Comparative effectiveness of first-line systemic treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: No head-to-head trials had been performed to estimate the relative effectiveness of poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) and androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSi) in the first-line treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We aimed to perform a systematic review and network meta-analysis to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of various systemic treatment agents for patients with mCRPC. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted for abstracts and full-text articles from the database's inception through April 27, 2023. The study concentrated on assessing radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) for both overall and homologous recombination repair mutation (HRRm) population, with overall survival (OS) as the secondary measure. Under the Bayesian framework, the overall effect was pooled using the fixed-effects model in base case analysis. Scenario analysis using restricted mean survival time (RMST) methods was performed to test the robustness of the results. RESULTS: Nine studies with 6,830 patients and 8 unique treatment options were included. Network meta-analysis demonstrated that talazoparib in combination with enzalutamide (TALA + ENZA; overall population, hazard ratio [HR], 0.20; 95% credible interval [CrI]: 0.16-0.26; RMST, 3.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.46-4.60; HRRm population, HR, 0.15; 95% CrI: 0.09-0.23; RMST, 4.14; 95% CI 2.84-5.39) was superior to other treatments in the first-line setting in terms of rPFS. The results of Bayesian framework and RMST models showed consistent efficacy ranks. When extrapolated to overall survival benefit, within the Bayesian framework, olaparib plus abiraterone acetate and prednisone (OLAP + AAP) achieved the highest OS benefit for the overall population, which was not statistically significant when compared to TALA + ENZA. However, TALA + ENZA achieved the highest OS benefit at 3 years by applying RMST. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that talazoparib in combination with enzalutamide is probably a preferred treatment agent for the overall population and HRRm patients with mCRPC. Given the limitations of network framework and the modeling assumptions undertaken to finalize the analyses, results should be cautiously interpreted.

Unveiling the vulnerabilities of synthetic lethality in triple-negative breast cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most invasive molecular subtype of breast cancer (BC), accounting for about nearly 15% of all BC cases reported annually. The absence of the three major BC hormone receptors, Estrogen (ER), Progesterone (PR), and Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2 (HER2) receptor, accounts for the characteristic "Triple negative" phraseology. The absence of these marked receptors makes this cancer insensitive to classical endocrine therapeutic approaches. Hence, the available treatment options remain solemnly limited to only conventional realms of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Moreover, these therapeutic regimes are often accompanied by numerous treatment side-effects that account for early distant metastasis, relapse, and shorter overall survival in TNBC patients. The rigorous ongoing research in the field of clinical oncology has identified certain gene-based selective tumor-targeting susceptibilities, which are known to account for the molecular fallacies and mutation-based genetic alterations that develop the progression of TNBC. One such promising approach is synthetic lethality, which identifies novel drug targets of cancer, from undruggable oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes, which cannot be otherwise clasped by the conventional approaches of mutational analysis. Herein, a holistic scientific review is presented, to undermine the mechanisms of synthetic lethal (SL) interactions in TNBC, the epigenetic crosstalks encountered, the role of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) in inducing SL interactions, and the limitations faced by the lethal interactors. Thus, the future predicament of synthetic lethal interactions in the advancement of modern translational TNBC research is assessed with specific emphasis on patient-specific personalized medicine.

RAD50 Deficient in a Breast Cancer Model Predicts Sensitivity to PARP Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Breast and ovarian tumors with pathogenic variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are more sensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) treatment than wildtype tumors. Pathogenic variants in non-BRCA1/2 homologous recombination repair genes (HRR) also concede sensitivity to PARPi treatment. RAD50 participates in the Mre11-RAD50-Nbn (MRN) complex of the HRR pathway and plays an important role in DNA repair. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate whether RAD50 protein deficiency modulates the PARPi response in breast cancer cell lines. METHODS: T47D breast cancer cell line was modified using small interfering RNA and CRISPR/Cas9 technology, to knockout the RAD50 gene. PARPi response (niraparib, olaparib and rucaparib alone or in combination with carboplatin), in T47D and T47D-edited clones, was evaluated by cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis and protein expression analyses. RESULTS: Treatment with niraparib and carboplatin exerted a synergistic effect on T47D-RAD50 deficient cells and an antagonistic effect on T47D cells parental. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated an increase in the G2/M population in cells treated with niraparib or rucaparib alone or in combination with carboplatin. T47D-RAD50 deficient cells treated with rucaparib and carboplatin exhibited twofold levels in late apoptosis, also showing differences in PARP activation. All T47D RAD50 deficient clones treated with niraparib or rucaparib combined with carboplatin, or rucaparib alone showed increased levels of H2AX phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS: T47D RAD50 deficient cells treated with PARP inhibitors alone or in combination with carboplatin showed cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, leading to death by apoptosis. Thus, RAD50 deficiency may be a good biomarker for predicting PARPi response.

