Unveiling the photocatalytic marvels: Recent advances in solar heterojunctions for environmental remediation and energy harvesting.

In the quest for effective solutions to address Environ. Pollut. and meet the escalating energy demands, heterojunction photocatalysts have emerged as a captivating and versatile technology. These photocatalysts have garnered significant interest due to their wide-ranging applications, including wastewater treatment, air purification, CO2 capture, and hydrogen generation via water splitting. This technique harnesses the power of semiconductors, which are activated under light illumination, providing the necessary energy for catalytic reactions. With visible light constituting a substantial portion (46%) of the solar spectrum, the development of visible-light-driven semiconductors has become imperative. Heterojunction photocatalysts offer a promising strategy to overcome the limitations associated with activating semiconductors under visible light. In this comprehensive review, we present the recent advancements in the field of photocatalytic degradation of contaminants across diverse media, as well as the remarkable progress made in renewable energy production. Moreover, we delve into the crucial role played by various operating parameters in influencing the photocatalytic performance of heterojunction systems. Finally, we address emerging challenges and propose novel perspectives to provide valuable insights for future advancements in this dynamic research domain. By unraveling the potential of heterojunction photocatalysts, this review contributes to the broader understanding of their applications and paves the way for exciting avenues of exploration and innovation.

Fabrication of smart sunlight window using silver vanadate nanorods (ß-AgVO3) and its effect on phytochemical properties of several agricultural species.

Silver vanadate nanorods were synthesized for the first time via co-precipitation, followed by ambient drying. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were utilized to investigate the structure and morphology of the nanorods. The results of these analyses confirmed the fabrication of silver vanadate nanorods. Then, to check the ability of these nanostructures to be used in the smart window, their optical properties, including the visible-ultraviolet absorption spectrum and photoluminescence (PL), were studied. The results showed that this nanostructure has maximum absorption and emission at wavelengths of 530 and 670 nm, respectively. Next, the new smart window was made with a layer of silver vanadate nanorods, and wheat, barley, millet, and beet were placed under this smart window to perform phytochemical tests. It was observed that silver vanadate nanorods could shift the green wavelength to higher wavelengths and efficiently improve the phytochemical properties of the mentioned plants.

How does the life cycle of Clinodiplosis profusa (Cecidomyiidae) adjust to phenological variations of the host plant Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae) in sun and shade?

Galls are plant neoformations induced by specialized parasites. Since gall inducers rely on reactive plant sites for gall development, variations in abiotic factors that affect plant phenology are expected to impact the life cycle of gall inducers. To test the hypothesis that different light conditions affect both host plant and gall inducer life cycles, we studied the system Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae) - Clinodiplosis profusa (Cecidomyiidae), comparing plants occurring in sunny and shaded environments. We mapped phenological differences among individuals of E. uniflora occurring in the two environments and related them to the influence of luminosity on the life cycle of the gall inducer. Shade plants showed lower intensity of leaf sprouting throughout the year compared to sun-exposed plants, especially during the rainy season. Young and mature galls are synchronized with the peak of leaf sprouting at the beginning of the rainy season, lasting longer in sun-exposed plants - approximately two months longer compared to shade plants. The greater light intensity positively impacts the formation and growth of leaves and galls, with an extended period available for their induction and growth. Thus, light is an important factor for the development of gallers, considering that variations in luminosity influenced not only the phenology of the host plant, but also determined the life cycle of gall inducers. Furthermore, changes in plant-environment interactions are expected to affect the life cycle and richness of other host plant-gall inducer systems.

Changes in epidermal thickness and their correlation with clinical characteristics in patients with vitiligo.

Vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder characterized by epidermal melanocyte damage, with the typical clinical manifestation of white patches of skin. Keratinocytes, which work in concert with melanocytes to maintain the structural and functional integrity of the skin, are implicated in the progression of vitiligo. Recent studies have reported abnormal keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickening in some patients with vitiligo; however, the relationship between these changes and the clinical characteristics of vitiligo remains unclear. We assessed the changes in epidermal thickness in patients with vitiligo and their correlation with clinical characteristics. Compared to the non-lesional skins, the stratum corneum, viable epidermis, and full epidermis in the lesional skins were all significantly thicker. The thickness of the stratum corneum in the head, neck, and trunk was greatly lower than that in the extremities. The thickness of the stratum corneum in the sun-exposed area was higher than that in the sun-protected area, whereas the thickness of the viable epidermis decreased. In conclusion, our study found that the epidermis in the lesional skins of patients with vitiligo was significantly thickened, especially in the sun-exposed areas and extremities.

