Anti-EGFR immunoliposomes for cabazitaxel delivery: From formulation development to in vivo evaluation in prostate cancer xenograft model.

Liposomes functionalized with monoclonal antibodies offer targeted therapy for cancer, boasting advantages like sustained drug release, enhanced stability, passive accumulation in tumors, and interaction with overexpressed receptors on cancer cells. This study aimed to develop and characterize anti-EGFR immunoliposomes loaded with cabazitaxel and assess their properties against prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Using a Box-Behnken design, a formulation with soy phosphatidylcholine, 10% cholesterol, and a 1:20 drug-lipid ratio yielded nanometric particle size, low polydispersity and high drug encapsulation. Immunoliposomes were conjugated with cetuximab through DSPE-PEG-Maleimide lipid anchor. Characterization confirmed intact antibody structure and interaction with EGFR receptor following conjugation. Cabazitaxel was dispersed within the liposomes in the amorphous state, confirmed by solid-state analyses. In vitro release studies showed slower cabazitaxel release from immunoliposomes. Immunoliposomes had enhanced cabazitaxel cytotoxicity in EGFR-overexpressing DU145 cells without affecting non-tumor L929 cells. Cetuximab played an important role to improve cellular uptake in a time-dependent fashion in EGFR-overexpressing prostate cancer cells. In vivo, immunoliposomes led to significant tumor regression, improved survival, and reduced weight loss in xenograft mice. While cabazitaxel induced leukopenia, consistent with clinical findings, histological analysis revealed no evident toxicity. In conclusion, the immunoliposomes displayed suitable physicochemical properties for cabazitaxel delivery, exhibited cytotoxicity against EGFR-expressing prostate cancer cells, with high cell uptake, and induced significant tumor regression in vivo, with manageable systemic toxicity.

Real-world experience with pertuzumab and trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy in neoadjuvant treatment for patients with early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer: the NEOPERSUR study.

PURPOSE: HER2-targeted therapies have dramatically improved outcomes of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer (BC), as demonstrated in neoadjuvant trials. This study aims to provide real-world evidence on the use and effectiveness of combined pertuzumab, trastuzumab and chemotherapy (CT) in early-stage HER2-positive BC. METHODS: A retrospective, multicentre study was conducted on patients diagnosed with HER2-positive early BC treated with neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab plus CT at 13 Spanish sites. The primary endpoint was pathological complete response (pCR). RESULTS: A total of 310 patients were included. Pertuzumab and trastuzumab were combined with anthracyclines and taxanes, carboplatin and docetaxel, and taxane-based CT in 77.1%, 16.5%, and 6.5% of patients, respectively. Overall, the pCR rate was 62.2%. The pCR was higher amongst patients with hormone receptor-negative tumours and with tumours expressing higher levels of Ki-67 (> 20%). After postoperative adjuvant treatment, 13.9% of patients relapsed. Those patients who did not achieve pCR, with tumours at advanced stages (III), and with node-positive disease were more likely to experience distant relapse. Median overall survival (OS) and distant disease-free survival (D-DFS) were not reached at the study end. The estimated mean OS and D-DFS times were 7.5 (95% CI 7.3-7.7) and 7.3 (95% CI 7.1-7.5) years, respectively (both were significantly longer amongst patients who achieved pCR). Grade 3-4 anti-HER2 related toxicities were reported in six (1.9%) patients. CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab plus CT achieve high pCR rates in real-life patients with HER2-positive early BC, showing an acceptable safety profile. Innovative adjuvant strategies are essential in patients at high risk of distant disease recurrence.

A signature of circulating miRNAs predicts the prognosis and therapeutic outcome of taxane/platinum regimen in advanced ovarian carcinoma patients.

PURPOSE: Ovarian carcinoma (OC) is ranked as the eighth most lethal gynecological cancer due to late diagnosis and high recurrence. Existing biomarkers are lacking to predict the recurrence and stratify patients who are likely to benefit from chemotherapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are persistently present in humans and are capable of predicting treatment outcomes. Thus, the purpose of the study was to assess the potential of circulatory miRNAs to predict the efficacy of OC. METHODS: Newly diagnosed n = 208 OC patients were administrated neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy (taxane + platinum) after surgery. Their demographic, gynecologic, clinical parameters, response, and survival were recorded. MiR-27a, miR-182, miR-199a, miR-214, and miR-591 were taken and the expression were analyzed using real-time PCR at different treatment intervals. Further, its prognostic value (Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression analysis) and diagnostic importance (receiver operating characteristic curve) were validated. RESULT: The mean age of patients with poorly differentiated (45.2%) serous OC was 48.69 ± 10.38. The majority experienced menarche at ≥ 12 (62.2%) with poor menstrual hygiene (81.8%) and were post-menopausal (69.4%), some were associated with high risk of survival (HR = > 1). MiRNA signature showed three over-expression and two under-expression (miR-27a, miR-182, and miR-214; miR-199a and miR-591) in advanced OC compared to the control (P= < 0.05). Also, a significant difference was detected at each time interval of treatment with the response (P = ≤ 0.001) associated with resistance and overall survival (P = ≤ 0.001) with risk (HR = > 1). ROC analysis showed enhanced the diagnostics accuracy (< 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that circulating miRNAs might be a potential minimally invasive diagnostic marker for treatment outcome and recurrence in ovarian carcinoma.

Long-Term Follow-Up of the Anthracyclines in Early Breast Cancer Trials (USOR 06-090, NSABP B-46-I/USOR 07132, and NSABP B-49 [NRG Oncology]).

Clinical trials frequently include multiple end points that mature at different times. The initial report, typically based on the primary end point, may be published when key planned co-primary or secondary analyses are not yet available. Clinical Trial Updates provide an opportunity to disseminate additional results from studies, published in JCO or elsewhere, for which the primary end point has already been reported.The primary joint efficacy analysis of the Anthracyclines in Early Breast Cancer (ABC) trials reported in 2017 failed to demonstrate nonanthracycline adjuvant therapy was noninferior to anthracycline-based regimens in high-risk, early breast cancer. Full analyses of the studies had proceeded when the prespecified futility boundary was crossed at a planned futility analysis for the ability to demonstrate noninferiority of a nonanthracycline regimen with continued follow-up. These results were presented with 3.3 years of median follow-up. This manuscript reports results of the final analyses of the study efficacy end points conducted with 6.9 years of median follow-up. Long-term analysis of invasive disease-free survival (IDFS), the primary end point of the ABC trials, remains consistent with the original results, as noninferiority of the nonanthracycline regimens could not be declared on the basis of the original criteria. The secondary end point of recurrence-free interval, which excluded deaths not due to breast cancer as events, favored anthracycline-based regimens, and tests for heterogeneity were significant for hormone receptor status (P = .02) favoring anthracycline regimens for the hormone receptor-negative cohorts. There was no difference in overall survival, and review of the type of IDFS events in the groups suggested reductions in cancer recurrences achieved with anthracycline regimens were offset by late leukemias and deaths unrelated to breast cancer.

