Can Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation improve piglets' performance and intestinal health after weaning? / A suplementação com Saccharomyces cerevisiae pode melhorar o desempenho e saúde intestinal de leitões após o desmame?

This study aimed to assess the impact of two commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (CHY1 and CHY2) on the intestinal health and performance of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli during the nursery phase. One hundred ninety-two piglets with an average weight of 6.70 ± 0.92 kilograms were allocated in a randomized block design to one of four treatments: a negative control (C) without E. coli challenge and no yeast supplementation; a positive control (CH) with E. coli challenge and no yeast supplementation; and two treatment groups receiving an E. colichallenge with a CHY1 and CHY2 yeast strain supplementation. The challenge involved inoculating piglets with two dosages of E. coli F4 (106 CFU/ml and 109 CFU/ml) and a saline solution for the C group. Samples of intestinal tissue, blood, and cecal content were collected on the trial's 11th, 28th, and 42nd days. All variables were subjected to analysis of variance, and upon detecting significant differences via the F-test (p < 0.05), Tukey's test was applied to compare treatment means. For the analysis of diarrhea occurrence, the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied. When variables were rejected at a 5% probability level, a Dunn's test was conducted as a post-hoc analysis for paired multiple comparisons (p < 0.05), with statistical significance set at this level. Weaned piglets supplemented with CHY1 exhibited superior performance metrics, including higher average daily gain (15.3% increase), body weight (3.4% increase), feed-to-gain ratio (9.5% increase), and average daily feed intake (12.3% increase) at 28 days compared to the CH group across two different nutritional phases. No discernible effects were observed on measuring blood parameters, intestinal morphology, or cecal short-chain fatty acids. Both yeast-treated groups displayed improved performance during the most challenging periods. However, the CHY1 yeast strain contributed to enhanced piglet performance in the initial 28 days without inducing changes in intestinal morphology.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar duas cepas comerciais de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (designadas como CHY1 e CHY2) sob a saúde intestinal e desempenho de leitões desmamados desafiados com Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica durante a fase de creche. Um total de 192 leitões com peso médio 6,70 ± 0.92 quilogramas foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos: um controle negativo (C) sem desafio de E. coli e sem suplementação da levedura; um controle positivo (CH) com desafio de E. coli e sem a suplementação da levedura; e dois grupos com a suplementação das dietas com as cepas comerciais das leveduras intituladas CHY1 e CHY2, juntamente ao desafio de E. coli. O desafio envolveu a inoculação de duas doses de E. coli F4 (106 UFC/ml e 109 UFC/ml) nos leitões e uma inoculação de solução salina para o grupo C. Amostras de tecido intestinal, sangue e conteúdo cecal foram coletadas nos 11º, 28º e 42º dias do experimento. Todas as variáveis foram submetidas a análise de variância e quando detectada diferença significativa pelo teste de F (p<0,05), o teste de Tukey foi aplicado para comparar as médias. Para a avalição da ocorrência de diarreia, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi aplicado e quando as variáveis foram rejeitadas ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, o teste de Dunn foi conduzido como uma análise post-hoc para comparações múltiplas (p<0,05) com significância estatística nesse nível. Leitões desmamados suplementados com CHY1 apresentaram métricas de desempenho superiores, incluindo maior ganho de peso diário (aumento de 15.3%), peso vivo (aumento de 3.4%), consumo de ração diário (aumento de 9.5%) e melhor eficiência alimentar (aumento de 12.3%) até os 28 dias de experimento em comparação com o grupo CH. Não foram observados efeitos dos tratamentos sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos mensurados, morfologia intestinal ou ácidos graxos de cadeia curta presentes no conteúdo cecal. Ambos os grupos tratados com leveduras apresentaram melhor desempenho durante os períodos mais desafiadores. No entanto, a cepa de levedura CHY1, especificamente, contribuiu para um melhor desempenho dos leitões nos primeiros 28 dias, sem induzir alterações na morfologia intestinal.(AU)

Septicemia due to Bacillus clausii after the use of probiotics. A complication to keep in mind. / Septicemia por Bacillus clausii posterior al uso de probióticos. Una complicación para tener presente.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that benefit the host in different clinical situations. Bacillus clausii is one of the most frequently used, but it is not without risk. To date, there are few reports of complications secondary to this agent in pediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of an infant who developed after treatment sepsis due to Bacillus clausii. CLINICAL CASE: A 4-month-old female infant of indigenous ethnicity, from a rural area in the interior of Panama, 3 hours away from the nearest health sub-center by canoe, and with protein-calorie malnutrition, presented with acute diarrhea and moderate-severe dehydration, receiving Enterogermina as part of the initial treatment. She was transferred to a tertiary hospital, where she arrived with impaired consciousness, respiratory distress, and signs of shock. The initial blood culture reported growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the gastrointestinal panel was positive for Clostridiodes difficile, and later serial blood cultures of peripheral blood and central venous catheter confirmed growth of Bacillus clausii. With a torpid evolution and resistance to multiple antibiotic schemes, she died due to multisystem organ failure twelve days after admission. CONCLUSIONS: The use of probiotics as concomitant treatment in patients with some degree of immunosuppression should be administered with caution, considering the presence of risk criteria for complications such as malnutrition or intestinal epithelial damage due to severe diarrhea since they predispose to the development of bacteremia and/or sepsis.