Smartwatch Measures of Outdoor Exposure and Myopia in Children.

Importance: Time spent outdoors has been proven effective in preventing myopia, but little is known about the association of outdoor exposure patterns with myopia. Objective: To examine the association of outdoor exposure patterns with myopic shift in children. Design, Setting, and Participants: This 1-year prospective cohort study from December 2017 to December 2018 was a secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized trial (Shanghai Time Outside to Reduce Myopia [STORM]). STORM was a school-based intervention study, recruiting 16 schools from 8 districts in Shanghai, from October 2016 to December 2018. Children without myopia at baseline who consistently wore a smartwatch for a minimum of 6 hours daily, sustained for at least 90 days, and who had complete information were included. Data analysis was performed from December 2017 to December 2018. Exposures: The outdoor exposure pattern was defined as the episode of time outdoors and instant sunlight intensity over a continuous period. Main Outcomes and Measures: Myopic shift was defined as the absolute change in refraction between the initial spherical equivalence and the follow-up spherical equivalence. Results: This study included 2976 students (mean [SD] age, 7.2 [0.6] years; 1525 girls [51.2%]). The mean (SD) daily time outdoors was 90 (28) minutes, and the mean (SD) sunlight intensity was 2345 (486) lux. Of the 12 outdoor exposure patterns, the major outdoor exposure patterns were time outdoors with at least 15 minutes, accounting for 74.9% of minutes (33 677 584 of 45 016 800 minutes). Only patterns with at least 15 minutes accompanied with no less than 2000 lux were associated with less myopic shift in refraction (for ≥15 minutes and 2000 to 3999 lux, -0.007 diopter [D] [95% CI, -0.011 to -0.002 D]; for ≥15 minutes and ≥4000 lux, -0.006 D [95% CI, -0.010 to -0.002 D]). The isotemporal substitution of patterns with at least 15 minutes and 2000 lux for other outdoor exposure patterns was positively associated with less myopic shift. Conclusions and Relevance: In this 1-year prospective cohort study of children with smartwatches, continuous outdoor exposure with at least 15 minutes accompanied with no less than 2000 lux sunlight intensity was associated with less myopic shift. These findings suggest that future outdoor interventions should focus not only on the overall time outdoors but also on the effective outdoor exposure patterns, as a means to effectively prevent myopia in children.

A pragmatic primary care approach to the patient with significant solar damage.

BACKGROUND: Australian general practice patients commonly have significant solar damage. This can lead to the manifestation of actinic keratoses (AKs) as discreet lesions or as field disease, with these lesions potentially giving rise to keratinocyte cancers (KCs). Therefore, a pragmatic approach is needed to assess and manage these higher-risk patients. OBJECTIVE: This article discusses an approach to managing patients with significant solar damage from a primary care perspective, focusing on the assessment and treatment of AKs as individual lesions and within a field. DISCUSSION: Significant solar damage is typified by the presence of AKs, commonly seen as field disease. Several field treatment modalities are available for patients. Treatment options need to be tailored to the individual patient and site of disease to maximise adherence and efficacy.

Sun-related knowledge and practices in Irish construction and agricultural workers.

BACKGROUND: Agricultural and construction workers spend much of their work time outdoors and have higher risks of developing skin cancer when compared to indoor workers. However, there is limited research on ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure knowledge, sun safety practices and constraints within these occupational groups in Ireland. AIMS: This study aimed to examine self-reported time spent outdoors in a sample of Irish agricultural and construction workers; to describe and compare UVR exposure knowledge, safety practices and perceived constraints in both occupational groups, and to assess the association of demographic, personal and occupational factors with sun-related knowledge, practices and perceived constraints. METHODS: Agricultural workers (n = 154) and construction workers (n = 467) completed a questionnaire, which measured solar UVR exposure knowledge, safety practices, and perceived constraints to sun personal protective equipment and sunscreen use in addition to demographic, personal, and workplace characteristics. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to examine differences in knowledge, practices and perceived constraints by these characteristics. RESULTS: Both groups spend a significant proportion of their working week outdoors (25 hours per week on average). Although participation in sun safety training was high for both groups, UVR exposure knowledge and sunscreen use were low, and annual rates of reported sunburn were high. Knowledge, practices and perceived constraints also differed significantly according to demographic, personal, occupational and workplace characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to training by employers and advisory groups, interventions are required to address perceived barriers that impede the uptake and usage of control measures that can lower risk.

