ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Orbital Imaging and Vision Loss-Child.

Orbital disorders in children consist of varied pathologies affecting the orbits, orbital contents, visual pathway, and innervation of the extraocular or intraocular muscles. The underlying etiology of these disorders may be traumatic or nontraumatic. Presumed location of the lesion along with the additional findings, such as eye pain, swelling, exophthalmos/enophthalmos, erythema, conjunctival vascular dilatation, intraocular pressure, etc, help in determining if imaging is needed, modality of choice, and extent of coverage (orbits and/or head). Occasionally, clinical signs and symptoms may be nonspecific, and, in these cases, diagnostic imaging studies play a key role in depicting the nature and extent of the injury or disease. In this document, various clinical scenarios are discussed by which a child may present with an orbital or vision abnormality. Imaging studies that might be most appropriate (based on the best available evidence or expert consensus) in these clinical scenarios are also discussed. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

The association between sinonasal anatomical variants and the laterality of orbital complications in pediatric acute rhinosinusitis.

INTRODUCTION: As the role of sinonasal anatomical variants as predisposing factors in determining the lateralization of acute rhinosinusitis-related orbital complications (ARS-OC) in pediatrics remains a topic of debate, this study further explores the potential association between anatomical variations and ARS-OC. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on children who had been admitted with ARS-OC using medical records and sinus CT scans to compare anatomical differences between the affected and contralateral sides. This study aimed to identify bony anatomical disparities that may impact OC laterality secondary to ARS. The anatomical features examined included septal deviation, concha bullosa, lamina papyracea dehiscence (LPD), and uncinate process abnormalities. RESULTS: The CT scans of 57 pediatric patients (114 sides) were reviewed. Our results indicated that bony anatomical variations were associated with ARS-OC laterality (63 % vs. 37 %, P = 0.006), yielding an odds ratio of 2.91. Additionally, our study revealed a significant association between ipsilateral LPD with the increased risk of ARS-OC (39 % vs. 1.8 %, P < 0.05), with an odds ratio of 34.3 compared to the opposite side. CONCLUSIONS: LPD might play a role in the pathophysiology of pediatric ARS-OC, as it is associated with a significantly higher risk of affecting the ipsilateral side. Further research is necessary to determine whether LPD is a causative factor or a result of ARS.

Pediatric orbital lesions: ocular pathologies.

Orbital pathologies can be broadly classified as ocular, extra-ocular soft-tissue (non-neoplastic and neoplastic), osseous, and traumatic. In part 1 of this orbital series, the authors will discuss the differential diagnosis and key imaging features of pediatric ocular pathologies. These include congenital and developmental lesions (microphthalmos, anophthalmos, persistent fetal vasculature, coloboma, morning glory disc anomaly, retinopathy of prematurity, Coats disease), optic disc drusen, infective and inflammatory lesions (uveitis, toxocariasis, toxoplasmosis), and ocular neoplasms (retinoblastoma, retinal hamartoma, choroidal melanoma, choroidal nevus). This pictorial review provides a practical approach to the imaging work-up of these anomalies with a focus on ocular US as the first imaging modality and additional use of CT and/or MRI for the evaluation of intracranial abnormalities. The characteristic imaging features of the non-neoplastic mimics of retinoblastoma, such as persistent fetal vasculature and Coats disease, are also highlighted.

Pediatric orbital lesions: bony and traumatic lesions.

Orbital pathologies can be broadly classified as ocular lesions, extraocular soft-tissue pathologies (non-neoplastic and neoplastic), and bony and traumatic lesions. In this paper, we discuss the key imaging features and differential diagnoses of bony and traumatic lesions of the pediatric orbit and globe, emphasizing the role of CT and MRI as the primary imaging modalities. In addition, we highlight the adjunctive role of ocular sonography in the diagnosis of intraocular foreign bodies and discuss the primary role of sonography in the diagnosis of traumatic retinal detachment.

Pediatric orbital lesions: non-neoplastic extraocular soft-tissue lesions.