Sleep and probiotics in diabetes management.

In this manuscript, we call attention to the importance of investigating affordable strategies to improve the management of diabetes. Studies indicate that imbalances in the gut microbiota may lead to the development and progression of this disease. At the same time, poor sleep and sleep disorders, which are very prevalent in individuals with diabetes, can be related to a worse prognosis for the disease and can be impacted by changes in the intestinal microbiome. A suggested treatment that may be effective in controlling diabetes and improving sleep quality through increased metabolic regulation is probiotic supplementation. Scientific evidence has shown a relationship between the use of probiotics and improvements in sleep, in glucose concentrations, and in the levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. We suggest that probiotic supplementation can play an important role in the management of diabetes and sleep disorders in diabetic patients. Further randomized clinical studies should be undertaken to better understand the impact and effectiveness of the use of probiotics in improving sleep and controlling diabetes.

Rectal stimulation with prebiotics and probiotics before ileostomy reversal: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Ileostomy closure is associated with a high rate of postoperative morbidity, and adynamic ileus is the most common complication, with an incidence of up to 32%. This complication is associated with delayed initiation of oral diet intake, abdominal distention, prolonged hospital stay, and more significant patient discomfort. The present study aims to evaluate the rectal stimulus with prebiotics and probiotics before ileostomy reversal. METHODS: This is a protocol study for an open-label randomized controlled clinical trial. Ethical approval was received (CAAE: 56551722.6.0000.0071). The following criteria will be used for inclusion: adult patients with rectal cancer stages cT3/4Nx or cTxN+ that underwent loop protection ileostomy, patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, and patients who underwent laparoscopic or robotic total mesorectal excision. Patients will be randomized to one of two groups. The intervention group (with rectal stimulus): the patients will apply 500 ml of saline solution with 6 g of Simbioflora® rectally, once a day, for 15 days before ileostomy closure. The control group (without rectal stimulation): the patients will close the ileostomy with no previous rectal stimulus. The primary outcomes will be the adynamic ileus (need for postoperative nasogastric tube insertion; nausea/vomiting; or intolerance to oral feedings within the first 72 h) and intestinal transit (time to first evacuation/flatus). RESULTS: The patient's enrollment starts in January 2023. We expect to finish in July 2025. DISCUSSION: The findings of this randomized clinical study may have important implications for managing patients undergoing ileostomy reversal. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered in the Brazilian Trial Registry (ReBEC) under RBR-366n64w. Registration date: 19/07/2022.

Efficacy and Safety of the Adjuvant Use of Probiotic Bacillus clausii Strains in Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVES: Current irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) treatments have limited efficacy and probiotics like Bacillus clausii (B. clausii) were found to be effective in the management of several gastrointestinal disorders. This phase III trial assessed the efficacy and safety of adding B. clausii (four strains: O/C, N/R, SIN, T), versus placebo, to conventional treatment of pediatric IBS in Mexico. METHODS: Patients aged 6-17 years 11 months with IBS (Rome IV) for at least 2 months were randomized to receive either B. clausii (oral suspension, total dose 4 billion spores/day) or placebo once daily for 8 weeks. All patients also received conventional treatment. The primary endpoint was the difference in the proportion of patients with clinical improvements at Week 8 (Global Assessment Questions [GAQ]). Secondary endpoints included responders by Subject's Global Assessment of Relief for Children with IBS (SGARC); number/consistency of stools; abdominal distention/bloating; abdominal pain/intensity; and IBS behavior. RESULTS: 73.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67.3-80.0; B. clausii n = 129) and 78.5% (95% CI 72.5-84.4; placebo n = 130) of patients had symptom improvement (p = 0.8182). For Week 8 SGARC, 19.2% (B. clausii) and 20.9% (placebo) reported complete symptom relief. Stool evaluations, bloating, abdominal pain/intensity, and IBS behavior were similar between groups. Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION: No significant differences in efficacy between B. clausii and placebo were demonstrated in addition to conventional treatment. The sample size calculation was based on an expected placebo/conventional treatment response of 30-40%. However, the actual treatment response observed was 80% and, thus, a study with larger population would be warranted. In addition, this study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, when such controlled social conditions may have resulted in better diet, greater family stability, less psychological stress, and lower risk of infections exacerbating IBS, thereby improving symptoms in both groups. EUDRACT NUMBER: 2018-004519-31.

Effects of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Supplemented Diet on Production Performance, Egg Quality and Humoral Immunity in Black Australorp and Fayoumi Layers

The present study intended to identify the effects of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on production performance and parameters related to the quality of layers' eggs. Effects of yeast on immune titers after routine vaccinations against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis were also studied. Fayoumi chicken (n=288) were divided in four groups (72 in each), and Black Australorp (n=288) in four groups (72 in each). Both had 12 weeks of age and were kept in 08 groups (3 replicates per treatment). Hens were fed a controlled diet along with the addition of 0.5g, 1.0 g, and 1.5 g of S. cerevisiae per kg of feed, till 25 weeks of age. Feed intake and egg production were measured on a daily basis, while body weight gain and egg weight were measured weekly. Egg quality parameters were evaluated by picking 5 eggs from every group weekly. Birds were vaccinated for Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bronchitis (IB) at the 18th week. Subsequently, 10 days after vaccination, antibody titers were determined by Hemagglutination Inhibition and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for both diseases. Results showed no significant effect of S. cerevisiae on layers' weight gain and feed intake. However, egg production was increased in the experimental group. Moreover, yeast supplementation impacted positively on birds' immune system. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation improved birds' egg production and immunity.(AU)