Enhanced solar light-driven photocatalysis of norfloxacin using Fe-doped TiO2: RSM optimization, DFT simulations, and toxicity study.

This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin (NFX) utilizing Fe-doped TiO2 nanocomposite under natural sunlight. TiO2-based photocatalysts were synthesized using chemical precipitation varying Fe-dopant concentration and characterized in detail. Theoretical modelling, centred on density functional theory (DFT), elucidated that Fe ions within the TiO2 lattice are effectively confined, thereby narrowing the wide band gap of TiO2. The findings strongly support that Fe3+ ions augmented the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 by facilitating an intermediate interfacial route for electron and hole transfer, particularly up to an optimal dopant concentration of 1.5 M%. Subsequently, a three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) was developed to determine the initial pH, optimal catalyst concentration, and drug dosage. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was employed to identify reaction intermediates, thereby establishing a potential degradation pathway. Notably, sustained recyclability was achieved, with 82% degradation efficiency maintained over five cycles. Additionally, the toxicity of degradation intermediates was evaluated through bacterial and phytotoxicity tests, affirming the environmental safety of treated water. In vitro toxicity of the nanomaterial was also examined, emphasizing its environmental implications. Scavenger experiments revealed that hole and hydroxyl radicals were the primary active species in Fe-TiO2-based photocatalysis. Furthermore, the antibacterial potential of the synthesized catalyst was assessed using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to observe their respective antibacterial responses.

SODIS with hydrogen peroxide: an effective household water treatment option under sub-tropical climatic conditions of bangladesh.

Solar disinfection (SODIS) is an affordable and sustainable Household Water Treatment (HWT) method endorsed by WHO. However, its limitations include longer sunlight exposure requirements, incomplete microbial inactivation, and post-SODIS microbial regrowth during monsoon and winter seasons in subtropical climates. To address these limitations, the performance of SODIS with H2O2 for microbial inactivation during the monsoon and winter seasons in Bangladesh was evaluated following the WHO HWT protocols. Moreover, the process was verified using drinking water samples collected from restaurants, households, and slums. All SODIS experiments were conducted using reflective reactors with PET bottles and plastic bags, adding 10 mg/L of H2O2, and exposing them to sunlight for 6 h. The results showed that E. coli was completely inactivated within 2 h in plastic bags and within 3 h in PET bottles during the monsoon season, achieving an LRV of > 5. In winter, both achieved an LRV > 5 within 3 h and plastic bags showed more efficient in microbial inactivation than PET bottles. The microbial inactivation rates were 5 times higher than those of conventional SODIS. No regrowth of microorganisms was observed during the subsequent post-SODIS period of 12 h and 24 h at room temperature. The study findings suggest that SODIS with H2O2 has the potential for complete microorganism inactivation with shorter sunlight exposure in subtropical climates with moderate to low solar irradiation and can be adopted as a reliable disinfection option for rural and urban communities with unsafe drinking water supply.

Does Sunlight Affect the Quality for Purposes of DNA Analysis of Blood Stain Evidence Collected from Different Surfaces?

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sunlight on the degradation of DNA samples taken from blood stains from different types of surfaces. A blood sample obtained from a single male donor was placed on seven different surfaces (galvanized sheet, iron rod, newspaper, white printer paper, glass, soil, and ceramic panel). Samples were kept, during a 4-week summer period, in a room, but next to an open window. Every 7 days, 1 mm2 of blood sample was collected from each substrate and stored in labeled tube for later analysis. DNA was extracted with the Chelex method, amplified using AmpFISTRTM MinifilerTM Plus Amplification Kit, and quantified using a QuantifilerTM Human DNA Quantification kit. After 7 days of sun exposure, the highest DNA concentration was determined to be from the sample from a galvanized sheet stain, followed by, in order of decreasing concentration, the ceramic panel, glass, newspaper, iron rod, and white printer paper surface. As expected, the DNA concentration from all samples decreased as the sunlight exposure time progressed. The results obtained after the amplification in the MiniFilerTM system were in correlation with the DNA concentrations measured by the qPCR method for all samples, except for the glass, soil, and white printer paper samples. The obtained data show that DNA degradation is correlated to the length of sunlight exposure and to the type of surface the samples are collected from. A negative qPCR result does not mean negative PCR amplification in the STR system; therefore, both methods should be applied when analyzing forensic samples collected from trace evidence.