Targeting PARP1 to Enhance Anticancer Checkpoint Immunotherapy Response: Rationale and Clinical Implications.

Reinvigorating the antitumor immune response using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of several malignancies. However, extended use of ICIs has resulted in a cancer-specific response. In tumors considered to be less immunogenic, the response rates were low or null. To overcome resistance and improve the beneficial effects of ICIs, novel strategies focused on ICI-combined therapies have been tested. In particular, poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are a class of agents with potential for ICI combined therapy. PARPi impairs single-strand break DNA repair; this mechanism involves synthetic lethality in tumor cells with deficient homologous recombination. More recently, novel evidence indicated that PAPRi has the potential to modulate the antitumor immune response by activating antigen-presenting cells, infiltrating effector lymphocytes, and upregulating programmed death ligand-1 in tumors. This review covers the current advances in the immune effects of PARPi, explores the potential rationale for combined therapy with ICIs, and discusses ongoing clinical trials.

Olaparib en mantenimiento de cáncer de ovario epitelial / Olaparib in cancer maintenance ovarian epithelial

INTRODUCCIÓN: En mujeres las neoplasias malignas de origen epitelial ovárico, de las trompas de Falopio y el peritoneo presentan características clínicas y comportamiento similares.1 Debido a esto, suelen combinarse estas entidades y se definen conjuntamente como cáncer de ovario epitelial (COE). El cáncer de ovario seroso de alto grado (COSAG) representa aproximadamente entre el 75% y 90% de todos los COE. Aproximadamente el 17% de los cánceres de ovario son atribuibles a mutaciones germinales deletéreas de los genes BRCA 1 y 2 (gBRCAm). A su vez, se presentan mutaciones somáticas de estos genes hasta en un 7%, y hasta un 50% muestran deficiencia de la recombinación homóloga que afecta los mecanismos de reparación y replicación del ADN. Los síntomas más comunes de la patología son molestias gastrointestinales y ascitis, aunque también pueden presentarse otros síntomas al inicio de la patología como la distención abdominal, dolor abdominal o pélvico, y fatiga. Debido a que los síntomas suelen aparecer tardíamente o ser atribuidos a otras enfermedades, aproximadamente el 75% de los COE son diagnosticados en estadios avanzados (III y IV), siendo en estos casos la sobrevida a 5 años del diagnóstico de aproximadamente 46%. OBJETIVO: El objetivo del presente informe será evaluar la eficacia, seguridad y el impacto presupuestario de olaparib como terapia de mantenimiento en pacientes con cáncer de ovario epitelia. METODOLOGÍA: Se buscó en los sitios públicos de Pubmed, LILACS, BRISA/REDETSA-, CRD (del inglés, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination- University of York), Cochrane; en "buscadores genéricos de internet" y sociedades científicas. En lo que respecta a agencias de ETS, se buscó́ en: Base de datos internacional para las ETS de INHATA (su sigla del inglés, International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment), Base Regional de Informes de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de las Américas (BRISA), NICE (del inglés, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) del Reino Unido; PBAC (del inglés, The Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee) de Australia; CADTH (del inglés, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health) de Canadá y CONITEC (del portugués, Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologías no SUS) de Brasil. RESULTADOS: Con la estrategia de búsqueda mencionada, se identificaron tres ensayos clínicos controlados y aleatorizados (siete registros) y tres revisiones sistemáticas (RS) que evaluaron la efectividad de olaparib en cáncer de ovario. También fueron incluidos cinco informes de evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS), tres guías de práctica clínica (GPC), 12 políticas de cobertura y siete evaluaciones económicas. CONCLUSIONES: En pacientes con COE avanzado seroso o endometroide de alto grado con respuesta completa o parcial tras una primera línea de quimioterapia en base a platino, y sean portadoras de mutaciones en los genes BRCA 1/2, evidencia de moderada calidad sugiere que olaparib como terapia de mantenimiento frente al cuidado estándar no modificaría la sobrevida global o la calidad de vida, mientras que evidencia de alta calidad muestra que produce un beneficio mayor en la sobrevida libre de progresión. Su utilización también produciría una mayor cantidad de efectos adversos severos y graves. En mujeres recaídas cuya enfermedad se haya manifestado como sensible a la quimioterapia en base a platino, evidencia de alta calidad muestra que olaparib como terapia de mantenimiento, genera un impacto mayor en la sobrevida global y libre de progresión con una mayor cantidad de efectos adversos severos y graves, respecto al estándar de cuidado. Los beneficios clínicos parecen estar limitados aquellas pacientes portadoras de mutaciones deletéreas en los genes BRCA 1/2. Evidencia de muy baja calidad proveniente de comparaciones indirectas, no permite concluir sobre la eficacia y seguridad comparativa de olaparib frente a niraparib. No se hallaron evaluaciones económicas para nuestro país o Latinoamérica. Estudios realizados para Singapur y Estados Unidos mostraron que la tecnología es costoefectiva tras la primera línea de tratamiento, pero no en el tratamiento de pacientes platino sensible recurrentes. Dos análisis de impacto presupuestario realizados en España y Estados Unidos sugieren que el impacto de la tecnología seria moderado. Para Argentina el impacto presupuestario estimado fue alto para la implementación de olaparib como terapia de mantenimiento luego de la primera línea de quimioterapia, al igual que en pacientes platino sensibles recaídas. Guías de práctica clínica de Argentina, Estados Unidos y la Red Nacional Integral del Cáncer recomiendan el uso de olaparib como terapia de mantenimiento tanto en pacientes platino sensible recurrentes como tras una primera línea de tratamiento. De las políticas de cobertura relevadas Alemania, Estados Unidos, Francia y el Reino Unido cubren olaparib como terapia de mantenimiento luego de la primera línea de tratamiento, mientras que países como Argentina, Australia, Brasil, Canadá, Chile, Colombia y Uruguay no mencionan su cobertura. En el caso de pacientes platino sensible, Brasil, Canadá y Francia contemplan su cobertura en pacientes con mutación BRCA, mientras que Estados Unidos y Reino Unido consideran su cobertura sin discriminar el estado de la mutación.