Obstetric and neonatal outcomes following taxane use during pregnancy: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The use of taxanes following the first trimester of pregnancy is endorsed by current clinical guidelines. However, evidence regarding their safety in terms of obstetric and neonatal outcomes is limited. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed using the MEDLINE, CENTRAL and Web of Sciences databases from their inception up to 12/16/2022. Eligibility criteria included gestational taxane use, presentation of original findings, and individual case data presented. A descriptive statistical analysis was undertaken. RESULTS: A total of 159 patients treated with taxane-containing regimens during pregnancy were identified, resulting in 162 fetuses exposed in utero. The majority of patients had breast cancer (n = 88; 55.3%) or cervical cancer (n = 45; 28.3%). The most commonly employed taxane was paclitaxel (n = 131; 82.4%). A total of 111 (69.8%) patients were also treated with other cytotoxic drugs during pregnancy, including platinum salts (n = 70; 63.0%) and doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (n = 20; 18.0%). While most patients received taxanes during the second trimester of pregnancy (n = 79; 70.0%), two were exposed to taxanes in the first trimester. Obstetric outcomes were reported in 105 (66.0%) cases, with the most frequent adverse events being preterm contractions or premature rupture of membranes (n = 12; 11.4%), pre-eclampsia/HELLP syndrome (n = 6; 5.7%), and oligohydramnios/anhydramnios (n = 6; 5.7%). All cases with pregnancy outcome available resulted in live births (n = 132). Overall, 72 (54.5%) neonates were delivered preterm, 40 (30.3%) were classified as small for gestational age (SGA), and 2 (1.5%) had an Apgar score of < 7 at 5 min. Perinatal complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (n = 14; 10.6%), hyperbilirubinemia (n = 5; 3.8%), and hypoglycemia (n = 2; 1.5%). In addition, 7 (5.3%) cases of congenital malformations were reported. At a median follow-up of 16 months, offspring health status was available for 86 (65.2%), of which 13 (15.1%) had a documented complication, including delayed speech development, recurrent otitis media, and acute myeloid leukemia. CONCLUSIONS: Taxanes appear to be safe following the first trimester of pregnancy, with obstetric and fetal outcomes being similar to those observed in the general obstetric population. Future studies should aim to determine the most effective taxane regimen and dosage for use during gestation, with a specific focus on treatment safety.

Febrile neutropenia incidence and the variable toxicity profile between brand and generic docetaxel in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer with docetaxel and cyclophosphamide regimen.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of febrile neutropenia without primary granulocyte colony-stimulating factor prophylaxis in patients undergoing chemotherapy with adjuvant docetaxel and cyclophosphamide, and to evaluate the toxicity profile of brand-name docetaxel (Taxotere ® ) and the generic formulation. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted using data obtained from electronic medical records of patients treated at a Brazilian cancer center. Patients with breast cancer who underwent adjuvant treatment between January 2016 and June 2019 were selected. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Fisher correlation of variables, and multivariate analyses were adjusted for propensity score. RESULTS: A total of 231 patients with a mean age of 55.9 years at the time of treatment were included in the study. The majority (93.9%) had luminal histology, 84.8% were at clinical stage I, and 98.2% had a good performance status. The overall incidence of febrile neutropenia in the study population was 13.4% (31 cases). The use of brand-name docetaxel (Taxotere ® ) was the only factor associated with febrile neutropenia occurrence (OR= 3.55, 95%CI= 1.58-7.94, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: In patients with breast cancer who require treatment with adjuvant docetaxel and cyclophosphamide regimen, the toxicity profile differs between brand-name and generic docetaxel. Regardless of the formulation used, the incidence of febrile neutropenia was less than 20%, which may allow for the omission of primary prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor use in this setting.

4-Nerolidylcatechol (4-NC) and Docetaxel Synergize in Controlling Androgen- independent Prostate Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND: Effective cancer treatment still challenges medicine since the strategies employed so far are not sufficiently safe and capable of specifically eliminating tumor cells. Prostate cancer (PCa) is a highly incident malignant neoplasm, and the outcome of patients, especially those with advanced castration-resistant PCa (CRPC), depends directly on the efficacy of the therapeutic agents, such as docetaxel (DOC). OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the synergistic potentiation of 4-nerolidylcatechol (4-NC) with DOC in inhibiting androgen-independent PCa cells. METHODS: The cytotoxic effect of 4-NC was evaluated against non-tumorigenic (RWPE-01) and PCa cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3), and the antiproliferative potential of 4-NC was assessed by flow cytometry and colony formation. The Chou-Talalay method was applied to detect the synergistic effect of 4-NC and DOC, and the mechanism of anticancer activities of this combination was investigated by analyzing players in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). RESULTS: 4-NC significantly reduced the viability of PC-3 cells in a dose-dependent manner, decreasing colony formation and proliferation. The combination of 4-NC and DOC was synergistic in the androgen-independent cells and allowed the reduction of DOC concentration, with increased cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis when compared to compounds alone. Furthermore, when 4- NC was co-administered with DOC, higher expression levels of proteins associated with the epithelial phenotype were observed, controlling EMT in PC-3 cells. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these data demonstrated, for the first time, that the combination of 4-NC with reduced doses of DOC could be especially valuable in the suppression of oncogenic mechanisms of androgen-independent PCa cells.

Cryothérapie et prévention des neuropathies périphériques induites par l'administration des taxanes / Cryotherapy for the prevention of taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy

INTRODUCTION: Plusieurs tumeurs solides sont traitées par des molécules de chimiothérapie, y compris celles appartenant à la famille des taxanes. Ces molécules peuvent provoquer des effets secondaires non négligeables, particulièrement des symptômes de neuropathie des nerfs périphériques induits par la chimiothérapie (NPIC). Ces symptômes se traduisent par des troubles de la sensibilité et des troubles moteurs ainsi que des douleurs aux membres supérieurs et inférieurs. L'impact est important sur la qualité de vie des patients. L'incidence des symptômes de neuropathie des nerfs périphériques se situe entre 30 et 70 % selon la molécule de chimiothérapie administrée, et aucun traitement médical préventif n'a montré d'efficacité à les prévenir ou à les traiter. Certaines équipes de soins en oncologie recourent à des interventions non pharmacologiques pour prévenir les effets neurotoxiques de la chimiothérapie. La cryothérapie, l'une des méthodes employées, consiste à refroidir les mains et les pieds par l'entremise de mitaines refroidies durant les perfusions de chimiothérapie, notamment de taxanes. Le but de cette intervention est de réduire la quantité du flux sanguin aux extrémités et ainsi de prévenir la neurotoxicité. La Direction adjointe du Programme québécois de cancérologie (PQC) et la Direction générale des affaires universitaires, médicales, infirmières et pharmaceutiques (DGAUMIP) du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS) ont demandé à l'Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux (INESSS) de produire un état des connaissances et d'indiquer la position respective des sociétés savantes sur l'efficacité et l'innocuité de la cryothérapie pour prévenir les neuropathies périphériques induites par les taxanes. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Afin de répondre à ce mandat, une recherche de la littérature scientifique et grise a été effectuée en ciblant les revues systématiques, avec ou sans méta-analyse, les études primaires (essais cliniques à répartition aléatoire ou non), les études de cohortes ainsi que les guides de pratique clinique. Les résumés de conférences ainsi que les études narratives ont été exclus. Les constats retenus ont été présentés et discutés avec le Comité d'évolution des pratiques en oncologie (CEPO) du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux et ont ensuite été révisés par des lecteurs externes. PRINCIPAUX CONSTATS: En se basant sur la documentation scientifique disponible au moment de la rédaction et sur les consultations menées, les constats suivants sont formulés. Contexte et besoin de santé: La toxicité des nerfs périphériques induite par la chimiothérapie est un phénomène fréquent qui touche de 30 à 70 % des patients qui reçoivent une chimiothérapie. Elle se traduit par des paresthésies et parfois des troubles moteurs (troubles de la dextérité, crampes, faiblesse musculaire) qui peuvent être majeurs chez quelques patients. Certains d'entre eux peuvent avoir des séquelles à long terme. La sévérité de ces symptômes a un impact considérable sur la qualité de vie des personnes traitées par la chimiothérapie, y compris par les taxanes. Elle peut même conduire à la réduction des doses de chimiothérapie requises, au retard ou à l'arrêt du traitement oncologique. Neurotoxicité et cryothérapie: Le paclitaxel et le docétaxel sont deux molécules appartenant à la famille des taxanes qui ont un potentiel neurotoxique élevé. Elles sont fréquemment administrées pour traiter de nombreux types de tumeurs solides. L'utilisation de la cryothérapie pour prévenir la neurotoxicité s'inspire des résultats positifs obtenus par l'usage de casques réfrigérants en prévention de l'alopécie durant l'administration de certaines chimiothérapies et par l'utilisation du froid (mitaines et chaussettes réfrigérantes) pour réduire la toxicité unguéale. Sur ce même principe, des équipes de cliniciens de plusieurs pays utilisent des dispositifs, notamment des gants et des chaussettes réfrigérés, appliqués aux extrémités durant les cycles de traitement oncologique dans le but de prévenir les effets toxiques de la chimiothérapie au niveau des nerfs périphériques. Appréciation du niveau de la preuve Scientifique: Les publications de bonne qualité méthodologique sur le sujet sont peu nombreuses. Onze ont été retenues, dont cinq sont à répartition aléatoire, sans insu et portant sur un faible nombre de patients. Les objectifs visés par la cryothérapie ont été faiblement atteints dans les études recensées, et la significativité clinique de la preuve scientifique est incertaine. Les études rapportées sont entachées de nombreuses limites méthodologiques pouvant mener à un risque de biais très élevé, ce qui rend difficile l'interprétation des résultats : manque de cohérence, de crédibilité et de fiabilité. Efficacité et innocuité: Les données disponibles, provenant d'études de qualité méthodologique faible, ne permettent pas de conclure à propos de: -l'efficacité de la cryothérapie pour prévenir les neuropathies périphériques induites par la chimiothérapie; - l'innocuité de la cryothérapie ainsi que la tolérance des patients à l'égard de ce traitement préventif, lequel exige d'être exposé au froid parfois pendant la durée de l'administration. Par contre, les effets secondaires associés à la cryothérapie semblent peu fréquents et de faible intensité dans les quelques études qui les ont évalués. Bien qu'aucune étude n'ait rapporté de cas d'engelure, l'intolérance au froid a été signalée dans six études sur onze et a causé plusieurs cas d'attrition. Il n'a pas été observé d'arrêt de la cryothérapie dans les autres études. La plupart des auteurs mentionnent qu'il serait important de faire des études méthodologiquement plus robustes pour bien évaluer l'efficacité et l'innocuité de la cryothérapie pour la prévention des neuropathies périphériques (NP) induites par les taxanes. Lignes directrices et études en cours: Le seul guide de pratique clinique repéré indique qu'aucune recommandation ne peut être formulée quant à l'usage de diverses options pharmacologiques et non pharmacologiques de prévention des neuropathies des nerfs périphériques, y compris la cryothérapie, en raison de la faible qualité méthodologique des études retenues. Les auteurs de ce guide ajoutent toutefois que, même si la preuve n'est pas faite, les données disponibles suggèrent que la cryothérapie pourrait en partie prévenir les symptômes de neuropathie et que son usage paraît raisonnablement sécuritaire. Perspective des cliniciens et experts: Les cliniciens et les experts consultés reconnaissent : ­ l'important besoin de prévenir les symptômes de neuropathie induite par les taxanes; ­ l'absence de preuves scientifiques concluantes quant à l'efficacité de la cryothérapie en raison du nombre limité d'études disponibles et de la faible qualité méthodologique de celles-ci; ­ la nécessité de disposer d'études de meilleure qualité avant de pouvoir prendre position sur la question. Bien que les résultats observés soient mitigés, certains experts estiment que la cryothérapie représente tout de même un traitement préventif prometteur, puisqu'elle n'induit que peu ou pas d'effets secondaires et que son arrêt à tout moment est possible sans compromettre l'efficacité du traitement oncologique. MISE À JOUR DE L'ÉTAT DES CONNAISSANCES: La pertinence de mettre à jour le présent état des connaissances sera évaluée et déterminée en fonction des résultats de certains essais cliniques en cours à ce sujet. Les résultats de ces derniers devront paraître à partir de 2023-2024. Une mise à jour pourrait être requise advenant un apport significatif de nouvelles données disponibles à l'une ou l'autre des dimensions examinées dans cet état des connaissances.