Orbital pathologies can be broadly classified as ocular, extraocular soft-tissue (non-neoplastic and neoplastic), osseous, and traumatic. In this paper, we discuss the key imaging features and differential diagnoses of congenital and developmental lesions (dermoid cyst, dermolipoma), infective and inflammatory pathologies (pre-septal cellulitis, orbital cellulitis, optic neuritis, chalazion, thyroid ophthalmopathy, orbital pseudotumor), and non-neoplastic vascular anomalies (venous malformation, lymphatic malformation, carotid-cavernous fistula), emphasizing the key role of CT and MRI in the imaging work-up. In addition, we highlight the adjunctive role of ocular ultrasound in the diagnosis of dermoid cyst and chalazion, and discuss the primary role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of vascular malformations.

Fibrous dysplasia with aneurysmal bone cyst-like change occurring in pediatric orbit: case report and literature review.

PURPOSE: We report a case of fibrous dysplasia (FD) with aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC)-like change in a child with orbital involvement, review the related cases, and discuss clinical features, therapy, and prognosis of this disease. CASE PRESENTATION: A 10-year-old girl had right proptosis (degree of exophthalmos: OD 16 mm, OS 13 mm) and limited vision (visual acuity: OD 1.0, OS 0.8) without trauma. Preoperative CT showed a 5.0*4.3 cm right-sided crania-orbital communicating tumor. MRI indicated a well-defined multicystic mass with scattered fluid levels and soap bubble-like alterations. The child underwent total tumor resection and orbital parietal titanium mesh reconstruction. At 20 months of follow-up, the child has recovered from ocular problems, and the tumor has not recurred. CONCLUSION: FD combined with ABC rarely occurs in orbit and generally begins with ocular symptoms. The etiology is uncertain. Early diagnosis and surgery are essential. Complete resection is suggested whenever possible because residual lesions may recur.

[Orbital inflammatory diseases]. / Entzündliche Erkrankungen der Orbita.

CLINICAL/METHODICAL ISSUE: Inflammatory orbital processes on imaging are often misinterpreted as tumors. STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL METHODS: Imaging comprises computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ACHIEVEMENTS: Clinical and laboratory data play a crucial role in diagnosing many inflammatory orbital diseases. Radiological imaging provides a supporting but relevant role. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS: Clinical examination, including specialized ophthalmological examinations, laboratory diagnostics, and MRI are important in the diagnosis of inflammatory orbital diseases.

Correlation Between Radiologic and Histopathologic Features of Orbital Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts.

PURPOSE: Epidermoid cysts (EC) and dermoid cysts (DC) typically appear as well-circumscribed lesions on CT. This study aimed to clarify the radiologic and histopathologic characteristics of orbital EC and DC and to determine the correlations between them. METHODS: The medical records of 69 patients who underwent surgery for orbital DC or EC at Samsung Medical Center between January 2001 and August 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The size and location of the cysts, rim enhancement, homogeneity of contents, presence of hemorrhagic or calcific components, radiodensity of contents, and extent of bony remodeling were evaluated using CT. Additionally, the cyst lining and contents were examined histopathologically. RESULTS: Among patients with orbital cysts, EC and DC were diagnosed in 10 (14.5%) and 59 (85.5%) patients, respectively. Further, 50.0% of EC and 79.7% of DC were located in the superotemporal quadrant of the orbit. On orbital CT, the average radiodensity of EC and DC was 18.9 ± 56.2 and -67.9 ± 63.3 HU, respectively. The cystic contents were more frequently homogeneous than heterogeneous in both EC and DC; however, the radiodensity of cysts differed significantly, which may be attributed to sebaceous gland activity. Focal bony notching, bone remodeling under pressure, and bony changes from dumbbell-shaped cysts were observed more frequently in DC than in EC. CONCLUSIONS: Radiological and histopathological features are correlated in orbital EC and DC. Therefore, orbital EC and DC can be preoperatively differentiated using CT, based on the average radiodensity and bony remodeling.

Transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B for rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis: a multi-center retrospective comparative study.