Monitoramento do horizonte tecnológico: Medicamentos para tratamento de primeira linha do câncer de próstata metastático resistente à castração / Monitoring the technology horizon: Drugs for first-line treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

A DOENÇA: O câncer de próstata (CP) é uma doença heterogênea com diversos subtipos, que acomete a glândula próstata. A função dessa glândula é a produção do líquido prostático e do líquido seminal, que juntos são capazes de nutrir os espermatozoides e auxiliá-los na sua mobilidade. No adulto jovem a próstata possui o tamanho aproximado de uma ameixa, e pode de modo fisiológico aumentar de tamanho, de acordo com o envelhecimento. Na maioria dos casos o CP apresenta evolução silenciosa, podendo não apresentar sinais e sintomas em sua fase inicial. Entretanto, as manifestações clínicas mais comuns são: dificuldade de urinar, demora em iniciar ou finalizar o jato urinário, diminuição do jato urinário, necessidade de urinar mais vezes durante o dia ou a noite e presença de sangue na urina. Como esses sinais e sintomas são inespecíficos é necessário a avaliação médica para fins de diagnóstico diferencial. TRATAMENTOS SISTÊMICOS DE PRIMEIRA LINHA DISPONÍVEIS: As Diretrizes Diagnósticas e Terapêuticas (DDT) do adenocarcinoma de próstata, publicadas em 2016, estão em processo de atualização no momento. Para pacientes assintomáticos ou pouco sintomáticos é recomendado como tratamento de primeira linha a utilização de novos agentes inibidores do eixo de sinalização androgênica, preferencialmente, abiraterona ou enzalutamida (nível de evidência 1 e força de recomendação A). Para pacientes sintomáticos é recomendado como tratamento de primeira linha a quimioterapia com docetaxel e o radiofármaco Radium-223 (nível de evidência 1 e força de recomendação A). ESTRATÉGIA DE BUSCA: Os medicamentos em fase de desenvolvimento para o tratamento de primeira linha de pacientes com câncer de próstata metastático

Therapeutic benefits of niraparib tosylate as radio sensitizer in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: an in vivo and in vitro preclinical study.

PURPOSE: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is associated with high morbidity and mortality rate for which radiotherapy is the main treatment modality. Niraparib, a Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitors (PARPi) was previously reported to confer radiosensitivity in different malignancies including non-small cell lung cancer. In this study, we assessed the in vivo ability of niraparib in conferring radiosensitivity to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, KYSE-30 and KYSE-150 cell lines were selected as in vivo esophageal squamous cell carcinoma models. The experimental groups were: niraparib tosylate alone, radiotherapy alone, control (no intervention), and combination therapy (radiotherapy + niraparib tosylate). Cell cytotoxicity assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, lentivirus transfection analysis, and xenograft models were used for confirming radiosensitizing ability of niraparib and to investigate the possible cellular mechanism involved in radiosensitization. RESULTS: The colony formation efficiency of the combination group was significantly much lower than that of the single radiation group (P < 0.01). Cell cytotoxicity assay demonstrated a significant reduction in proliferation of irradiated cells after treatment with niraparib tosylate compared to niraparib tosylate alone (P < 0.01). Cell apoptosis significantly increased in the combination group compared to either niraparib tosylate or radiotherapy alone (P < 0.01). Rate of tumor suppression rate was significantly high in the combined treatment group (P < 0.01) but, significantly decreased in nude mice. Western blot and lentivirus infection model suggested overexpression of FANCG genes to confer radiosensitivity. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the synergistic effect of niraparib tosylate and radiation may be related to the down-regulation of FANCG.