INTRODUCTION: Many solid tumours are treated with chemotherapy drugs, including those in the taxane family. These drugs can have significant adverse effects, especially symptoms of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). These symptoms manifest as sensory and motor disorders and as pain in the upper and lower limbs. The symptoms are associated with poorer quality of life. The incidence of peripheral neuropathy symptoms ranges from 30% to 70%, depending on the chemotherapy drug administered, and no prophylactic medical treatment has been shown to be effective in preventing or treating them. Some cancer care teams use non-pharmacological measures to prevent the neurotoxic effects of chemotherapy. One of the methods used, cryotherapy, involves cooling the hands and feet with frozen gloves and socks during chemotherapy infusions, particularly taxanes. The goal of this measure is to reduce the amount of blood flow to the extremities and thus prevent neurotoxicity. The assistant director of the Québec Cancer Program (PQC) and the Direction générale des affaires universitaires, médicales, infirmières et pharmaceutiques (DGAUMIP) of the Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS) asked the Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux (INESSS) to produce a state-of-knowledge report and to indicate the learned societies' respective positions regarding the efficacy and safety of cryotherapy for the prevention of taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy. METHODOLOGY: For the purpose of this mandate, a search of the scientific and grey literature was conducted, targeting systematic reviews, with or without meta-analysis, primary studies (randomized or non-randomized clinical trials), cohort studies, and clinical practice guidelines. Conference abstracts and narrative studies were excluded. The selected findings were presented and discussed with the Comité d'évolution des pratiques en oncologie (CEPO) and were then reviewed by external reviewers. MAIN FINDINGS: Based on the scientific literature available at the time of writing and on the consultations conducted, the following findings are noted: Context and health need: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity is a common phenomenon affecting 30% to 70% of patients receiving chemotherapy. It manifests as paresthesia and sometimes motor disorders (manipulative dexterity problems, cramps and muscle weakness), which can be significant. Some patients can experience long-term sequelae. The severity of these symptoms can have a considerable impact on the quality of life of patients receiving chemotherapy, including taxanes. It can even lead to a reduction in the required chemotherapy doses or to a delay in or the discontinuation of cancer treatment. Neurotoxicity and cryotherapy: Paclitaxel and docetaxel are two drugs in the taxane family with a high neurotoxic potential. They are often administered to treat many types of solid tumours. The use of cryotherapy to prevent neurotoxicity is inspired by the positive results obtained with the use of cold caps to prevent alopecia after chemotherapies treatment and with the use of cold (frozen gloves and socks) to reduce nail toxicity. Based on this same principle, teams of clinicians in several countries are using devices, such as frozen gloves and socks, placed on the extremities during cancer treatment cycles to prevent the toxic effects of chemotherapy on the peripheral nerves. Assessment of the level of scientific evidence: There are few publications of good methodological quality on the subject. Eleven were selected, five of which were randomized and unblinded and involved small numbers of patients. The objectives of cryotherapy were poorly achieved in the studies identified, and the clinical significance of the scientific evidence is uncertain. The reported studies have numerous methodological limitations that can lead to a very high risk of bias, which makes it difficult to interpret the results: a lack of consistency, credibility and reliability. Efficacy and safety: The available data, which are from studies of low methodological quality, do not permit any conclusions regarding: The efficacy of cryotherapy in preventing chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy; ­ The safety of cryotherapy or patients' tolerance of this preventive treatment, which requires exposure to cold, sometimes for the entire duration of administration. Otherwise, the adverse effects associated with cryotherapy appear to be infrequent and mild in the few studies that have assessed them. Although no studies reported any cases of frostbite, cold intolerance was reported in six of eleven studies and caused several cases of attrition. No cases of cryotherapy discontinuation were observed in the other studies. Most authors mention that more methodologically robust studies are needed to properly evaluate the efficacy and safety of cryotherapy for the prevention of taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (PN). Guidelines and ongoing studies: The only clinical practice guideline found states that no recommendation can be made regarding the use of various pharmacological and non-pharmacological options for preventing peripheral neuropathy, including cryotherapy, because of the low methodological quality of the selected studies. However, the authors of the guideline add that, while this has not been proven, the available data do suggest that cryotherapy may partially prevent neuropathy symptoms and that its use appears to be reasonably safe. Perspective of clinicians and experts: The clinicians and experts consulted recognize: The important need to prevent symptoms of taxane-induced neuropathy; The lack of conclusive scientific evidence for the efficacy of cryotherapy due to the limited number of studies available and their low methodological quality; Although the results observed are mixed, some experts feel that cryotherapy is a promising preventive treatment, since it has few or no major adverse effects and can be stopped at any time without compromising the effectiveness of the cancer treatment. The need for better-quality studies before a position can be taken on the matter. UPDATE OF THIS STATE-OF-KNOWLEDGE REPORT: The advisability of updating this state-of-knowledge report will be assessed and determined on the basis of the results of certain ongoing clinical trials on this topic. The results of these trials are expected to be published starting in 2023-2024. An update may be necessary if there is a significant amount of new available data for any of the aspects examined in this state-of-knowledge report.