PURPOSE: To assess whether transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B injections (TRAMB) reduce exenteration rate without increasing mortality in rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM). METHODS: In this retrospective case-control study, 46 patients (51 eyes) with biopsy-proven ROCM were evaluated at 9 tertiary care institutions from 1998 to 2021. Patients were stratified by radiographic evidence of local orbital versus extensive involvement at presentation. Extensive involvement was defined by MRI or CT evidence of abnormal or loss of contrast enhancement of the orbital apex with or without cavernous sinus, bilateral orbital, or intracranial extension. Cases (+TRAMB) received TRAMB as adjunctive therapy while controls (-TRAMB) did not. Patient survival, globe survival, and vision/motility loss were compared between +TRAMB and -TRAMB groups. A generalized linear mixed effects model including demographic and clinical covariates was used to evaluate the impact of TRAMB on orbital exenteration and disease-specific mortality. RESULTS: Among eyes with local orbital involvement, exenteration was significantly lower in the +TRAMB group (1/8) versus -TRAMB (8/14) (p = 0.04). No significant difference in mortality was observed between the ±TRAMB groups. Among eyes with extensive involvement, there was no significant difference in exenteration or mortality rates between the ±TRAMB groups. Across all eyes, the number of TRAMB injections correlated with a statistically significant decreased rate of exenteration (p = 0.048); there was no correlation with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ROCM with local orbital involvement treated with adjunctive TRAMB demonstrated a lower exenteration rate and no increased risk of mortality. For extensive involvement, adjunctive TRAMB does not improve or worsen these outcomes.

Case Report: Three-Day Albendazole Regimen for Orbital Cysticercosis and the Stardust Sign.

Ultrasonography findings have been used to diagnose and treat 10 cases of orbital cysticercosis. Although oral prednisolone has a key role in symptomatic alleviation, 3-day albendazole has been demonstrated to be curative without any recurrence.

Transnasal endoscopic drainage of neonatal orbital abscess.

Neonatal orbital complications are rare and potentially fatal, demanding prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment. A 25-day-old neonate presented with rapidly progressive orbital complications as evidenced by proptosis, chemosis, lid oedema and restricted eye movements, developing within 3 days. There was no significant medical history or risk factors for developing infection. An initial conservative approach with antimicrobial therapy failed to show any resolve. An MRI brain, orbits and paranasal sinuses demonstrated that there were features suggestive of right orbital cellulitis with possibility of abscess formation with right ethmoidal mucoinflammatory disease and mass effect on the optic nerve causing stretching and compression by the surrounding inflammation.The patient was treated successfully with transnasal endoscopic drainage and decompression. Endoscopic access was challenging owing to the restrictive anatomy. Postoperatively, the patient showed improvement, with gradual decrease in proptosis and resolve in eye movements.

Infectious and Inflammatory Processes of the Orbits in Children.

Most primary orbital pathology in children is due to bacterial infection. Radiologists typically encounter these cases to evaluate for clinically suspected postseptal orbital involvement. Contrast-enhanced cross-sectional imaging is important for the detection and early management of orbital infection and associated subperiosteal/orbital abscess, venous thrombosis, and intracranial spread of infection. Benign mass-like inflammatory processes involving the pediatric orbit are rare, have overlapping imaging features, and must be distinguished from orbital malignancies.

Orbital abscess a rare complication after bichectomy surgery.

Bichectomy is the partial removal of the Bichat's fat pad for the aim of smoothing the facial contour. The complications of bichectomy include soft tissue infections, hematoma, facial paralysis (especially buccal branch paralysis), stenon canal injuries and related complications such as sialocele and sialoadenitis, however these are not common complications in clinical practice. Here we report a case of a 29-year-old white female with a right sided orbital abscess following bichectomy. Right sided orbital abscess and orbital cellulitis was managed with endoscopic decompression and drainage. The patient healed completely with no sequela. The frequency of major complications leading to moridity after bichectomy is rare in the literature. This is the first reported intraorbital complication of bichectomy.