Eficacia y seguridad de olaparib como terapia de mantenimiento en pacientes con cáncer de ovario, de trompas de falopio, o peritoneal primario, recurrente, sensible a la quimioterapia basada en platino / Efficacy and safety of olaparib as maintenance therapy in patients with primary, recurrent ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy

ANTECEDENTES: En el marco de la metodología ad hoc para evaluar solicitudes de tecnologías sanitarias, aprobada mediante Resolución de Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación N° 111-IETSI-ESSALUD-2021, se ha elaborado el presente dictamen, el que expone la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de olaparib como terapia de mantenimiento en pacientes con cáncer de ovario, de trompas de Falopio, o peritoneal primario, recurrente, sensible a la quimioterapia basada en platino. Así, el Dr. Miguel Ángel Ticona Castro, médico especialista en oncología del Servicio de Oncología del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins de la Red Prestacional Rebagliati, siguiendo la Directiva N° 003-IETSI-ESSALUD-2016, envió al Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación ­ IETSI la solicitud de uso por fuera del petitorio del producto farmacéutico olaparib. ASPECTOS GENERALES: En el 2019, en Perú se diagnosticaron aproximadamente 1237 nuevos casos de cáncer de ovario, con 771 muertes atribuidas a la enfermedad (Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2022). El cáncer de ovario epitelial seroso es la histología que se encuentra con más frecuencia en los cánceres de ovario avanzados, y entre 20 % y 30 % de los cánceres de ovario serosos de alto grado tienen la mutación del gen del cáncer de mama 1 o 2 (BRCA 1/2). El tratamiento estándar para el cáncer de ovario, de trompas de Falopio, o peritoneal primario (en lo sucesivo denominados colectivamente como cáncer de ovario) incluye la cirugía y la quimioterapia basada en platino. A pesar de las altas tasas de respuesta esperadas (75 % al 85 %), la recurrencia es probable en la mayoría de las mujeres. Si esta recurrencia ocurre seis meses o más después de la última quimioterapia basada en platino, los pacientes se clasifican como sensibles al platino. Tras la respuesta a la quimioterapia basada en platino, la estrategia de tratamiento estándar actual a nivel internacional es "observar y esperar" si se vuelve a dar una progresión de la enfermedad (CADTH 2017; Ray-coquard et al. 2020). METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática utilizando las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library y LILACS. Además, se realizó una búsqueda dentro de bases de datos pertenecientes a grupos que realizan evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) y guías de práctica clínica (GPC), incluyendo el Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), el National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), la Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), la Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS), el Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), el Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud de Colombia (IETS), la Comissáo Nacional de Incorporacáo de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde (CONITEC), entre otros. Asimismo, se revisó la Base Regional de Informes de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de las Américas (BRISA) y páginas web de sociedades especializadas en el manejo del cáncer como la National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), la European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), la American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), y la Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica (SEOM). Adicionalmente, se hizo una búsqueda en las páginas web del registro de ensayos clínicos administrado por la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Estados Unidos (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) y de la International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP) (https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/), para identificar ensayos clínicos en curso o cuyos resultados no hayan sido publicados. La búsqueda de literatura se limitó a GPC, ETS, revisiones sistemáticas con metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) y ECA que abordaran la pregunta PICO del presente dictamen. Se incluyeron las publicaciones en inglés y español. Se excluyeron los ensayos clínicos no aleatorizados, los estudios observacionales, las series de casos, los reportes de casos, las cartas al editor, los comentarios, las editoriales y los resúmenes de congresos. Teniendo en cuenta que los datos finales de los estudios SOLO2 y Studyl9 (estudios pivotales de olaparib en cáncer de ovario recurrente) se publicaron recientemente, en marzo de 2021 y octubre de 2018, respectivamente, solo se incluyeron las revisiones sistemáticas con meta-análisis si incluían los datos finales de ambos estudios. En cuanto a las GPC, se priorizaron aquellas que utilizaron sistemas de gradación para el nivel de evidencia y el grado de las recomendaciones brindadas. RESULTADOS: La búsqueda de literatura permitió identificar 13 publicaciones que aportan información de relevancia para fines de la presente actualización: cuatro GPC realizadas por la NCCN (NCCN 2022), la SEOM (Redondo et al. 2021), la ASCO (Tew et al. 2020), y la ESMO (ESMO 2020); cinco ETS elaboradas por el NICE de Inglaterra y Gales (NICE 2020), el IQWiG de Alemania (IQWiG 2018), la CADTH de Canadá (CADTH 2017), el SMC de Escocia (SMC 2016), y la HAS de Francia (HAS 2015); y cuatro publicaciones de ECA: dos publicaciones del ECA de fase II Studyl9 (Ledermann et al. 2012; Friedlander et al. 2018) y dos publicaciones del ECA de fase III SOLO2 (Pujade-lauraine et al. 2017; Poveda et al. 2021). CONCLUSIÓN: Por todo lo expuesto, el IETSI no aprueba el uso de olaparib como terapia de mantenimiento para pacientes con cáncer de ovario, con o sin mutación BRCA, recurrente, sensible a la quimioterapia basada en platino, que hayan recibido al menos 2 líneas previas de quimioterapia basada en platino, con respuesta completa o parcial a su régimen más reciente.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Tumors Harboring Homologous Recombination Deficiency: Challenges in Attaining Efficacy.