Comparison of Patients' Phenotypes, Guideline-Directed Recommendations Compliance and Rates of Cardiotoxicity between Caribbean and United States Cardio-oncology Programs.

Background: Little is known about the characteristics of oncological patients, cancer therapy-induced cardiotoxicity, and guidelines-directed interventions in the Caribbean; analysis of cardio-oncology services may shed light on this and clarify links between ethnicity, cultural, and local socioeconomic factors. Objectives: This study compared patients' phenotypes, adherence to guidelines recommendations, and patterns of cardiotoxicity between two cardio-oncology programs: one in the Dominican Republic (DR) and the other in Chicago IL, United States (US). Methods: Patients being considered for or treated with potentially cardiotoxic drugs were followed before, during, and after chemotherapy through both cardio-oncology clinics, where we recorded and compared clinical, demographic, and echocardiographic data. Results: We studied 597 consecutive patients, 330 (55%) from the DR and 267 (45%) from the US. DR vs. US mean age 55± 13/52 ± 13 years; female 77/87% (p < 0.001); breast cancer 57/73% (p < 0.001); treated with anthracyclines + taxanes 47/40% (p = 0.151); monoclonal antibodies + taxanes or platins 37/45% (p < 0.001). Cardiotoxicity DR vs. US occurred in 15/7% (p = 0.001); multivariate logistic regression (OR 2.29; 95% CI, 1.31-3.99; p < 0.005) did not identify age >60, HTN, DM, BMI, tobacco or chemotherapy as predictors. Compliance with ASCO guidelines was similar among both cohorts. Conclusion: Compared to the US cohort, the Caribbean cohort of cancer patients has similar rates of CV risk factors but a higher likelihood of developing drug-induced LV dysfunction. Programs' compliance with ASCO guidelines was equivalent. While further research is needed to ascertain regional variations of cardiotoxicity, these findings underline the relevance of cardio-oncology services in nations with limited resources and high CV risk.

Which physical therapy intervention is most effective in reducing secondary lymphoedema associated with breast cancer? Protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Lymphoedema associated with breast cancer is caused by an interruption of the lymphatic system, together with factors such as total mastectomy, axillary dissection, positive lymph nodes, radiotherapy, use of taxanes and obesity. Physiotherapy treatment consists of complex decongestive therapy, manual lymphatic drainage and exercises, among other interventions. Currently, there are several systematic review and randomised controlled trials that evaluate the efficacy of these interventions. However, at present, there are no studies that compare the effectiveness of all these physical therapy interventions. The purpose of this study is to determine which physical therapy treatment is most effective in reducing breast cancer-related lymphoedema, improving quality of life and reducing pain. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: MEDLINE, PEDro, CINAHL, EMBASE, LILACS and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be searched for reports of randomised controlled trials published from database inception to June 2022. We will only include studies that are written in English, Spanish and Portuguese. We will also search grey literature, preprint servers and clinical trial registries. The primary outcomes are reduction of secondary lymphoedema associated with breast cancer, improvements in quality of life and pain reduction. The risk of bias of individual studies will be evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 Tool. A network meta-analysis will be performed using a random-effects model. First, pairs will be directly meta-analysed and indirect comparisons will be made between the different physical therapy treatments. The GRADE system will be used to assess the overall quality of the body of evidence associated with the main results. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol does not require approval from an ethics committee. The results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CDR42022323541.

Pharmacogenetics of taxane-induced neurotoxicity in breast cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Taxane-based chemotherapy regimens are used as first-line treatment for breast cancer. Neurotoxicity, mainly taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (TIPN), remains the most important dose-limiting adverse event. Multiple genes may be associated with TIPN; however, the strength and direction of the association remain unclear. For this reason, we systematically reviewed observational studies of TIPN pharmacogenetic markers in breast cancer treatment. We conducted a systematic search of terms alluding to breast cancer, genetic markers, taxanes, and neurotoxicity in Ovid, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, Virtual Health, and Web of Science. We assessed the quality of evidence and bias profile. We extracted relevant variables and effect measures. Whenever possible, we performed random-effects gene meta-analyses and examined interstudy heterogeneity with meta-regression models and subgroup analyses. This study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA) reporting guidance. A total of 42 studies with 19,431 participants were included. These evaluated 262 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 121 genes. We conducted meta-analyses on 23 genes with 60 SNPs (19 studies and 6246 participants). Thirteen individual SNPs (ABCB1-rs2032582, ABCB1-rs3213619, BCL6/-rs1903216, /CAND1-rs17781082, CYP1B1-rs1056836, CYP2C8-rs10509681, CYP2C8-rs11572080, EPHA5-rs7349683, EPHA6-rs301927, FZD3-rs7001034, GSTP1-rs1138272, TUBB2A-rs9501929, and XKR4-rs4737264) and the overall SNPs' effect in four genes (CYP3A4, EphA5, GSTP1, and SLCO1B1) were statistically significantly associated with TIPN through meta-analysis. In conclusion, through systematic review and meta-analysis, we found that polymorphisms, and particularly 13 SNPs, are associated with TIPN, suggesting that genetics does play a role in interindividual predisposition. Further studies could potentially use these findings to develop individual risk profiles and guide decision making.

Trastuzumabe entansina em monoterapia para tratamento de pacientes com câncer de mama HER2-positivo metastático ou localmente avançado iressecável, com tratamento prévio de trastuzumabe e um taxano / Trastuzumab emtansine monotherapy for the treatment of patients with unresectable metastatic or locally advanced HER2-positive breast cancer, previously treated with trastuzumab and a taxane