Assessment of the in-vitro aflatoxin B1 adsorption and probiotic capacity of yeasts isolated from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) / Avaliação in vitro da capacidade de adsorção de aflatoxina B1 e probióticade leveduras isoladas do camarão-branco-do-pacífico (Litopenaeus vannamei)

This study aimed to isolate and identify yeasts present in the intestinal microbiota of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivated in a tropical estuary and carry out in-vitro assessments regarding their probiotic and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) adsorption capacity of isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. The isolation and identification of intestinal yeasts from 40 L. vannamei individuals were performed by molecular sequencing. Three S. cerevisiaestrains (C2B, C2D and C9) were chosen for probiotic potential assessments through homologous inhibition, self-aggregation, co-aggregation, antibacterial activity, gastrointestinal condition viability, and AFB1 adsorption analyses. The following species were identified: Candida spp., Candidatropicalis, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Rhodotorula spp., and S. cerevisiae. All isolated S. cerevisiae strains presented antibacterial activity, with the C9 strain displaying better performance in the antimicrobial activity, pH viability, and AFB1 adsorption assays. It was, thus, possible to isolate Candida spp., C. tropicalis, Rhodotorula spp. and S. cerevisiae from L. vannamei shrimp, and our study demonstrated for the first time that L. elongisporus may be present in the gut of this shrimp species in captive conditions. Furthermore, the isolated S. cerevisiae strains exhibited in-vitro probiotic and AFB1 adsorption potential.(AU)

Com este estudo, objetivaram-se isolar e identificar leveduras presentes na microbiota intestinal de Litopenaeus vannamei cultivados em estuário tropical e testar in vitro a capacidade probiótica e adsorvente de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) por cepas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae isoladas. Foram adquiridos 40 camarões da espécie L. vannamei, fizeram-se o isolamento e a identificação de leveduras intestinais por sequenciamento molecular, e foram escolhidas três cepas de S. cerevisiae (C2B, C2D e C9) para avaliar o potencial probiótico. Realizaram-se os seguintes testes: inibição homóloga, autoagregação, coagregação, atividade antibacteriana, viabilidade às condições gastrointestinais e também a análise de adsorção de AFB1. Foram identificadas as seguintes espécies: Candida spp., Candidatropicalis, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Rhodotorula spp. e S. cerevisiae. As cepas de S. cerevisiae isoladas apresentaram atividade antibacteriana, e a cepa C9 obteve melhor desempenho nos testes de atividade antimicrobiana, na viabilidade em pH e na adsorção da AFB1 do que as demais. Concluiu-se que é possível isolar Candida spp., C. tropicalis, Rhodotorulasp. e S. cerevisiae, e o estudo demonstrou pela primeira vez que L. elongisporus pode estar presente no intestino em viveiros. As cepas de S. cerevisiae isoladas do intestinos de L. vannamei possuem potencial probiótico e adsorvente de AFB1 em testes in vitro.(AU)

Evaluation of secretory activity in carp pancreatocytes (Cyprinus carpio L. ) when using lactobacillus-based chelate and probiotic supplemental feed complexes / Avaliação da atividade secretora em pancreatócitos de carpa (Cyprinus carpio L. ) ao usar quelato à base de lactobacilos e complexos suplementares de alimentação probiótica

The experimental research was carried out on the juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The impact from supplemental feeds consisting of variable concentrations of chelate compounds, biogenic trace elements and probiotic lactobacillus-based product Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2335 was evaluated. Optical and qualitative parameters of the lactobacillus base were studied in order to identify the major group of substances potentially able to influence the end result. The purpose of this research was to identify changes in the structure of the zymogen granules and their dimensions at which supplemental feeds produce a stimulating effect on the synthesis of zymogens in exogenous cells of the secretory part of pancreas. At the outcome of the study, for the first time, it was possible to prove that the integrated action of chelates and lactobacillus-based probiotics complemented each other. Metal chelate compounds contributed to enlargement of the zymogen granules, if compared to the control values. The bacterial products accelerated production of the zymogen granules in acinar cells diffusely located in carp hepatopancreas.(AU)

A pesquisa experimental foi realizada em carpas juvenis (Cyprinus carpio L.). O impacto de suplementos alimentares consistindo em concentrações variáveis de compostos quelatos, oligoelementos biogênicos e produto probiótico baseado em lactobacilos Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2335 foi avaliado. Parâmetros ópticos e qualitativos da base de lactobacilos foram estudados a fim de identificar o maior grupo de substâncias potencialmente capazes de influenciar o resultado final. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar mudanças na estrutura dos grânulos de zimogênio e suas dimensões nas quais alimentos suplementares produzem um efeito estimulante na síntese de zimogênios em células exógenas da parte secretora do pâncreas. No resultado do estudo, pela primeira vez, foi possível comprovar que a ação integrada dos quelatos e dos probióticos à base de lactobacilos se complementava. Compostos quelatos metálicos contribuíram para o aumento dos grânulos de zimogênio, se comparados aos valores de controle. Os produtos bacterianos aceleraram a produção dos grânulos de zimogênio nas células acinares localizadas difusamente no hepatopâncreas da carpa.(AU)

