder, belonging to the group of neurofibromatosis, which are characterized by the propensity for tumor development. The usual presentation are multiple non-malignant tumors of the nervous system, including schwannomas, meningiomas, ependymomas, and gliomas, with bilateral vestibular schwannomas being a classic feature. Most cases are diagnosed in adulthood; however, the clinical features are usually present for many years before diagnosis. A high index of suspicion and an adequate skin and neurological examination are important, since it is critical to make a correct and early diagnosis, so an appropriate interdisciplinary treatment can be performed, avoiding possible complications such as hearing loss and use of technical aids.

Giant Ocular Lipodermoid Cyst in Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis: Surgical Treatment and Genetic Analysis.

BACKGROUND Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis is a rare neurocutaneous disorder characterized by cutaneous, ocular, and central nervous system anomalies; its molecular etiology was recently identified. This report describes the surgical treatment and genetic characterization of a giant ocular lipodermoid cyst secondary to encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis. CASE REPORT An 11-year-old girl with past medical history of absence seizures presented with a reddish protruding mass in her right eye involving the temporal conjunctiva and the peripheral temporal cornea; eyelid closure was not possible due to mass protrusion. She also presented skin tags at the level of the external canthus and 3 alopecic areas at the level of the scalp compatible with nevus psiloliparus. No family history was reported. A dermoid cyst was suspected and excisional biopsy was performed under general anesthesia. A large conjunctival and lamellar corneoscleral resection was done, followed by a corneal tectonic graft. Molecular analysis was carried out, including PCR and Sanger sequencing on DNA obtained from the mass. After surgery, the patient achieved complete eyelid closure, reduction of ocular surface symptoms, and improved aesthetic appearance. Histological analysis confirmed a lipodermoid cyst; genetic tests confirmed a mosaic activating mutation in FGFR1 (c.1638C>A, p.Asn546Lys). The diagnosis was encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis. CONCLUSIONS ECCL is a rare condition; an accurate diagnosis comprising clinical and genetic aspects can facilitate the monitoring of possible complications, improve the multidisciplinary treatment, and provide valuable information for future therapy developments. In this case, the patient's quality of life improved significantly, ocular symptoms disappeared, and a good esthetic appearance was achieved.

PHACE syndrome: clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and management.

Infantile hemangioma can be linked to other organ malformations. In 1996, PHACE syndrome was first defined as the association of large and segmental infantile hemangioma, usually on the face, head, or cervical region, with malformations of the posterior fossa of the brain, arterial anomalies of the central nervous system, coarctation of the aorta, cardiac defects, and ocular abnormalities. Over 300 cases of PHACE syndrome have been reported, and it is cconsidered one of the most common neurocutaneous vascular disorders in childhood. Knowledge of the features and locations of lesions that imply a greater risk of systemic involvement is crucial for the diagnosis and proper management of PHACE syndrome patients. This review highlights the diagnostic criteria for PHACE syndrome, the imaging workup for extracutaneous involvement, the treatment of infantile hemangioma, and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of these patients.

PHACE syndrome: clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and management

Abstract: Infantile hemangioma can be linked to other organ malformations. In 1996, PHACE syndrome was first defined as the association of large and segmental infantile hemangioma, usually on the face, head, or cervical region, with malformations of the posterior fossa of the brain, arterial anomalies of the central nervous system, coarctation of the aorta, cardiac defects, and ocular abnormalities. Over 300 cases of PHACE syndrome have been reported, and it is cconsidered one of the most common neurocutaneous vascular disorders in childhood. Knowledge of the features and locations of lesions that imply a greater risk of systemic involvement is crucial for the diagnosis and proper management of PHACE syndrome patients. This review highlights the diagnostic criteria for PHACE syndrome, the imaging workup for extracutaneous involvement, the treatment of infantile hemangioma, and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of these patients.

Congenital Hydrocephalus: Gómez-López-Hernández syndrome. An underdiagnosed Syndrome. A clinical case. / Hidrocefalia Congénita: Síndrome de Gómez-López-Hernández, un síndrome subdiagnosticado. Caso clínico.

INTRODUCTION: Hydrocephalus is defined as complex conditions influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Excluding hydrocephalus acquired from infection or brain tumors, congenital hydrocephalus with a genetic cause may occur isolated (hydrocephalus isolated, pure or non-syndromatic) or as a component of a genetic syndrome (syndromic hydrocephalus). OBJECTIVE: To present a syndromic congenital hydrocephalus with a known diagnosis, in order to be considered in the study of this pathology and to perform a review of hydrocephaly with a genetic cause. CLINICAL CASE: Preschool with a prenatal diagnosis of hydrocephalus and rhombencephalosynapsis, karyotype and study of TORCH was normal. At the moment of birth, the prenatal diagnoses were confirmed and a malformation of cerebral cortical development was excluded. During the first week of life, perito neal ventricle shunt was performed. A reevaluation at age 4, the absence of corneal reflexes bilate ral parietal and congenital focal alopecia associated with rhombencephalosynapsis, meet definitive criteria for cerebello-trigeminal-dermal displasia or Gómez-López-Hernández syndrome (GLHS). CONCLUSIONS: GLHS is an uncommon neurocutaneous syndrome, possibly a sporadic condition that is underdiagnosed. Due to the new imaging and genetic technologies pre and post-natal, today it is possible to achieve a better and more accurate diagnosis of hydrocephalus with a genetic origin, in which the high suspicion of teams of clinical specialists is essential. Without accurate diagnosis, we can not access to a long-term prognosis, prevention of aggregate morbidity or an adequate genetic counseling, which are required in today's pediatrics.