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de mama metastático é uma condição incurável. A sobrevida mediana de uma paciente com doença metastática é de aproximadamente dois anos, mas o comportamento entre indivíduos acometidos é altamente heterogêneo. Cerca de 20% das pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo apresentam amplificação do oncogene HER2. A terapia consiste em paliação para alívio dos sintomas e aumento da sobrevida. A sobrevida diminui muito se os pacientes desenvolverem metástases à distância. A taxa de sobrevida relativa geral em 5 anos é de 99% para doenças localizadas e 86% para doenças regionais, que cai para 27% para doenças em estágio avançado. Nestes casos de fracasso do tratamento de primeira linha alvo-HER2 e progressão durante ou após a terapia com TRAST/TAX, as evidências recomendam uma segunda linha de tratamento, também baseada em terapia HER2-alvo, combinada à quimioterapia, ou em combinação de duas terapias alvo-HER2. O trastuzumabe entansina (T-DM1) combina um anticorpo direcionado ao HER2 com uma droga anti-microtúbulos com resultados positivos nos estudos na melhora de sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de progressão para pacientes com HER 2 positivo metastático ou localmente avançado irressecável, que tenham recebido tratamento prévio com trastuzumabe e um taxano. PERGUNTA DE PESQUISA: O uso de trastuzumabe entansina em monoterapia para tratamento de pacientes com câncer de mama HER2- positivo metastático ou localmente avançado irressecável, que tenham recebido tratamento prévio com trastuzumabe e um taxano é eficaz e seguro? EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS: Foi realizada revisão sistemática da literatura e foram selecionados dois ensaios clínicos randomizados, EMILIA e TH3RESA, suas análises interinas que avaliaram o TDM-1 frente a outras terapias para os desfechos de eficácia (Sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de progressão) e segurança (eventos adversos). Foi incluída uma metanálises em rede, Paracha e colaboradores, que avaliou o T-DM1 com múltiplos tratamentos. Todos os estudos mostraram melhor SG e SLP para pacientes em uso de T-DM1 com eventos adversos aceitáveis para a tecnologia proposta. AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA: Foi desenvolvido um modelo de sobrevida particionada para a comparação de trastuzumabe entansina versus quimioterapia ou trastuzumabe + quimioterapia em pacientes com câncer de mama HER2-positivo metastático ou localmente avançado irressecável, com tratamento prévio de trastuzumabe e um taxano. O modelo foi composto por três estados de saúde: livre de progressão, pós-progressão e morte. No cenário principal (quimioterapia), em que foi empregado o preço proposto pelo fabricante do Kadcyla®, houve um ganho em ano de vida de 0,84 e em ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade de 0,56, a um custo adicional de R$ 256.137, resultados nas RCEI de R$ 305.282 por ano de vida salvo e R$ 458.370 por ano de vida salvo ajustado pela qualidade. Um dos cenários alternativos avaliados nas análises de sensibilidade (emprego dos limites superiores dos intervalos de credibilidade dos HR da comparação entre trastuzumabe entansina e trastuzumabe + quimioterapia) estimou que poderia haver dominância pelo comparador; contudo, esta alternativa parece ser improvável de acordo com os resultados da análise de sensibilidade probabilística. É importante ponderar na interpretação dos resultados que se trata de um medicamento utilizado em fim de vida, em um estágio da doença com alta mortalidade e debilitante. Também é importante ressaltar que, apesar de os resultados de RCEI serem apresentados por ano de vida salvo ou ano de vida salvo ajustado pela qualidade, a sobrevida adicional é inferior a 12 meses. ANÁLISE DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: Foi realizada análise para estimar o impacto orçamentário com a incorporação do trastuzumabe entansina em monoterapia em alternativa ao trastuzumabe + quimioterapia em caso de falha à primeiralinha em pacientes com câncer de mama HER2-positivo metastático ou localmente avançado irressecável, com tratamento prévio de trastuzumabe e um taxano. O cálculo da população elegível foi baseado em dados do SIASUS e na taxa de pacientes que progridem após 1 ano de tratamento com trastuzumabe + taxano em primeira-linha de acordo com o ECR MARIANNE. Desta forma, foi estimado o tratamento de, em média, 581 pacientes-ano. Ao longo de 5 anos, foi estimado um impacto de R$ R$ 483.110.715 com a incorporação de trastuzumabe entansina quando o comparador é somente quimioterapia e de R$ 541.160.632 quando o comparador utilizado é trastuzumabe + quimioterapia, quando considerado PMVG 18%. O impacto calculado com base em todos os cenários, que resultou no menor valor foi quando utilizada o PMGV de 0% para a compra do trastuzumabe entansina. Este é um ponto limitante da análise, pois a difusão da tecnologia é desconhecida. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: Para a população em análise, foram detectadas as seguintes tecnologias: alpelisibe, atezolizumabe, margetuximabe, palbociclibe, trastuzumabe deruxtecana, trastuzumabe duocarmazina e tucatinibe. Destas, apenas o trastuzumabe deruxtecana está registrado na Anvisa e demais agências, o margetuximabe está registrado apenas no FDA e o tucatinibe possui registro nas agências EMA e FDA. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Este parecer mostrou que a eficácia e segurança do trastuzumabe entansina foi superior em relação aos comparadores avaliados nos estudos incluídos neste parecer. Para concluir sobre o papel do T-DM1 no cenário metastático faz-se importante ressaltar que o tratamento padrão ouro atual prevê uso de anticorpo monoclonal (Trastuzumabe com ou sem Pertuzumabe) associado à quimioterapia. A qualidade dos resultados é boa. Os estudos são de boa qualidade metodológica e as análises foram bem conduzias pelos autores. Portanto, a droga em questão se apresenta como uma importante opção no manejo das pacientes que evoluirão com progressão de doença em linhas subsequentes proporcionando maior sobrevida global para uma doença de tratamento paliativo. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA CONITEC: Diante do exposto, os membros da Conitec, em sua 108ª reunião ordinária, realizada no dia 04 maio de 2021, deliberaram que a matéria fosse disponibilizada em consulta pública com recomendação preliminar desfavorável à incorporação de Trastuzumabe entansina em monoterapia para tratamento de pacientes com câncer de mama HER2-positivo metastático ou localmente avançado irressecável, que tenham recebido tratamento prévio com trastuzumabe e um taxano. Considerou-se após apreciação inicial que o custo da tecnologia é substancialmente elevado com alto impacto orçamentário. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Foram recebidas 184 contribuições, sendo 16 pelo formulário técnico-científico e 168 pelo formulário sobre experiência ou opinião. Todas as contribuições de cunho técnico-científico recebidas foram contra a recomendação inicial da Conitec. Das 168 contribuições recebidas sobre experiência com a tecnologia ou opinião sobre o tema 167 foram contra a recomendação preliminar e uma não tinha opinião formada sobre o tema. RECOMENDAÇÃO FINAL DA CONITEC: Pelo exposto, o Plenário da Conitec, em sua 110ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 06 de julho de 2022, deliberou por maioria simples, recomendar a não incorporação do trastuzumabe entansina em monoterapia para tratamento de pacientes com câncer de mama HER 2- positivo metastático ou localmente avançado irressecável que tenham recebido tratamento prévio com trastuzumabe e um taxano. Por fim, foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 749/2022. DECISÃO: Não incorporar, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, o trastuzumabe entansina em monoterapia para tratamento de pacientes com câncer de mama HER2-positivo metastático ou localmente avançado irressecável, que tenham recebido tratamento prévio com trastuzumabe e um taxano, conforme a Portaria nº 99, publicada no Diário Oficial da União nº 173, seção 1, página 128, em 12 de setembro de 2022.

Eficacia y seguridad de pertuzumab en combinación con Trastuzumab y quimioterapia basada en taxanos en el Tratamiento neoadyuvante del cáncer de mama, HER2 positivo, localmente avanzado y sin tratamiento previo (actualización) / Efficacy and safety of pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and taxane-based chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant treatment of previously untreated, locally advanced, HER2-positive breast cancer (update)