Cancer cells harbor genomic instability due to accumulated DNA damage, one of the cancer hallmarks. At least five major DNA Damage Repair (DDR) pathways are recognized to repair DNA damages during different stages of the cell cycle, comprehending base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR), and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). The unprecedented benefits achieved with immunological checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in tumors with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) have prompted efforts to extend this efficacy to tumors with HR deficiency (HRD), which are greatly sensitive to chemotherapy or PARP inhibitors, and also considered highly immunogenic. However, an in-depth understanding of HRD's molecular underpinnings has pointed to essential singularities that might impact ICIs sensitivity. Here we address the main molecular aspects of HRD that underlie a differential profile of efficacy and resistance to the treatment with ICIs compared to other DDR deficiencies.

Monitoramento do horizonte tecnológico: Medicamentos em desenvolvimento para tratamento do câncer de mama triplo negativo localmente avançado irressecável ou metastático / Monitoring the technological horizon: Drugs in development for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic locally advanced triple negative breast cancer

A DOENÇA: O câncer de mama triplo negativo (CMTN) é definido pela ausência da expressão dos receptores de estrogênio (RE), receptores de progesterona (RP) e receptores do fator de crescimento epidermal humano (HER2 ­ human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), que são marcadores presentes na maioria dos tipos de câncer de mama e utilizados para a definição do tratamento. Em média, entre os casos de câncer de mama, 15 a 20% são definidos como CMTN e mais de 30% desses casos progridem para doença metastática. Diferente dos outros tipos de câncer de mama, sua frequência é maior entre mulheres jovens abaixo de 50 anos, com maior prevalência entre aquelas com 35 anos. Os pacientes com CMTN apresentam geralmente tumores em graus mais avançados e desfechos clínicos ruins em termos de sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença. As curvas de sobrevida no CMTN, diferentes de outros subtipos de câncer de mama, são caracterizadas por um aumento na recidiva e uma diminuição na sobrevida durante os primeiros três a cinco anos após o diagnóstico. Apesar de avanços substanciais nos resultados clínicos de novos tratamentos para o câncer de mama nos últimos anos, o subtipo de CMTN permanece uma área com necessidade clínica ainda não atendida. Como não apresentam expressão de RE, RP e HER2, os tratamentos com hormonioterapia e terapia anti-HER2 não estão indicados para esses pacientes, sendo adotada a estratégia de quimioterapia, além da cirurgia e radioterapia, conforme preconizado nas Diretrizes Diagnósticas e Terapêuticas do Carcinoma de Mama. TRATAMENTO DISPONÍVEL: As Diretrizes Diagnósticas e Terapêuticas do Carcinoma de Mama de 2019 não fazem recomendação específica para o tratamento dos pacientes com CMTN. Entretanto, entre os medicamentos utilizados para o tratamento dos tipos de câncer de mama é relatado que a associação do bevacizumabe ao paclitaxel nos pacientes com CMTN proporciona um aumento na taxa de resposta e na sobrevida livre de progressão de doença sem alterar a sobrevida mediana global. De acordo com as Diretrizes de Tratamentos Oncológicos recomendados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Clínica (SBOC) de 2021 para o câncer de mama metastático, os pacientes com CMTN devem ser tratados com quimioterapia. O regime deve ser individualizado com base no tamanho, localização e características do tumor; e sintomas e preferências do paciente. Além disso, devem ser considerados a resposta e o intervalo sem progressão com os tratamentos anteriores. Os taxanos e antracíclicos são os medicamentos do tratamento padrão tanto em (neo) adjuvância como na primeira linha de doença metastática. A doxorrubicina e a epirrubicina são os antracíclicos mais comumente usados no tratamento do câncer de mama. A escolha entre os taxanos é determinada pelo tratamento prévio, podendo-se escolher entre o paclitaxel e o docetaxel, de acordo com o perfil de toxicidade e preferência do paciente. No caso de pacientes refratários a antracíclicos e taxanos, existe uma série de opções de tratamentos quimioterápicos, que podem ser utilizados em monoterapia e associados. Os principais medicamentos utilizados em monoterapia são: capecitabina, eribulina, vinorelbine