The light intensity in the cultivation environment and the impact of glyphosate on plants of the Urochloa genus.

The variation in light within the environment triggers morphophysiological changes in plants and can lead to distinct responses in sun-exposed or shaded plants to glyphosate. The response of Urochloa genotypes subjected to desiccation with 2160, 1622.4, 1080, 524.4, 273.6, and 0.0 g ha-1 of glyphosate was evaluated in full sun and shade conditions. Cayana grass, mulato II grass, and sabiá grass - hybrids recently launched on the market, in addition to palisade grass and congo grass were evaluated. Under full sun, we achieved control of congo grass using 1080 g ha-1 of glyphosate, while the other grasses required 2160 g ha-1. In the low-light environment, sabiá grass was effectively controlled with 524.4 g ha-1 of glyphosate, but the other grasses needed 273.6 g ha-1. In shading, compared to full sun, the savings with glyphosate were 75 and 76% for the control of congo grass and sabiá grass, respectively, and 87% for palisade grass, mulato II grass and cayana grass. Increasing glyphosate doses leads to a decline in the quantum efficiency of photosystem II and in the electron transport rate, especially in the shade. Urochloa genotypes are more sensitive to glyphosate in the shade, which must be considered when determining the herbicide dose.

DermTok: Who's Talking Sun? A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Sun Protection Content on TikTok.

Despite the widespread interest in dermatology on TikTok, studies have shown most related videos are not produced by board-certified dermatologists (BCDs) or other health professionals. To see if this trend extended to sun protection, we examined TikTok videos associated with sun safety to determine the proportion produced by BCDs. From August 25, 2023, to August 27, 2023, investigators input the following hashtags into the TikTok search bar: #sunscreen, #sunprotection, #spf, #skincancer, and #skinprotection. The top 100 videos in each category were analyzed and categorized based on the content creator. Additionally, we assessed whether videos explicitly addressed skin of color (SOC). Of the analyzed videos, only 16.6% originated from BCDs. Beauty bloggers/bloggers were the most prevalent creators in this category (38.7%), followed by patients/consumers (33.7%). Only 2.8% of the videos pertained to SOC patients. This highlights a gap in the type of educational content generated by dermatologists on TikTok, with sun safety being a potential subject to target within social media. Additionally, the small representation of videos addressing SOC patients underscores the need for more diverse and inclusive educational skincare content on TikTok.J Drugs Dermatol. 2024;23(7):571-574. doi:10.36849/JDD.8179.

Vitamin D, the Sunshine Molecule That Makes Us Strong: What Does Its Current Global Deficiency Imply?

Vitamin D3 deficiency and insufficiency are becoming a common global issue for us, especially in the most industrially developed countries. The only acknowledged activity of vitamin D3 in vertebrates is to promote the absorption of calcium and, therefore, allow for the mineralization of bones. Accordingly, its deficiency is associated with diseases such as rickets. Other numerous vital functions associated with vitamin D3 are yet to be considered, and the function of vitamin D2 in plants is unknown. Thus, 100 years after its discovery, the importance of vitamin D still seems to be unacknowledged (except for rickets), with little attention given to its decrease throughout the world. In this review, I suggest that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency may be linked to the westernized lifestyle in more developed countries. Furthermore, I suggest that, rather than the calcemic activity, the main function of vitamin D is, in general, that of strengthening living organisms. I conclude with the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency may represent a marker for a greater risk of chronic inflammatory diseases and a shorter life expectancy.