ANTECEDENTES: En el marco de la metodología ad hoc para evaluar solicitudes de tecnologías sanitarias, aprobada mediante Resolución de Institución de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación N° 111-IETSI-ESSALUD-2021, se ha elaborado el presente dictamen, el que expone la actualización del Dictamen Preliminar de Evaluación de Tecnología Sanitaria N° 007-SDEPFyOTS-DETS-IETSI-2016 "Seguridad y eficacia de pertuzumab en combinación con trastuzumab y docetaxel en el tratamiento neoadyuvante de cáncer de mama localmente avanzado en pacientes con receptores HER2 positivo, que no hayan recibido tratamiento previo" (IETSI-EsSalud 2016), publicado en enero de 2016. A modo de antecedente, el Dictamen Preliminar N° 007-SDEPFyOTS-DETS-IETSI-2016 concluye que la evidencia sobre la adición de pertuzumab a regímenes que contienen trastuzumab más quimioterapia basada en taxanos no demuestra que este ofrezca un beneficio clínico en el tratamiento neoadyuvante de pacientes con cáncer de mama localmente avanzado, Receptor 2 del factor de crecimiento epidérmico humano (HER2) positivo. Esto debido a que la evidencia disponible hasta la fecha de realización de dicho dictamen (enero de 2016) provenía de dos estudios de fase 2 (ensayos TRYPHAENA y NeoSphere) con limitaciones metodológicas. De estos, solo el estudio NeoSphere (ID ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00545688) presentaba el comparador de interés del dictamen en mención. Específicamente, los resultados del análisis principal de NeoSphere mostraron que pertuzumab redujo significativamente la tasa de respuesta patológica completa (pCR), pero no hubo diferencia en la tasa de cirugía conservadora de mama en pacientes con mastectomía planificada (según los datos publicados en ClinicalTrials.gov), ni se informaron resultados para desenlaces clínicos de importancia para el paciente, como la sobrevida global (SG) o calidad de vida (Gianni et al. 2012). Los argumentos para la decisión del Dictamen Preliminar N° 007-SDEPFyOTS-DETS-IETSI-2016 fueron la ausencia de evidencia que demostrara que la pCR predecía un beneficio clínico, y el diseño del estudio, de fase preliminar. Con ello, las recomendaciones del Dictamen Preliminar incluyeron que la comunidad médica y científica se mantenga atenta a evaluar nueva evidencia proveniente de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) confirmatorios de fase 3. Considerando que desde enero de 2016 a la fecha se han publicado estudios adicionales que merecen ser evaluados en el contexto de la pregunta PICO establecida en el Dictamen Preliminar N° 007-SDEPFyOTS-DETS-IETSI-2016, los médicos especialistas en Oncología, Edgardo Salinas Alva, del Servicio de Oncología Médica del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins de la Red Prestacional Rebagliati, y Dandy Guillermo Concha Valencia, del Departamento de Cirugía del Hospital Adolfo Guevara Velasco de la Red Asistencial Cusco, siguiendo la Directiva N° 003-IETSI-ESSALUD-2016, envían al Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación ­ IETSI la solicitud de reconsideración de aprobación de uso de pertuzumab. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática utilizando las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library y LILACS. Las búsquedas se limitaron a estudios publicados a partir de enero de 2016, considerando que la evidencia previa se incluyó y evaluó en el Dictamen Preliminar N° 007-SDEPFyOTS-DETS-IETSI-2016. Asimismo, se realizó una búsqueda dentro de bases de datos pertenecientes a grupos que realizan evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) y guías de práctica clínica (GPC), incluyendo el Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), el National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), la Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), la Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS), el Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), el Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud de Colombia (IETS), el Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), la Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde (CONITEC), entre otros; además de la Base Regional de Informes de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de las Américas (BRISA) y páginas web de sociedades especializadas en el manejo del cáncer de mama como la National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), la European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), la American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) y la Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica (SEOM). Se hizo una búsqueda adicional en la página web del registro de ensayos clínicos administrado por la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Estados Unidos (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) e International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP) (https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/), para poder identificar ensayos clínicos en curso o cuyos resultados no hayan sido publicados para, de este modo, disminuir el riesgo de sesgo de publicación. RESULTADOS: La búsqueda de literatura permitió identificar once publicaciones que aportan información de relevancia para fines de la presente actualización: cuatro GPC realizadas por la NCCN (NCCN 2021), la ESMO (Cardoso et al. 2019), la ASCO (Korde et al. 2021) y la SEOM (Ayala de la Peña et al. 2019), cinco ETS elaboradas por la HAS de Francia (HAS 2016), el IECS de Argentina (IECS 2018), el NICE de Inglaterra y Gales (NICE 2016), la CADTH de Canadá (evaluación preliminar) (CADTH 2021) y el SMC de Escocia (SMC 2018), y los ECA NeoSphere (análisis con 5 años de seguimiento) (Gianni et al. 2016) y PEONY (Shao et al. 2020). CONCLUSIÓN: Por todo lo expuesto, el IETSI no aprueba el uso de pertuzumab, en combinación con trastuzumab y quimioterapia basada en taxanos, en el tratamiento neoadyuvante del cáncer de mama, HER2 positivo, localmente avanzado y sin tratamiento previo.

Taxane-induced scleroderma. Report of two cases.

Taxanes are a class of chemotherapeutic agents with common associated dermatologic adverse events, such as skin hyperpigmentation, hand-foot skin syndrome, paronychia and onycholysis. Taxane-induced scleroderma is rare. Few cases with skin findings resembling systemic sclerosis, have been reported after the administration of these agents. We report two cases with stage IV breast cancer, aged 66 and 71 years, who developed sclerodermic skin lesions in their extremities after starting treatment with placlitaxel and nabplaclitaxel respectively.

Eficacia y seguridad de ixabepilona para el tratamiento de pacientes con cáncer de mama metastásico resistente a antraciclina, taxanos y capecitabina con estado funcional ECOG 0-1 / Efficacy and safety of ixabepilone for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer resistant to anthracyclines, taxanes and capecitabine with ECOG performance status 0-1

INTRODUCCIÓN: El presente dictamen expone la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de ixabepilona, comparado con la mejor terapia de soporte, para el tratamiento de pacientes con cáncer de mama metastásico (CMM) resistente a antraciclinas, taxanos y capecitabina con estado funcional ECOG 0-1. El cáncer de mama es la neoplasia más frecuente en mujeres en todo el mundo. En Perú, el cáncer de mama es la tercera causa de muerte por cáncer, con una tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por edad de 9.1 muertes por cada 100,000 habitantes. El cáncer mama metastásico (CMM) es una condición incurable que ocurre cuando la enfermedad se ha diseminado más allá de la mama y los ganglios linfáticos ipsilaterales hacia otros órganos. Se estima que la tasa de sobrevida global (SG) en pacientes con CMM, hasta los 5 años, es de aproximadamente 27 % con una mediana de SG de dos a tres años. Sin embargo, la esperanza de vida es menor a 1 año en pacientes con CMM que ya han recibido tres líneas de quimioterápicos. Asimismo, el 62 % de las pacientes con CMM tienen afectación visceral (hígado, pulmón o pleura), lo que compromete el funcionamiento normal de los órganos y las pacientes pueden presentar crisis visceral. La quimioterapia, dentro de las terapias sistémicas, es la principal opción terapéutica para la mayoría de las pacientes con CMM. No obstante, en casos muy avanzados de la enfermedad (como el CMM) y/o en casos de resistencia a varias líneas de tratamiento, las opciones terapéuticas que se pueden ofrecer a estas pacientes son escasas. Actualmente, EsSalud dispone de agentes quimioterápicos como: antraciclinas (inhibidor de topoisomerasa II), taxanos (agente anti microtúbulo) y capecitabina (inhibidor de nucleósido metabólico) para el tratamiento de pacientes con CMM. No obstante, ciertos pacientes no responden favorablemente a estos tratamientos. Los especialistas sugieren que ixabepilona puede ser una alternativa de tratamiento para los pacientes con CMM resistente a otros agentes como: antraciclinas, taxanos y capecitabina. METODOLOGÍA: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de la literatura científica con el objetivo de identificar la mejor evidencia sobre la eficacia y seguridad de ixabepilona en pacientes con CMM resistente a antraciclinas, taxanos y capecitabina con estado funcional ECOG 0-1. La búsqueda sistemática se realizó en las principales bases de datos PubMed, The Cochrane Library y LILACS. Asimismo, se realizó una búsqueda manual dentro de las bases de datos pertenecientes a grupos que realizan evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) y guías de práctica clínica (GPC); incluyendo el National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), la Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), el Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), la Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), el Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), el Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswese (IQWiG), la Base Regional de Informes de evaluación de tecnologías en Salud de las Américas (BRISA), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el Ministerio de Salud del Perú (MINSA) y el Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI). Además, se realizó una búsqueda de GPC de las principales sociedades o instituciones especializadas en oncología como National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) y American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). Finalmente, se realizó una búsqueda manual en la página web de registro de EC de ClinicalTrials.gov del National Institutes of Health (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) para identificar EC en curso o de resultados que no hayan sido publicados aún. RESULTADOS: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de evidencia científica con respecto al uso de ixabepilona como tratamiento de pacientes con CMM resistente a antraciclinas, taxanos y capecitabina con estado funcional ECOG 0-1. CONCLUSIONES:  El presente dictamen tuvo como objetivo evaluar la mejor evidencia disponible hasta julio de 2021 sobre la eficacia y seguridad de ixabepilona como terapia para pacientes con CMM resistente a antraciclinas, taxanos y capecitabina con ECOG 0-1.  Luego de la búsqueda sistemática, se identificaron dos GPC elaboradas por la NCCN y por la ESO-ESMO y un ensayo clínico de fase II (NCT00080262). Sobre las GPC, la NCCN señala que la mayoría de pacientes serán candidatos a múltiples líneas de terapia sistémica en función de su estado funcional; sin embargo, no especifica el número de líneas tratamiento a brindar. Dentro estos tratamientos señalan algunos como preferentes (antraciclinas, taxanos, capecitabina, gemcitabina y vinorelbina) y a otros como no preferentes (otros quimioterápicos e ixabepilona). La NCCN y la ESO-ESMO recomiendan la terapia paliativa. La NCCN recomienda que se considere no continuar con la terapia sistémica citotóxica y ofrecer la terapia paliativa en paciente con CMM que ha recibido varias líneas de quimioterápicos. La ESO-ESMO recomienda la terapia paliativa en pacientes con CMM cuyo tratamiento activo (e.g. quimioterapia) ya no sea capaz de controlar la enfermedad metastásica y la toxicidad supere los beneficios. El ensayo clínico de fase II, sin grupo control, evaluó el efecto de ixabepilona en la SG y la seguridad en pacientes con CMM resistente a antraciclina, taxanos y capecitabina. Debido al sesgo de reporte de resultados y, principalmente, la falta de grupo control, no se puede establecer una relación causal entre los resultados observados y el tratamiento con ixabepilona. Por lo tanto, no se puede determinar la eficacia comparativa entre ixabepilona y la mejor terapia de soporte que consiste en continuar con el uso de quimioterápicos y brindar cuidado paliativo. La incidencia de EA de grado 4 (34 %), el 11 % de pacientes que descontinuaron el tratamiento y la una muerte asociada al uso de ixabepilona, reportados en el EC fase II, y que fueron el motivo por que cual la EMA no aprobó su uso, sugieren que el perfil de seguridad de ixabepilona no sería favorable. Las evaluaciones de ixabepilona por parte de la EMA y la DIGEMID, basados en el EC fase II, concluyeron que los riesgos de ixabepilona superan sus potenciales beneficios en el tratamiento de pacientes con CMM. Por lo tanto, para estas instituciones tampoco sería seguro el uso de ixabepilona en el subgrupo de pacientes con CMM resistente a antraciclinas, taxanos y capecitabina.  Por lo expuesto, el IETSI no aprueba el uso de ixabepilona para el tratamiento de paciente con cáncer de mama metastásico resistente a antraciclinas, taxanos y capecitabina con estado funcional ECOG 0-1.