e gemcitabina. As terapias com medicamentos associados mais comumente utilizados são paclitaxel com gencitabina, docetaxel com capecitabina e combinações com platinas6 . Além desses, a adição de bevacizumabe à quimioterapia, em primeira ou segunda linha, resultou em aumento modesto de resposta objetiva e sobrevida livre de progressão, sem aumento de sobrevida global. ESTRATÉGIA DE BUSCA: Os medicamentos em fase de pesquisa clínica para câncer de mama triplo negativo foram identificados, inicialmente, na base de pesquisa clínica Clinicatrials.gov em 19 de abril de 2021, com filtros para estudo de intervenção, em fase 3 de ensaio clínico e em andamento. Foram excluídos da análise os estudos cuja situação estava desatualizada a mais de um ano na base e os estudos cujo objetivo da tecnologia era atuar como adjuvante ou neoadjuvante. Além disso, foram consultados as bases eletrônicas MEDLINE (via PubMed) e EMBASE (via Periódicos Capes) em 19 de abril de 2021; e Cortellis15, da Clarivate Analytics, em 28 de abril de 2021, utilizando o termo "advanced triple negative breast cancer" e seus sinônimos, com filtro para tecnologias em desenvolvimento na fase 3 de ensaio clínico. TECNOLOGIAS EM DESENVOLVIMENTO: Foram identificados 55 ensaios clínicos de fase 3, com 10 tecnologias em desenvolvimento para a indicação estudada e que foram elegíveis para compor este informe20: sacituzumabe govitecan, olaparibe, carelizumabe, pembrolizumabe, toripalimabe, TQB2450, alpelisibe, capivasertibe, ipatasertibe, e bicalutamida. O quadro 1 apresenta essas tecnologias consideradas com informações sobre sua classe terapêutica e situação regulatória nas agências sanitárias FDA, EMA, Health Canada e Anvisa. Algumas tecnologias estão em estágios iniciais do ensaio clínico de fase 3 sem resultados parciais publicados, entretanto, suas características serão descritas nesta seção. São eles: carelizumabe, toripalimabe, TQB2450, alpelisibe, capivasertibe e bicalutamida. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: O câncer de mama triplo negativo localmente avançado irressecável ou metastático é uma doença heterogênea com um prognóstico ruim e atualmente com poucas opções de tratamento em uso. A aprovação do medicamento atezolizumabe no Brasil, para uso em combinação com nab-paclitaxel trouxe um avanço para o tratamento alvo-direcionado para essa população. Este informe apresentou o panorama das tecnologias mais promissoras em fase de desenvolvimento clínico para a doença. Algumas em vias de administração com maior comodidade posológica, como a via oral (olaparibe, alpelisibe, capivasertibe, ipatasertibe e bicalutamida). A identificação dessas tecnologias neste informe projeta uma expectativa sobre diferentes vias moleculares de combate a doença que podem impactar no prognóstico dos pacientes com câncer de mama triplo negativo localmente avançado irressecável ou metastático. Algumas dessas tecnologias estão em fases finais de pesquisa clínica com resultados publicados e já são autorizadas ou iniciaram seus pedidos nas agências sanitárias internacionais. Entre elas destacam-se o sacituzumabe govitecan e o pembrolizumabe, ambas com autorização de comercialização recente pela agência sanitária dos EUA para a indicação de CMTN. Mesmo sendo essa autorização em um contexto de aprovação acelerada, que necessita de acompanhamento dos resultados dos estudos em andamento, existe um avanço para o tratamento da doença que hoje ainda é considerada com uma necessidade não atendida. O sacituzumabe govitecan obteve bons resultados para os desfechos de sobrevida livre de progressão, sobrevida global e taxa de resposta objetiva. Os resultados com pembrolizumabe, apesar de não indicarem uma diferença grande em relação ao comparador nos desfechos de sobrevida livre de progressão, se mostraram consistentes ao longo do tempo e foram maiores conforme o aumento da expressão de PD-1, indicando que pode existir uma relação direta com esse marcador. As tecnologias em desenvolvimento identificadas estão direcionadas a alvos moleculares específicos do desenvolvimento da doença, de modo que a definição dos subtipos moleculares é essencial para o planejamento das estratégias de tratamento, que cada vez mais serão baseadas em medicina personalizada, como por exemplo, a quantificação da expressão do PD-1 como biomarcador preditivo de benefício para a escolha dos pacientes que devem fazer imunoterapia. Espera-se que a conclusão dos estudos em andamento possa trazer resultados clínicos robustos que possam aumentar as opções terapêuticas do tratamento e assim representar um melhor prognóstico da doença.