Evaluation of secretory activity in carp pancreatocytes (Cyprinus carpio L. ) when using lactobacillus-based chelate and probiotic supplemental feed complexes / Avaliação da atividade secretora em pancreatócitos de carpa (Cyprinus carpio L. ) ao usar quelato à base de lactobacilos e complexos suplementares de alimentação probiótica

The experimental research was carried out on the juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The impact from supplemental feeds consisting of variable concentrations of chelate compounds, biogenic trace elements and probiotic lactobacillus-based product Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2335 was evaluated. Optical and qualitative parameters of the lactobacillus base were studied in order to identify the major group of substances potentially able to influence the end result. The purpose of this research was to identify changes in the structure of the zymogen granules and their dimensions at which supplemental feeds produce a stimulating effect on the synthesis of zymogens in exogenous cells of the secretory part of pancreas. At the outcome of the study, for the first time, it was possible to prove that the integrated action of chelates and lactobacillus-based probiotics complemented each other. Metal chelate compounds contributed to enlargement of the zymogen granules, if compared to the control values. The bacterial products accelerated production of the zymogen granules in acinar cells diffusely located in carp hepatopancreas.

A pesquisa experimental foi realizada em carpas juvenis (Cyprinus carpio L.). O impacto de suplementos alimentares consistindo em concentrações variáveis de compostos quelatos, oligoelementos biogênicos e produto probiótico baseado em lactobacilos Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2335 foi avaliado. Parâmetros ópticos e qualitativos da base de lactobacilos foram estudados a fim de identificar o maior grupo de substâncias potencialmente capazes de influenciar o resultado final. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar mudanças na estrutura dos grânulos de zimogênio e suas dimensões nas quais alimentos suplementares produzem um efeito estimulante na síntese de zimogênios em células exógenas da parte secretora do pâncreas. No resultado do estudo, pela primeira vez, foi possível comprovar que a ação integrada dos quelatos e dos probióticos à base de lactobacilos se complementava. Compostos quelatos metálicos contribuíram para o aumento dos grânulos de zimogênio, se comparados aos valores de controle. Os produtos bacterianos aceleraram a produção dos grânulos de zimogênio nas células acinares localizadas difusamente no hepatopâncreas da carpa.

Probiotics supplementation reduces cigarette smoke-induced damage in the respiratory micro-architecture of mice / Suplementação com probióticos reduz os danos causados pela fumaça de cigarro na microarquitetura respiratória de camundongos

This study evaluated the protective efficacy of probiotics supplementation against cigarette smoke-induced lung emphysema, inflammation, and loss of cilia in mice. Probiotics are known to promote mucosal tolerance and mitigate respiratory injuries. Twenty-four adult mice were randomly divided into three groups: control (Ctr), cigarette smoke (CS), and cigarette smoke + probiotics (CS+P). Probiotics were given for 7 days before exposure to smoke in the CS+P group. Tissue samples of the trachea (goblet cell count and index, loss of cilia), lungs (airspace distention), and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected and processed. The results showed a significant increase in acidic and neutral goblet cells in the CS group compared to the Ctr and CS+P groups (P < 0.05). Overall, goblet cell number and index were lower in the CS+P group (41.71 ± 5.76, 0.67 ± 0.073) than CS group (56.28 ± 5.34, 1.31 ± 0.28). Inflammatory cells and loss of cilia significantly decreased in mice fed probiotics before exposure to cigarette smoke (P < 0.05). Lung emphysema was also significantly reduced in the CS+P group compared to the CS group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of probiotics reduced lung emphysema, inflammatory cells, goblet cell index, and loss of cilia under conditions of cigarette smoke exposure in mice.(AU)

O presente trabalho avaliou a eficácia da suplementação com probióticos contra a indução de enfisema, inflamação e perda de cílios por fumaça de cigarro em camundongos. Sabe-se que os probióticos promovem a tolerância da mucosa e mitigam as injúrias respiratórias. Vinte e quatro camundongos foram divididos, ao acaso, em três grupos: controle (CTR), fumaça de cigarro (CS) e fumaça de cigarro + probióticos (CS+P). Os probióticos foram fornecidos por sete dias antes da exposição à fumaça no grupo CS+P. Foram colhidas e processadas amostras de tecidos da traqueia (contagem de células caliciformes e index, perda de cílios), pulmões (distensão do espaço aéreo) e fluido de lavagem broncoalveolar. Os resultados obtidos revelaram um aumento significativo em células caliciformes acidificadas e neutralizadas no grupo CS quando comparado aos grupos Ctr e CS+P (P<0,05). Os números global e o índice de células caliciformes foram menores no grupo CS+P (41,71+ 5,76; 0,67+ 0,073) que no grupo CS (56,28+ 5,34 e 1,131+ 0,28). As células inflamatórias e a perda de cílios decresceram em camundongos alimentados com probióticos antes da exposição à fumaça de cigarro (P<0,05). O enfisema pulmonar também foi significativamente reduzido no grupo CS+P quando comparado ao grupo CS (P<0,05). A conclusão obtida foi que o fornecimento de dieta suplementada com probióticos reduziu o enfisema pulmonar, as células inflamatórias, o índice de células caliciformes e a perda de cílios nos camundongos expostos à fumaça de cigarro.(AU)

Effect of Dietary Growth Promoter Supplementations on the Serum Biochemistry and Morphometric Characteristics of Tibia Bone in Broiler Chicken