Facomatosis pigmentovascular tipo cesioflammea: a propósito de un caso / Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis cesioflammea: a case report

La facomatosis pigmentovascular es un síndrome caracterizado por la coexistencia de malformación vascular capilar con una lesión pigmentada cutánea congénita (nevo epidérmico, nevo spilus o melanocitosis dérmica). Existen diversos grupos de facomatosis pigmentovascular que dependen del tipo de nevo asociado a la lesión vascular. Los pacientes pueden presentar solo la afección cutánea o tener manifestaciones sistémicas, entre ellas, traumatológicas, neurológicas y oftalmológicas. Se expone el caso de una niña de un año de edad, con antecedentes de glaucoma congénito. Además, presentaba parálisis facial, melanosis ocular bilateral, malformación vascular capilar en la hemicara al igual que en el hemicuerpo izquierdo y mancha mongólica aberrante en la región dorsal superior, la zona lumbosacra y ambos glúteos. Debido a las manifestaciones clínicas cutáneas, se diagnosticó facomatosis pigmentovascular y se solicitó una evaluación neurológica y traumatológica, además de continuar con controles oftalmológicos. Los estudios complementarios son importantes para detectar alteraciones extracutáneas, como se presentaron en esta paciente.

Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV) is a syndrome characterized by the association of a vascular nevus with a congenital pigmented lesion (epidermal nevus, nevus spilus, and dermal melanocytosis). There are different types of PPV according to the pigmentary nevus associated with the vascular malformation. Patients may present only the cutaneous condition or have systemic manifestations, among them, trauma, neurological and ophthalmological disorders. We report the case of a 1-year-old girl who had congenital glaucoma. On examination, we identified facial paralysis, bilateral ocular melanosis, segmental capillary vascular malformation on the face as on left trunk and extremities, and aberrant Mongolian spots on the upper back, lumbosacral area and buttocks. Due to clinical manifestation, the diagnosis of PPV was made. The patient was evaluated by Neurology, Traumatology and keeps on with ophthalmological controls. Complementary studies are important, to rule out extracutaneous manifestations in PPV.

Hidrocefalia Congénita: Síndrome de Gómez-López-Hernández, un síndrome subdiagnosticado. Caso clínico / Congenital Hydrocephalus: Gómez-López-Hernández syndrome. An underdiagnosed Syndrome. A clinical case

Resumen: Introducción: Las hidrocefalias son condiciones complejas influenciadas por factores genéticos y ambientales. Excluyendo las hidrocefalias adquiridas por infección o tumores encefálicos, las hidrocefalias congénitas de causa genética pueden ocurrir de forma aislada (hidrocefalia aislada, pura o no sindromática) o como componente de un síndrome genético definido (hidrocefalia sindromática). Objetivo: Presentar una hidrocefalia congénita sindromática con un diagnóstico co nocido, y realizar una revisión de la literatura. Caso clínico: Preescolar con diagnóstico prenatal de hidrocefalia y romboencefalosinapsis, cariotipo y estudio de TORCH normales. Al nacer se confirmaron los diagnósticos prenatales y se excluyó malformación del desarrollo cortical cerebral. En la primera semana de vida se realizó derivación ventrículo peritoneal. En una reevaluación a la edad de 4 años, la ausencia de reflejos corneales y alopecia parietal bilateral asociado a romboencefalosinapsis reunieron los criterios diagnósticos definitivos de una displasia cerebelo-trigémino dermal (Síndrome de Gómez, López-Hernández (SGLH)). Conclusiones: El SGLH es un síndro me neurocutáneo infrecuente, posiblemente una condición esporádica que está subdiagnostica da. Con las nuevas tecnologías imageneológicas y genéticas pre y post natales podemos acceder a un diagnóstico de precisión de las hidrocefalias de origen genético, en el cual la alta sospecha de equipos de especialistas clínicos es esencial. Sin el diagnóstico preciso no podemos acceder a un pronóstico a largo plazo, prevención de morbilidad agregada y un consejo genético adecuado, que son requeridos en la pediatría actual.