PARP Inhibitors in Pancreatic Cancer.

ABSTRACT: Despite representing only 5% of all annual cancer diagnoses in the United States, pancreatic cancer is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death within the next 10 years. Progress in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer has been slow. Systemic therapies rely on combination cytotoxic agents, with limited options at progression. Recently, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors have demonstrated clinical activity in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer and pathogenic variants in BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2. In this review, we discuss the development of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in pancreatic cancer, relevant clinical trials, and future directions.

BRCAness as a Biomarker of Susceptibility to PARP Inhibitors in Glioblastoma Multiforme.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer. GBMs commonly acquire resistance to standard-of-care therapies. Among the novel means to sensitize GBM to DNA-damaging therapies, a promising strategy is to combine them with inhibitors of the DNA damage repair (DDR) machinery, such as inhibitors for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP inhibitors (PARPis) have already shown efficacy and have received regulatory approval for breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancer treatment. In these cancer types, after PARPi administration, patients carrying specific mutations in the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and 2 (BRCA2) suppressor genes have shown better response when compared to wild-type carriers. Mutated BRCA genes are infrequent in GBM tumors, but their cells can carry other genetic alterations that lead to the same phenotype collectively referred to as 'BRCAness'. The most promising biomarkers of BRCAness in GBM are related to isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), MYC proto-oncogene, and estrogen receptors beta (ERß). BRCAness status identified by accurate biomarkers can ultimately predict responsiveness to PARPi therapy, thereby allowing patient selection for personalized treatment. This review discusses potential biomarkers of BRCAness for a 'precision medicine' of GBM patients.

Repurposing of Clinically Approved Poly-(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors for the Therapy of Sepsis.

ABSTRACT: Sepsis' pathogenesis involves multiple mechanisms that lead to a dysregulation of the host's response. Significant efforts have been made in search of interventions that can reverse this situation and increase patient survival. Poly (ADP-polymerase) (PARP) is a constitutive nuclear and mitochondrial enzyme, which functions as a co-activator and co-repressor of gene transcription, thus regulating the production of inflammatory mediators. Several studies have already demonstrated an overactivation of PARP1 in various human pathophysiological conditions and that its inhibition has benefits in regulating intracellular processes. The PARP inhibitor olaparib, originally developed for cancer therapy, paved the way for the expansion of its clinical use for nononcological indications. In this review we discuss sepsis as one of the possible indications for the use of olaparib and other clinically approved PARP inhibitors as modulators of the inflammatory response and cellular dysfunction. The benefit of olaparib and other clinically approved PARP inhibitors has already been demonstrated in several experimental models of human diseases, such as neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, acute hepatitis, skeletal muscle disorders, aging and acute ischemic stroke, protecting, for example, from the deterioration of the blood-brain barrier, restoring the cellular levels of NAD+, improving mitochondrial function and biogenesis and, among other effects, reducing oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL1-ß, IL-6, and VCAM1. These data demonstrated that repositioning of clinically approved PARP inhibitors may be effective in protecting against hemodynamic dysfunction, metabolic dysfunction, and multiple organ failure in patients with sepsis. Age and gender affect the response to PARP inhibitors, the mechanisms underlying the lack of many protective effects in females and aged animals should be further investigated and be cautiously considered in designing clinical trials.

Novel combinatorial strategies for boosting the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced breast cancers.

The year 2019 witnessed the first approval of an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) for the management of triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) that are metastatic and programmed death ligand (PD)-L1 positive. Extensive research has focused on testing ICI-based combinatorial strategies, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the response of breast tumors to immunotherapy to increase the number of breast cancer patients benefiting from this transformative treatment. The promising investigational strategies included immunotherapy combinations with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 for the HER2 + tumors versus cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 inhibitors in the estrogen receptor (ER) + disease. Multiple approaches are showing signals of success in advanced TNBC include employing Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, phosphatidylinositol 3­kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling inhibitors or inhibitors of adenosine receptor, in combination with the classical PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. Co-treatment with chemotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) or interleukin-2-ßÉ£ agonist have also produced promising outcomes. This review highlights the latest combinatorial strategies under development for overcoming cancer immune evasion and enhancing the percentage of immunotherapy responders in the different subsets of advanced breast cancers.