Bone mineralization is considered an essential source of minerals for metabolic needs that provide strength and hardness to the bone tissues and in birds its development can be enhanced by the use of dietary supplements. The present study was executed to evaluate the influence of prebiotic, probiotic and antibiotic on the morphometric aspects of tibia bone in broilers. One-hundred and sixty-one-day-old broiler chick were divided randomly into four groups (n=40) with 4 replicates (n=10 in each replicate). Group-I fed with only corn based basal diet and served as controlled group. Group-II with antibiotic supplement (Zinc bacitracin 0.04%), Group-III with probiotic supplement (lactobacillus 0.1%) & Group-IV with prebiotic supplement (mannan oligosaccharide 0.1%). On the 35th day, two birds were selected randomly from each replicate and slaughtered to record the morphometric parameters of both right and left tibia bones from each bird. The findings showed that the length, weight, thickness of lateral and medial wall, tibiotarsal index of bone and bone ash percentage of supplemented groups have had significant (p<0.05) difference when compared to that of the controlled group. The weight/length index in birds supplemented with prebiotic and probiotic was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the antibiotic supplemented and control group. Medullary canal diameter of all the supplemented groups was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the control group. No significant (p>0.05) difference of robusticity index and diaphysis diameter was observed among various groups. A significant (p<0.05) low level of Alkaline Phosphatase while higher level of Calcium and Phosphorus was recorded in the supplemented groups compared to that of the control group. In conclusion, the use of prebiotic and probiotic as growth promoter can exhibit some underline mechanisms in the form of enhancement of bone quality, density and characteristics in broiler chicks as compared to common antibiotics.(AU)

O efeito de probióticos fúngicos adicionados a uma dieta rica em grãos no trato gastrointestinal de ovinos / The effect of fungal probiotics added to a high-grain diet on the gastrointestinal tract of sheep

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of the ruminal fluid and histological characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of sheep on a high-grain diet containing the probiotic fungi Aspergillus terreus and Rhizomucor spp. The study included four treatment groups (without probiotic, with Rhizomucor spp., with Aspergillus terreus, and with a mixture of both fungi), and two types of corn (ground/whole), in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) arranged in 4 x 2 factorial design. Santa Inês x Dorper lambs were housed in eight pens with five lambs each for 75 days. Rumen fluid was collected to study the rumen microbiological profile, macroscopic characteristics, ammonia nitrogen concentration, and microbiological activity. In addition, GIT samples were taken for histological analysis. Fluid analyses showed that the animals presented a low acidosis index. The samples presented a predominantly aromatic odor and blackish-brown color, indicating a neutral pH and high microbial activity. The rumen pH differed (P < 0.05) according to the level of processed corn consumed, being higher for ground grain corn (GGC). There was no difference for any of the microbiological communities analyzed (P > 0.05) (Lac+ and Lac- bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and protozoa). Six genera of facultative anaerobic fungi were identified in 15 observations. Cladosporium spp. was the most prevalent genus (46.66%), followed by Aspergillus spp. (26,66%). The width of the base of rumen papillae showed significant correlation being greater for GCG (P < 0.05) with Rhizomucor and for the control (P < 0.05). The rumen fluid of sheep on a high-grain diet with added Aspergillus terreus and Rhizomucor spp. showed no microbiological and physicochemical changes.

Objetivou-se avaliar as características microbiológicas e físico-químicas do fluido ruminal e histológicas do trato gástrico intestinal (TGI) de ovinos sob dieta de alto grão com probiótico fungos Aspergillus terreus e/ou Rhizomucor spp. Analisou-se quatro probióticos (sem inóculos, com Rhizomucor spp., com Aspergillus terreus e com mistura dos dois fungos) e dois processamentos de milho (moído/inteiro), em fatorial 4x2 em em Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizados (DIC). Borregos Santa Inês/Dorper foram alojados em oito baias com cinco borregos em cada, durante 75 dias. Coletou-se fluido ruminal para o estudo do perfil microbiológico do rúmen, da característica macroscópica, da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal e da atividade microbiológica, além dos fragmentos do TGI para análises histológicas. Pelas análises dos fluidos, os animais apresentaram baixo índice de acidose. O odor aromático e a cor castanho-enegrecido predominaram, o que caracteriza ambiente com pH neutro. As amostras do fluido apresentaram alta atividade microbiana. O pH ruminal diferenciou-se (P<0,05) quanto ao tipo de processamento, sendo maior para milho grão moído (MGM). Não houve diferença para nenhuma das comunidades microbiológicas analisadas (P>0,05) (bactérias Lac+ e Lac-, fungos, leveduras e protozoários). Seis gêneros de fungos anaeróbicos facultativos foram identificados num total de 15 observações. O Cladosporium spp. foi o gênero mais prevalente (46,66%), seguido do Aspergillus spp. (26,66%). A largura da base das papilas ruminais apresentou interação significativa, sendo maior para MGM (P<0,05) com Rhizomucor e o controle (P<0,05). O fluido ruminal de ovinos sob dieta de alto concentrado de grão com adição dos fungos Aspergillus terreus e Rhizomucor spp. não tiveram afetadas as características microbiológicas e físico-químicas.