Assessment of Vitamin D Status in the Drâa-Tafilalet Population (Morocco) Based on Sociodemographic, Health, and Nutritional Factors.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the vitamin D status and determine the factors influencing it in the Drâa-Tafilalet community (southeastern Morocco). Sociodemographic factors, health, cognitive status, sun exposure, and nutritional conditions were examined to help us understand their association with vitamin D status. Vitamin D data were gathered through laboratory testing, while demographic and health information was collected through interviews with participants in 2023. The study involved 100 participants aged 60 and above, most of whom were women (85%) rather than men (15%). The majority of participants were Arabs (90%), with a minority being Amazigh (10%). The average vitamin D level was 31.83 ± 10.55 ng/mL, varying based on participants' age, education, and gender. Sun-exposed individuals exhibited significantly higher mean vitamin D levels (33.56 ± 11.99 ng/mL) compared to those with limited sun exposure (28.97 ± 9.28 ng/mL). Moreover, the time spent outdoors, seasonal changes, and the duration of sun exposure affected the levels of vitamin D. These findings depict the vitamin D status of the elderly population of Drâa-Tafilalet, recognized as one of Morocco's poorest regions, shedding light on the significant influencers. Nonetheless, additional research is necessary to explore the correlation between dietary habits, sunlight exposure, and vitamin D levels in both young and elderly populations.

Insights into the Role of Vitamin D in the Prevention and Control of Cancer and Other Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases: Shedding Further Light on a Captivating Subject.

Vitamin D is a hormone that humans can synthesize upon sun exposure or through a balanced and healthy diet, including vitamin D-rich foods or supplements [...].

Exploring Skin Pigmentation Adaptation: A Systematic Review on the Vitamin D Adaptation Hypothesis.

Understanding the genetic adaptations that occurred as humans migrated out of Africa to higher latitudes helps explain on a population-wide level how UV radiation (UVR) exposure will have varying consequences and benefits in patients of different skin pigmentations. It has been hypothesized that the need for efficient vitamin D synthesis was the primary driver for the skin-lightening process that evolutionarily occurred as humans migrated to higher latitudes. This review analyzes the level of support for the hypothesis that skin lightening occurred to enable adequate vitamin D synthesis in populations that migrated to areas with less UVR. Our literature search supported the hypothesis that through natural selection and intricate genetic adaptations, humans who migrated to areas with lower levels of UVR underwent a skin-lightening process to avoid the consequences of vitamin D deficiency. Our review includes an analysis of migration patterns out of Africa and how these affected pigmentation genes that are found in certain ethnic populations can be used to better understand this critical adaptation process when counseling patients on the need for sun protection.

[Analysis of the relationship between solar greenhouse operation and occupational high incidence diseases].

Objective: To understand the health status of solar greenhouse workers, to provide scientific basis for the development of occupational high incidence diseases prevention and control strategies. Methods: In July 2019, a random cluster sampling method was used to select 245 workers engaged in solar greenhouse vegetable cultivation in Daba Village, Jingyuan County, Baiyin City, Gansu Province as the solar greenhouse operation group. Matched by gender, age, marital status, body mass index (BMI), 282 people from adjacent Shaliang Village who did not engage in solar greenhouse operation were selected as the control group. Field investigation and health examination were carried out among the study subjects. The general situation, facial features examination results, ophthalmic examination results, bone and joint examination results and skin examination results were compared between the two groups. And the multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of abnormal bone and joint examination (upper limbs, lower limbs, hands and spine bone joints) in study subjects. Results: There were statistically significant differences in smoking age and alcohol consumption between the two groups (P<0.001). Compared with the control group, the abnormal detection rates of nose examination, throat examination, slit lamp examination, conjunctival examination, lower limb bone joint examination, hand bone joint examination, spine examination, head and neck skin examination, trunk skin examination, upper limb skin examination, and lower limb skin examination in the solar greenhouse operation group were higher, and the differences were statistically significant (χ(2)=11.53, 7.94, 9.92, 27.93, 79.32, 81.42, 9.43, 6.79, 9.76, 4.34, 8.29, P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for gender, age, marital status, education level, BMI, compared with the control group, solar greenhouse operation was a risk factor for abnormal bone and joint examination (OR=1.178, 95%CI: 1.151-2.143, P=0.001) . Conclusion: Solar greenhouse operation has a certain harmful effect on health of workers, and solar greenhouse workers have an increased risk of abnormal diseases of upper limbs, lower limbs, hands and spine bone joints.