Abstract: Introduction: Hydrocephalus is defined as complex conditions influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Excluding hydrocephalus acquired from infection or brain tumors, congenital hydrocephalus with a genetic cause may occur isolated (hydrocephalus isolated, pure or non-syndromatic) or as a component of a genetic syndrome (syndromic hydrocephalus). Objective: To present a syndromic congenital hydrocephalus with a known diagnosis, in order to be considered in the study of this pathology and to perform a review of hydrocephaly with a genetic cause. Clinical case: Preschool with a prenatal diagnosis of hydrocephalus and rhombencephalosynapsis, karyotype and study of TORCH was normal. At the moment of birth, the prenatal diagnoses were confirmed and a malformation of cerebral cortical development was excluded. During the first week of life, perito neal ventricle shunt was performed. A reevaluation at age 4, the absence of corneal reflexes bilate ral parietal and congenital focal alopecia associated with rhombencephalosynapsis, meet definitive criteria for cerebello-trigeminal-dermal displasia or Gómez-López-Hernández syndrome (GLHS). Conclusions: GLHS is an uncommon neurocutaneous syndrome, possibly a sporadic condition that is underdiagnosed. Due to the new imaging and genetic technologies pre and post-natal, today it is possible to achieve a better and more accurate diagnosis of hydrocephalus with a genetic origin, in which the high suspicion of teams of clinical specialists is essential. Without accurate diagnosis, we can not access to a long-term prognosis, prevention of aggregate morbidity or an adequate genetic counseling, which are required in today's pediatrics.

[Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis cesioflammea: a case report]. / Facomatosis pigmentovascular tipo cesioflammea: a propósito de un caso.

Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV) is a syndrome characterized by the association of a vascular nevus with a congenital pigmented lesion (epidermal nevus, nevus spilus, and dermal melanocytosis). There are different types of PPV according to the pigmentary nevus associated with the vascular malformation. Patients may present only the cutaneous condition or have systemic manifestations, among them, trauma, neurological and ophthalmological disorders. We report the case of a 1-year-old girl who had congenital glaucoma. On examination, we identified facial paralysis, bilateral ocular melanosis, segmental capillary vascular malformation on the face as on left trunk and extremities, and aberrant Mongolian spots on the upper back, lumbosacral area and buttocks. Due to clinical manifestation, the diagnosis of PPV was made. The patient was evaluated by Neurology, Traumatology and keeps on with ophthalmological controls. Complementary studies are important, to rule out extracutaneous manifestations in PPV.

La facomatosis pigmentovascular es un síndrome caracterizado por la coexistencia de malformación vascular capilar con una lesión pigmentada cutánea congénita (nevo epidérmico, nevo spilus o melanocitosis dérmica). Existen diversos grupos de facomatosis pigmentovascular que dependen del tipo de nevo asociado a la lesión vascular. Los pacientes pueden presentar solo la afección cutánea o tener manifestaciones sistémicas, entre ellas, traumatológicas, neurológicas y oftalmológicas. Se expone el caso de una niña de un año de edad, con antecedentes de glaucoma congénito. Además, presentaba parálisis facial, melanosis ocular bilateral, malformación vascular capilar en la hemicara al igual que en el hemicuerpo izquierdo y mancha mongólica aberrante en la región dorsal superior, la zona lumbosacra y ambos glúteos. Debido a las manifestaciones clínicas cutáneas, se diagnosticó facomatosis pigmentovascular y se solicitó una evaluación neurológica y traumatológica, además de continuar con controles oftalmológicos. Los estudios complementarios son importantes para detectar alteraciones extracutáneas, como se presentaron en esta paciente.

Lipomatosis encefalocraneocutánea: reporte de caso.

The encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis (ECCL), also known as Fishman or Haberland syndrome, is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome of unknown etiology. Clinically characterized by skin, eye and central nervous system lesions. We present the case of a 7-year-old female who presents to the outpatient clinic of Pediatric Neurology because of the presence of seizures detecting clinical and neuroimaging manifestations compatible with ECCL. The objective of this article is to present the case because of its rare presentation and the variety of alterations found in the tomography.

5q14.3 deletion neurocutaneous syndrome: Contiguous gene syndrome caused by simultaneous deletion of RASA1 and MEF2C: A progressive disease.

We report the case of a young girl who was presented with complex clinical symptoms caused by the deletion of contiguous genes: RASA1 and MEF2C, located on chromosome 5q14.3. Specifically, the diagnosis of her skin disorder and vascular malformations involving central nervous system is consistent with a RASopathy. The child's neurological manifestations are observed in most patients suffering from 5q14.3 by deletion or mutation of the MEF2C gene. A review of the literature allowed us to conclude that the contiguous deletion of genes RASA1 and MEF2C fulfills the criteria for the diagnosis of a Neurocutaneous syndrome as proposed by Carr et al. [2011]. We also assessed the penetrance of RASA1 and clinical manifestations of MEF2C according to the type of deletion. This child described presents the complete symptomatology of both deleted genes. We would also like to highlight the progression of the disorder.