Additive effect of the probiotics Lactobacillus exopolysaccharides and the Satureja calamintha extracts on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adhesion

Abstract This study assessed the inhibitory potential of the probiotics Lactobacillus (LB) exopolysaccharides (EPS) with or without extracts of Satureja calamintha on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEc) responsible for gastroenteritis. Methanolic and hydromethanolic extracts were prepared by cold maceration and subjected to phytochemical screening. The compounds of the extracts were determined with the colorimetric assays and identified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Antioxidant activities of the extracts were also evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging. Antibacterial effect on EPEc was evaluated by using both agar disc diffusion and microdilution methods. The in vitro test of auto-aggregation was investigated. Microbiological analysis showed that 63% of the isolated LB were producing EPS, with the amount ranging from 8.21 to 43.13 mg/L. Chemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids, more abundant in the hydromethanolic extract, which presented the highest content with 2.11 mg EGA/g of polyphenol and 1.64 mg EC/g of flavonoids and 1.71 mg EGA/g of polyphenol and 1.15 mg EC/g of flavonoids in the methanolic extract. Hydromethanolic extracts and EPS exhibited a more important activity than did the methanolic extract against EPEc. The combined action of EPS and extracts reduced the aggregation ability of EPEc and decreased the rate of their adhesion.

Microbiota intestinal y los primeros 1000 días de vida / Gut microbiota and the first 1000 days of life

Introducción: El proceso de colonización del microbioma intestinal en los primeros 1000 días de vida tiene repercusión en la salud y enfermedades del niño dependientes de factores de riesgo. Objetivos: Revisar evidencias importantes sobre el significado de la relación entre la microbiota Intestinal y los primeros 1000 días de vida, y repercusión de los principales factores de riesgo. Métodos: Se revisaron publicaciones en idiomas español e inglés en PubMed, Google Scholar y SciELO: enero 2005-febrero 2020 usando los términos microbiota intestinal, microbiomas, primeros 1000 días de vida, factores de riesgo, enterocolitis necrosante, probióticos y prebióticos. Análisis e integración de la información: Hay demostrados argumentos que vinculan la microbiota intestinal y primeros 1000 días de vida del niño, según modo de parto, tiempo de gestación y lactancia. Se examina los beneficios del parto vaginal, lactancia materna y la aparición de enfermedades a mediano y largo plazo, relacionadas con factores de riesgo, como cesárea, prematuridad, lactancia artificial y exposición antibiótica prenatal y posnatal. Se describe resultados favorables con el uso de bioterapia con probióticos y prebióticos en la enterocolitis necrosante. Conclusiones: Se expone el valor de la microbiota intestinal en los primeros 1000 días de vida para la salud del niño, influenciada por condiciones de normalidad como el parto vaginal y la lactancia materna e implicaciones clínicas relacionadas con factores de riesgo mencionado. Es importante el tratamiento con probióticos multicepas y prebióticos para la recuperación de la microbiota en el niño en enfermedades como la enterocolitis necrosante y estados de sepsis grave(AU)

Introduction: The process of colonizing the gut microbiome in the first 1000 days of life has an impact on the health and diseases dependent on risk factors of the child. Objectives: Review important evidence on the meaning of the relation between the gut microbiota and the first 1000 days of life and the impact of the main risk factors. Methods: Spanish and English language publications were reviewed on PubMed, Google Scholar and SciELO, from January 2005 to February 2020 using the terms: gut microbiota, microbiomes, first 1000 days of life, risk factors, necrotizing enterocolitis, probiotics and prebiotics. Analysis and information integration: Arguments linking the gut microbiota and the child's first 1000 days of life are demonstrated, depending on the child's mode of delivery, gestation time and lactation. It is conducted an assessment of benefits of vaginal delivery, breastfeeding and the onset of medium- and long-term diseases related to risk factors, such as C-section, prematurity, artificial lactation, and prenatal and postnatal antibiotic exposure. Favorable results with the use of biotherapy with probiotics and prebiotics in necrotizing enterocolitis are described. Conclusions: It is presented the value of the gut microbiota in the first 1000 days of life for the health of the child, influenced by normal conditions such as vaginal delivery and breastfeeding, and clinical implications related to the mentioned risk factors. Treatment with multi-strain probiotics and prebiotics for microbiota recovery in the child is important in diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and states of severe sepsis(AU)

Clinical, microbiological, and immunological effects of systemic probiotics in periodontal treatment: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The association of scaling and root planing (SRP) with systemic metronidazole (MTZ) plus amoxicillin (AMX) has shown to be an effective treatment protocol, particularly for periodontitis stages III and IV, generalized. More recently, probiotics have also been suggested as a promising adjunctive treatment for periodontal diseases due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the aim of this randomized clinical trial (RCT) is to evaluate the clinical, microbiological, and immunological effects of probiotics as adjuncts to SRP alone or with MTZ+AMX in the treatment of periodontitis. METHODS: Subjects with periodontitis are being randomly assigned to receive (i) SRP alone, or with (ii) two probiotic lozenges/day for 90 days (Prob), (iii) MTZ (400 mg) and AMX (500 mg) thrice a day (TID) for 14 days (MTZ+AMX), or (iv) Prob and MTZ+AMX. Subjects are being monitored for up to 12 months post-treatment. Nine subgingival plaque samples per patient are being collected at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months post-therapy and analyzed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for 40 bacterial species. Peripheral blood and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of four randomly selected periodontal sites will be analyzed by means of a multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassay for 17 cyto/chemokines. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: The significance of differences in each group (over the course of the study) will be sought using repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman tests and among groups (at each time point) using either ANOVA/ANCOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests, depending on normality of the data. The chi-square test will be used to compare differences in the frequency of subjects achieving the clinical endpoint for treatment (≤ 4 sites with PD ≥ 5 mm) at 1 year and of self-perceived adverse effects. A stepwise forward logistic regression analysis will be performed in order to investigate the impact of different predictor variables on the percentage of patients achieving the clinical endpoint for treatment. The Number Needed to Treat (NNT) with different treatment protocols will be also calculated. Statistical significance will be set at 5%. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03733379. Registered on November 7, 2018.