SEOM clinical guideline in ovarian cancer (2020).

Despite remarkable advances in the knowledge of molecular biology and treatment, ovarian cancer remains the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer. In the last decade, there have been important advances both in systemic and surgical treatment. However, there is no doubt that the incorporation of PARP inhibitors as maintenance after the response to platinum-based chemotherapy, first in recurrent disease and recently also in first line, will change the natural history of the disease.The objective of this guide is to summarize the current evidence for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of ovarian cancer, and to provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.

Histone-dependent PARP-1 inhibitors: A novel therapeutic modality for the treatment of prostate and renal cancers.

Clinical interest in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) has increased over the past decade with the recognition of its roles in transcription regulation, DNA repair, epigenetic bookmarking, and chromatin restructuring. A number of PARP-1 inhibitors demonstrating clinical efficacy against tumors of various origins have emerged in recent years. These inhibitors have been essentially designed as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) mimetics. However, because NAD+ is utilized by many enzymes other than PARP-1, NAD+ competitors tend to produce certain off-target effects. To overcome the limitation of NAD-like PARP-1 inhibitors, we have developed a new class of PARP-1 inhibitors that specifically targets the histone-dependent route of PARP-1 activation, a mechanism of activation that is unique to PARP-1. Novel histone-dependent inhibitors are highly specific for PARP-1 and demonstrate promising in vitro and in vivo efficacy against prostate and renal tumors. Our findings suggest that novel PARP-1 inhibitors have strong therapeutic potential for the treatment of urological tumors.

Clinically Relevant Response to Treatment with Olaparib in a Patient with Refractory Multidrug-Resistant Ovarian Cancer and Central Nervous System Involvement: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) continues to be highly lethal. Undoubtedly, the introduction of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors such as olaparib will alter this clinical picture. Phase III studies have already documented clinically relevant outcomes, particularly among patients with BRCA mutations and homologous recombination deficiency. CASE REPORT Here we present a case report that documents the evolution of refractory multidrug-resistant, BRCA1-mutated EOC in a patient who had advanced clinical deterioration, carcinomatosis, and central nervous system (CNS) involvement that responded favorably to olaparib, resulting in a tripling of her progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS Olaparib proved to be a safe and effective option for the treatment of a patient with multidrug-resistant, BRCA1-mutated EOC with CNS metastases. This suggests that early initiation of the drug in similar cases can be very useful.

PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer: evidence for maintenance and treatment strategies.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. The long-established primary treatment for ovarian cancer consisted of surgical cytoreduction followed by platinum-based chemotherapy. Unfortunately, this therapeutic approach is related to a high frequency of early relapses. Further chemotherapy is necessary for recurrent disease, but very few patients can be cured. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a family of proteins involved in various DNA repair activities. PARP inhibition leads to synthetic lethality in BRCA mutated or homologous recombination deficient tumors. The development of PARP inhibitors has changed the way ovarian cancer patients are treated. Olaparib, niraparib and rucaparib are orally active and have demonstrated efficacy for both maintenance and treatment settings. These three drugs have gained regulatory approval for different clinical circumstances. They have an acceptable toxicity profile and are generally well tolerated. Common class toxicities include hematologic effects, gastrointestinal effects and fatigue. Moreover, new treatment strategies that combine PARP inhibitors with other drugs, such as angiogenic agents, are being explored. The purpose of this review is to describe the evidence that define the current clinical role of PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer. The implementation of rationally designed new clinical trials will be crucial to facilitate the best selection of patients and to continue improving clinical outcomes.

PARP Inhibitors as Therapeutic Options for Tyrosine Kinase-dependent Leukemia: A Review.

The idea of utilizing poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) as therapeutics for cancer has grown in popularity since its original approval for clinical usage in treatment of BRCA DNA repair-associated-mutated ovarian cancer. In this study, we evaluated experimental data regarding in vitro studies utilizing PARPi as a treatment for tyrosine kinase (TK)-dependent leukemia. Studies from 2015 to 2019 were compiled and the ones with most relevant TK pathways and PARP inhibition were analyzed. PARPi showed activity against many leukemia cell lines and samples from patients with primary leukemia, especially when combined with other signaling pathway inhibitor drugs, improving upon the hypothesis that the utilization of PARPi has potential as a new therapeutic approach in treatment of primary leukemia and TK-dependent leukemia.