Eficacia y seguridad de ixabepilona en el tratamiento médico oncológico del cáncer de mama triple negativo resistente a antraciclinas y taxanos / Efficacy and safety of ixabepilone in the medical oncological treatment of triple negative breast cancer resistant to anthracyclines and taxanes

INTRODUÇÃO: El cáncer de mama es una enfermedad con una alta incidencia y mortalidad a nivel mundial, latinoamericano y en Perú. Se describen cuatro subtipos de cáncer de mama según la expresión o no de cuatro marcadores (receptor de estrógeno, RE; receptor de progesterona, RP; HER2 y Ki67): Luminal, HER2 y triple negativo; representando este último un 21% de los casos según un estudio llevado a cabo en población institucional. - La ixabepilona es un antineoplásico perteneciente al grupo de las epotilonas que se encargan de estabilizar los microtúbulos causando una muerte celular por apoptosis. Es un medicamento que ha sido evaluado en estudios de fase II obteniendo resultados favorables en pacientes con cáncer de mama avanzando y además se han realizado estudios de fase III que avalan su uso en pacientes con cáncer de mama avanzado que han progresado a terapias con antraciclinas y taxanos. METODOLOGÍA: Se decidió realizar un informe de ETS que permita mostrar la eficacia y seguridad de la ixabepilona con capecitabina comparada con capecitabina sola para el tratamiento oncológico de pacientes con cáncer de mama triple negativo resistentes a antraciclinas y taxanos. Se encontró que una GPC internacional (NCCN) avala el uso de ixabepilona en pacientes con cáncer de mama avanzado y el documento institucional también menciona estudios que avalan su utilidad en estos pacientes; sin embargo, la guía de ESMO no menciona su uso lo cual se debe a que EMA no aprobó su incorporación en Europa y que disponen de otras alternativas como eribulina. Además, se encontraron 04 ETS o informes relacionados en los cuales se ha reportado evidencia sobre el uso de ixabepilona en pacientes con cáncer de mama avanzado. DISCUSIÓN: La discusión con el panel se llevó a cabo durante dos sesiones en las cuales se expuso la PICO, la estrategia de búsqueda, las evidencias con respecto a la guías de práctica clínica, informes de evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias y documentos relacionados. Además, los análisis comparativos de eficacia y seguridad así como los análisis de costos de los diferentes medicamentos disponibles para el tratamiento de cáncer de mama avanzado triple negativo. En la primera sesión se comentó que ixabepilona es un tratamiento que se ha estado usando a nivel institucional en monoterapia para el tratamiento de pacientes con cáncer de mama triple negativo localmente avanzado o metastasico que hayan recibido terapia previa incluyendo una antraciclina, un taxano y/o capecitabina. Los casos se aprueban a través de junta médica y se realiza una vigilancia periódica. A la fecha 18 pacientes han recibido el tratamiento. Además, un integrante del panel manifestó que está de acuerdo con la propuesta brindada por el informe de Instituto de Cáncer de Argentina que especifica "No se sugiere el uso rutinario de Ixabepilona como tratamiento en pacientes con CMM RH positivos HER2 negativos, ECOG 0-1 y enfermedad evaluable salvo en pacientes seleccionadas: resistentes a antraciclinas/taxanos sin neuropatía residual significativa, con enfermedad visceral sintomática. (Condicional, moderada)". Se comentó que se tiene conocimiento de los pacientes que están recibiendo el tratamiento y que es un grupo que presentan bajo riesgo de presentar neutropenia o neuropatía periférica. No ha habido reportes adversos serios hasta el momento a nivel institucional con respecto al uso de este medicamento. Se consultó si es que se disponía de otras terapias que puedan ser comparadas con ixabepilona con respecto a eficacia y seguridad de los pacientes con cáncer de mama triple negativo que progresan a antraciclinas y taxanos. Es necesario conocer que estudios existen y poder concluir si es que ixabepilona sería la mejor intervención farmacológica disponible para estos casos específicos de paciente o existiría alguna otra que esté disponible a nivel nacional y que pueda usarse. Durante segunda reunión se mencionó que a nivel internacional se tiene la disponibilidad del medicamento eribulina que ha reportado mejores resultados con respecto a otros tratamientos en el cáncer de mama avanzado triple negativo a nivel nacional pero no se cuenta con disponibilidad de este medicamento a nivel nacional además que los costos son muy elevados por ello se mencionó que es una necesidad que se continúe con la disponibilidad de este medicamento. Además, en base a lo reportado a nivel institucional se mencionó que es necesario ser más específico en la indicación y los pacientes a los cuales se les va a prescribir el medicamento. Además, ppdría considerarse que Ixabepilona asociado a Capecitabina podría ser utilizado en población mejor seleccionada: ECOG 0 ­ 1, expuestos a antraciclinas y taxanos, que no hayan sido expuesto a capecitabina, donde se haya descartado metástasis cerebral previa al inicio del tratamiento y en pacientes con sospecha de mutación BRCA ofrecerles terapia con sales de platino. Con respecto a la evidencia en supervivencia global, supervivencia libre de progresión, tasa de respuesta objetiva de otras intervenciones farmacológicas se encuentran valores similares a los reportados por ixabepilona. Con respecto al tratamiento brindado a los 11 pacientes a nivel institucional no se ha podido establecer beneficios: tres de 11 pacientes han fallecido, no se ha documentado algún tipo de respuesta parcial. Por otro lado, se mencionó que en base a lo reportado es difícil proponer continuar con la adquisición del medicamento ya que no ha demostrado superioridad en supervivencia global y que no se cuenta con estudios de evaluaciones económicas o análisis de impacto presupuestario que avalen contar con el medicamento además que el costo adicional que implica la prescripción del medicamento es elevado. Se mencionó que al actualmente el SIS no viene cubriendo todos los medicamentos no PNUME, por lo que solicita se considere un tratamiento alterno a Ixabepilona que si se encuentre disponible en la lista PNUME. CONCLUSIONES: En el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN) en base a la información del departamento de oncología médica se han proyectado de maneral anual un promedio de 18 a 35 casos de pacientes con cáncer de mama triple negativo resistentes a antraciclinas y taxanos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática y una búsqueda dirigida de la evidencia para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad del uso de ixabepilona con capecitabina comparado con capecitabina sola para el tratamiento médico oncológico de pacientes con cáncer de mama triple negativo resistente a antraciclinas y taxanos. Se incluyó 02 guías de práctica clínica internacionales y un documento técnico institucional, 05 evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias o informes relacionados y un estudio de análisis combinado de dos ensayos clínicos que analiza a ixabepilona en monodroga comparado con la combinación de ixabepilona con capecitabina. Adicionalmente, se han incluido 05 estudios de otras opciones terapéuticas disponibles para el tratamiento de cáncer de mama avanzado triple negativo. En las GPC; en una se menciona el uso de ixabepilona en el manejo de cáncer de mama avanzado, en otra GPC no se establece una recomendación pero si colocan otras opciones como capecitabina, gemcitabina, etc; y en el documento institucional se la menciona pero no se especifican recomendaciones dentro del grupo de cáncer de mama triple negativo resistente a antraciclinas y taxanos. n las 04 ETS. Se menciona que en los países donde está permitida su comercialización, su uso se permite para pacientes con características específicas siendo la ETS Argentina la que emite una recomendación débil en contra sobre su uso y reserva el uso de ixabepilona en pacientes con cáncer de mama avanzado con características específicas de manera excepcional. El estudio de Rugo que combina los datos reportados en 02 ensayos clínicos de fase III ha encontrado un aumento en la supervivencia libre de progresión en el grupo de ixabepilona más capecitabina y duplicación en la tasa de respuesta objetivo; sin embargo, no se encontró aumento en el desenlace crítico supervivencia global ni en calidad de vida, encontrándose también un aumento en la frecuencia de eventos adversos relacionados a toxicidad por la terapia combina, neutropenia y neuropatías periféricas. La calidad de evidencia global fue moderada. Con respecto a lo evidenciado por otros medicamentos en pacientes con cáncer de mama avanzado triple negativo resistentes a antraciclinas y/o taxanos no se ha encontrado alguno que logre impactar en supervivencia global, se reportan si otros desenlaces importantes con valores similares a los reportados por el medicamento ixabepilona. El medicamento está disponible a nivel nacional y ha sido aprobado tanto por FDA, y DIGEMID para su uso en pacientes con cáncer de mama metastásico. No está aprobado por EMA. Con respecto al costo, éste podría exceder en 30 mil nuevos soles comparado al resto de alternativas disponibles en la lista PNUME. Se estima que por cada paciente se requiere aproximadamente 8 UIT. Finalmente, el panel multidisciplinario debido a la evidencia mostrada y la experiencia institucional, no tiene como justificar la continuidad de la terapia brindando opinión en contra de la cobertura del medicamento Ixabepilona. Se elevará informe y acta a Comité Farmacoterapéutico sobre los acuerdos de reunión.