Performance of pacific white shrimp fed probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus spp. in a biofloc system / Desempenho do camarão branco pacífico alimentado com probiótico Lactobacillus plantarum e Bacillus spp. em sistema bioflocos

The present study evaluated the use of the indigenous probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum and commercial probiotic containing Bacillus spp. in the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc system. Shrimp were fed four diets: L. plantarum, Bacillus spp., L. plantarum + Bacillus spp. and feed with no additives. Growth performance, water quality variables, microbiological counting of water and digestive tract of shrimp were determined. The control group and L. plantarum treatment showed better growth performance. The highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the lowest survival were obtained in the L. plantarum + Bacillus spp. treatment, which had significantly higher nitrite values. Vibrio spp. counts in the water were lower in the L. plantarum and L. plantarum + Bacillus spp. treatments and were lower in the intestinal tract in the L. plantarum treatment. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was higher in the L. plantarum treatment in the water and digestive tract. The count of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) deferred only among Bacillus spp. and L. plantarum + Bacillus spp. treatment, being higher in the latter group. In Bacillus spp. treatment, no presence of LAB was detected in the water or intestinal tract. We conclude that the use of L. plantarum combined with Bacillus spp. negatively affected survival, FCR and water quality, but that the use of L. plantarum alone reduced the presence of Vibrio spp., even though it did not change the growth performance of L. vannamei.

O presente estudo avaliou o uso do probiótico endógeno Lactobacillus plantarum e do probiótico comercial contendo Bacillus spp. no cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei em sistema de bioflocos. Camarões foram alimentados com quatro dietas: L. plantarum, Bacillus spp., L. plantarum + Bacillus spp. e ração sem aditivos. Foram avaliados o crescimento, a qualidade da água e contagem microbiológica na água e intestino dos camarões. O controle e o tratamento com L. plantarum apresentaram melhor desempenho de crescimento. O maior fator de conversão alimentar (FCA) e a menor sobrevivência foram obtidas no tratamento L. plantarum + Bacillus spp., apresentando valores de nitrito significativamente elevados. As contagens de Vibrio spp na água foram menores nos tratamentos L. plantarum e L. plantarum + Bacillus spp. e igualmente foram menores no intestino no tratamento com L. plantarum. As contagens de bactérias ácido lácticas (BAL) foram maiores no tratamento L. plantarum na água e no trato intestinal. A contagem de bactérias heterotróficas totais (BHT) diferiu apenas entre os tratamentos Bacillus spp. e L. plantarum + Bacillus spp., sendo maior no último grupo. No tratamento Bacillus spp. não foi detectada presença de BAL na água nem no trato intestinal. Concluímos que o uso de L. plantarum combinado com Bacillus spp. afetou negativamente a sobrevivência, o FCA e a qualidade da água, contudo o uso de L. plantarum isoladamente reduziu a presença de Vibrio spp., embora não tenha alterado o desempenho de crescimento de L. vannamei.

Performance of pacific white shrimp fed probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus spp. in a biofloc system / Desempenho do camarão branco pacífico alimentado com probiótico Lactobacillus plantarum e Bacillus spp. em sistema bioflocos

The present study evaluated the use of the indigenous probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum and commercial probiotic containing Bacillus spp. in the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc system. Shrimp were fed four diets: L. plantarum, Bacillus spp., L. plantarum + Bacillus spp. and feed with no additives. Growth performance, water quality variables, microbiological counting of water and digestive tract of shrimp were determined. The control group and L. plantarum treatment showed better growth performance. The highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the lowest survival were obtained in the L. plantarum + Bacillus spp. treatment, which had significantly higher nitrite values. Vibrio spp. counts in the water were lower in the L. plantarum and L. plantarum + Bacillus spp. treatments and were lower in the intestinal tract in the L. plantarum treatment. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was higher in the L. plantarum treatment in the water and digestive tract. The count of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) deferred only among Bacillus spp. and L. plantarum + Bacillus spp. treatment, being higher in the latter group. In Bacillus spp. treatment, no presence of LAB was detected in the water or intestinal tract. We conclude that the use of L. plantarum combined with Bacillus spp. negatively affected survival, FCR and water quality, but that the use of L. plantarum alone reduced the presence of Vibrio spp., even though it did not change the growth performance of L. vannamei.(AU)