Solar/ClO2 system inactivates fungal spores in drinking water: Synergy, efficiency and mechanisms.

The risk of fungal pollution in drinking water has been paid attention. Solar/chlorine dioxide (ClO2) combined system is an environment-friendly, economical and efficient disinfection method, especially for countries and regions that are economically backward and still exposed to unsafe drinking water. In this paper, the kinetics, influencing factors, mechanism and regrowth potential of inactivated Aspergillus niger (A. niger) spores by solar/ClO2 were reported for the first time. The inactivation curve can be divided into three stages: instant inactivation within 1-2 min, slow linear inactivation and finally a tail. The synergistic factors produced by solar/ClO2 in terms of log reduction and maximum inactivation rate were 1.194 and 1.112, respectively. The inhibitory effect on the regrowth of A. niger spores inactivated by solar/ClO2 was also stronger than that by ClO2 alone. Strongly oxidizing reactive species produced by solar/ClO2 accelerated the accumulation of endogenic reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by oxidation stress of A. niger spores, improving the inactivation ability of the system. The inactivation order of A. niger spores was: loss of culturability, accumulation of intracellular ROS, loss of membrane integrity, leakage of intracellular species and change of morphology. The inactivation performance of solar/ClO2 was better than solar/chlor(am)ine according to the comparison of inactivation efficiency and regrowth potential. Results also suggested that solar/ClO2 process was more suitable for the treatment of ground water sources.

Solar Photodegradation of a Novel des-F(6)-Fluoroquinolone, Garenoxacin, and Ecotoxicity of Its Phototransformation Products.

Garenoxacin (GRNX) is a novel des-F(6)-fluoroquinolone on the horizon; thus, its fate and risk in the aquatic environment deserve attention. This study systematically investigated, for the first time, the phototransformation of GRNX under simulated and natural sunlight and assessed the ecotoxicity of its photodegradation products. Phototransformation of GRNX was observed to depend strongly on its ionization state, with direct photolysis and self-sensitized photolysis having comparable contributions for the cationic and zwitterionic species, while the latter dominated for the anionic species. Singlet oxygen generated via the self-sensitized photolysis of GRNX was the major reactive oxygen species in its photodegradation. Phototransformation of GRNX in different ionization states followed distinct pathways, with defluorination of the difluoromethyl group occurring only for the zwitterionic and anionic species. GRNX photodegradation in natural water could be described by a simple kinetic model based on the measured steady-state concentrations of 1O2 and ·OH. Toxicity tests with Vibrio fischeri and Chlorella vulgaris consistently indicate that the generation of hydroxylation and decarboxylation products during photodegradation of GRNX increased the acute toxicity. These findings not only provide insights into the fate of GRNX in sunlit surface water but also reveal the potentially significant risk of its photodegradation products to the aquatic ecosystem.

Impact of the annular solar eclipse on December 26, 2019 on the foraging visits of bees.

Solar eclipse has remarkable effect on behavior of animals. South India experienced a 97% magnitude annular eclipse on December 26, 2019 during 08:04-11:04 h with the totality phase appeared during 09:25-09:30 h. We investigated whether the foraging activity of the bees was limited by the eclipse, what bees are affected most, and which part of the eclipse was critical for bee activities to understand how a group of insects that rely the Sun, the sunlight, and the sun rays for their navigation and vision behaves to the eclipse. We opted to watch the bees in their foraging ground, and selected the natural flower populations of Cleome rutidosperma, Hygrophila schulli, Mimosa pudica, and Urena sinuata-some of the bee-friendly plants-to record the visitor richness and visitation rate on the flowers on eclipse and non-eclipse days and during the hour of totality phase and partial phase of the eclipse. Fewer flower-visiting species were recorded on the eclipse day than on the non-eclipse days, but in the period of totality, very few bee species were active, and limited their activity to only one population of C. rutidosperma. Visits of honey bees and stingless bees were affected most, but not that badly of solitary bees and carpenter bees. Bees, particularly the social bees use Sun for navigation and deciphering information on forage sources to fellow workers. The eclipse, like for many other animals, might hamper bees' orientation, vision, and flight.