Self-assembled micelles of the (lipo) glycopeptides, teicoplanin, as taxane nanocarriers.

The use of nanoparticles is one of the strategies currently studied to minimize the toxicity and lack of tissue specificity of many cancer drugs used in chemotherapy. In this research the physicochemical and biological behavior of a novel self-assembled nanostructure of the antibiotic Teicoplanin (Teico) was characterized as a nanocarrier system for solubilizing highly hydrophobic drugs like Paclitaxel (Ptx) in aqueous media. The Teico micelles were loaded with Ptx in DMSO or PEG-400. The interaction between the loaded micelles and Albumin human serum albumin (HSA) was then studied by size exclusion chromatography. Transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and high-resolution liquid chromatography were also used to characterize the physicochemical and structural properties of the micelles to form the Teico/Ptx and Teico/Ptx/HSA micelles. Cellular uptake of Ptx was evaluated by fluorescent microscopy. Thein vitrocytotoxicity of the complexes was studied on Hep-2 tumor cells, by a Crystal Violet assay. Teico cosolvent-free micelles can solubilize up to 20 mg.ml-1of Ptx dissolved in PEG, increasing four times the solubility of Ptx in water compared to Abraxane, and 20 000 times the intrinsic solubility of Ptx in water. In addition, Teico/Ptx micelles binds spontaneously HSA through hydrophobic interaction. Teico and Teico/HSA micelles as a Ptx transporter does not affect its release or biological activity. Therefore, Teico/Ptx or Teico/Ptx/HSA complexes appear as new alternatives for transporting larger amounts of hydrophobic drugs that offer advantages, turning it an interesting option for further study.

Taxane-induced scleroderma: report of two cases / Esclerodermia inducida por taxanos: informe de dos casos

ABSTRACT Taxanes are a class of chemotherapeutic agents with common associated dermatologic adverse events, such as skin hyperpigmentation, hand-foot skin syndrome, paronychia and onycholysis. Taxane-induced scleroderma is rare. Few cases with skin findings resembling systemic sclerosis, have been reported after the administration of these agents. We report two cases with stage IV breast cancer, aged 66 and 71 years, who developed sclerodermic skin lesions in their extremities after starting treatment with placlitaxel and nabplaclitaxel respectively.

Los taxanos son agentes quimioterapéuticos cuyo uso se asocia a problemas dermatológicos tales como hiperpigmentación, síndrome manos-pies, paroniquia y onicolisis. La esclerodermia inducida por taxanos es rara, con pocos casos informados en la literatura. Informamos los casos de dos pacientes con cáncer de mama en estado IV, de 66 y 71 años, que desarrollaron lesiones esclerodérmicas en las extremidades después de ser tratadas con placlitaxel y nabplaclitaxel, respectivamente.

Cáncer de mama triple negativo: otra enfermedad y nuevo reto / Triple negative breast cancer: another disease and a new challenge

El cáncer de mama Triple Negativo es un subtipo molecular que se caracteriza por ausencia de expresión de receptores de estrógeno, progesterona y proteína HER2. Representa el 10 % a 15 % de todos los subtipos de cáncer de mama con impacto en el pronóstico y en las líneas de tratamiento; siendo negativo para receptores hormonales y HER2, la terapéutica hormonal y anti-HER2 no cuentan para su manejo. Aún no se dispone de productos dirigidos a blancos específicos para esta categoría.(AU)

The Triple Negative breast cancer is a molecular subtype characterized by no expression of the estrogen, the progesterone and the HER2 protein receptors. They represents 10 % to 15 % of all the breast cancer subtypes with an impact on the prognosis and in the treatment lines; is negative for the hormone receptors and for the HER2, hormonal and the anti-HER2 therapeutics do not count for the management of them. The products targeting specific to this category are not yet available(AU)

HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: a comprehensive review.

Cases of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer represent approximately 15% to 20% of all breast cancers. Historically, this subtype of breast cancer was associated with an increased risk for the development of systemic and brain metastases and poor overall survival. The introduction of trastuzumab dramatically changed the outcomes of patients with HER2-positive disease, with many demonstrating outcomes similar to those of patients with luminal tumors. Currently, the first-line standard of care for patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer is dual HER2 antibody therapy with pertuzumab/trastuzumab plus a taxane. After progression, the standard of care is trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). Although the treatment choices for patients whose disease has progressed on these agents are more limited, promising new drugs have emerged as effective options, including tucatinib and trastuzumab deruxtecan, which were recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Finding the best treatment sequencing for each patient, developing reliable predictive biomarkers, and understanding the mechanisms of resistance to these drugs are necessary to maximize patient outcomes and quality of life. In this review, we analyze the management strategies for metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer, address specific situations, such as the treatment of patients with brain metastases, and discuss future directions in the treatment of this subtype.