O presente estudo avaliou o uso do probiótico endógeno Lactobacillus plantarum e do probiótico comercial contendo Bacillus spp. no cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei em sistema de bioflocos. Camarões foram alimentados com quatro dietas: L. plantarum, Bacillus spp., L. plantarum + Bacillus spp. e ração sem aditivos. Foram avaliados o crescimento, a qualidade da água e contagem microbiológica na água e intestino dos camarões. O controle e o tratamento com L. plantarum apresentaram melhor desempenho de crescimento. O maior fator de conversão alimentar (FCA) e a menor sobrevivência foram obtidas no tratamento L. plantarum + Bacillus spp., apresentando valores de nitrito significativamente elevados. As contagens de Vibrio spp na água foram menores nos tratamentos L. plantarum e L. plantarum + Bacillus spp. e igualmente foram menores no intestino no tratamento com L. plantarum. As contagens de bactérias ácido lácticas (BAL) foram maiores no tratamento L. plantarum na água e no trato intestinal. A contagem de bactérias heterotróficas totais (BHT) diferiu apenas entre os tratamentos Bacillus spp. e L. plantarum + Bacillus spp., sendo maior no último grupo. No tratamento Bacillus spp. não foi detectada presença de BAL na água nem no trato intestinal. Concluímos que o uso de L. plantarum combinado com Bacillus spp. afetou negativamente a sobrevivência, o FCA e a qualidade da água, contudo o uso de L. plantarum isoladamente reduziu a presença de Vibrio spp., embora não tenha alterado o desempenho de crescimento de L. vannamei.(AU)

Cytotoxicity in Vero cells and cytokines analyses in Balb/c mice as safety assessments of the probiotic mixture Saccharomyces cerevisiae RC016 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus RC007 for use as a feed additive.

The objective was to carry out cytotoxicity assays in Vero cells and cytokines analyses in Balb/c mice as safety assessments to evaluate the probiotic mixture (M) Saccharomyces cerevisiae RC016 (Sc) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus RC007 (Lr) for use as feed additive. Vero cells (104 cells per well) were exposed to Sc (2·08 × 107 , 2·08 × 106 ; 2·08 × 105 cells per ml), Lr (8·33 × 107 ; 8·33 × 106 ; 8·33 × 105 cells per ml) and their M (1 : 1). Sc concentrations did not affect the Vero cells viability; in contrast, they were lower when exposed to Lr (P Ë‚ 0·0001). Vero cells showed increasing viability with M decreasing concentrations (91% viability with M2). Control BALB/c mice received only phosphate buffer saline and the others received the M. The IL-10, IL-6 and TNFα concentrations from intestinal fluid were analysed and no significant differences were observed among treatments. The same occurred with the ratio between IL-10/TNF-α. Beneficial effects of probiotics are associated with the regulation of the excessive inflammatory response; it is desirable they can modulate the cytokines production only under pathological conditions. Here, M administration to healthy mice did not induce negative side effects and expands the knowledge about beneficial effects of using probiotic microorganisms in mixture for feed additives development.

Impact of Leuconostoc SD23 intake in obese pregnant rats: benefits for maternal metabolism.

Maternal obesity (MO) during pregnancy and lactation leads to maternal and offspring metabolic dysfunction. Recent research has suggested that probiotics might be a novel approach to counteract these unwanted MO effects. The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of Leuconostoc SD23, a probiotic isolated from aguamiel (traditional Mexican drink), on MO metabolism in rats at the end of lactation (21 days). From weaning through lactation, control female Wistar rats (C) ate chow (5% fat) or high-energy obesogenic diet (MO; 25% fat). Half the C and MO mothers received a daily dose (1 × 1010 CFU/ml) of probiotic orally, control with probiotic (CP) and MO with probiotic (MOP), 1 month before mating and through pregnancy and lactation. Histological analyses of the liver, white adipose tissue and small intestine, body composition, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and leptin were determined in mothers at the end of lactation. Maternal weight during pregnancy was greater in MO than C mothers, but similar at the end of lactation. Probiotic intervention had no effect on maternal weight. However, at the end of lactation, percentage of body fat was higher in MO than C, CP, and MOP. Serum glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and triglycerides were higher in MO versus C, CP, and MOP. MO small intestine villus height was higher versus MOP, C, and CP. Leuconostoc SD23 did not present adverse effects in C. Conclusions: maternal administration of Leuconostoc SD23 has beneficial effects on maternal metabolism, which holds possibilities for preventing adverse offspring metabolic programming.

Probiotic Use and Safety in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Matched Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of probiotic administration in infants born preterm over time, as well as the association between probiotic administration and select adverse outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a multicenter cohort study of infants 23-29 weeks of gestational age admitted to 289 neonatal intensive care units from 1997 to 2016. We evaluated the type of probiotics given and prevalence of exposure to probiotics over time and by site. We matched infants exposed to probiotics by several factors to unexposed infants receiving enteral feeds on the same postnatal day. We performed conditional logistic regression to evaluate the association between probiotics exposure and adverse outcomes, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), bloodstream infections, meningitis, and death. RESULTS: Of 78 076 infants, 3626 (4.6%) received probiotics. Probiotic use increased over the study period and varied among neonatal intensive care units. We matched 2178 infants exposed to probiotics to 33 807 without exposure. Probiotic administration was associated with a decrease in NEC (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.48-0.80) and death (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.39-0.70), an increase in Candida infection (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.29-3.85), but no increase in bloodstream infection (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.70-1.05) or meningitis (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.40-3.46). CONCLUSIONS: Probiotic use increased over time and was associated with decreased odds of NEC and death. Prospective, randomized-controlled studies of specific probiotic products are needed to further investigate the safety and efficacy of probiotics in preterm infants.