Long-Term Outcomes of Pharmacoinvasive Strategy Versus Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Study from Mexico City.

Although primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) is the treatment of choice in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), challenges may arise in accessing this intervention for certain geodemographic groups. Pharmacoinvasive strategy (PIs) has demonstrated comparable outcomes when delays in pPCI are anticipated, but real-world data on long-term outcomes are limited. The aim of the present study was to compare long-term outcomes among real-world patients with STEMI who underwent either PIs or pPCI. This was a prospective registry including patients with STEMI who received reperfusion during the first 12 hours from symptom onset. The primary objective was cardiovascular mortality at 12 months according to the reperfusion strategy (pPCI vs PIs) and major cardiovascular events (cardiogenic shock, recurrent myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure), and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 3 to 5 bleeding events were also evaluated. A total of 799 patients with STEMI were included; 49.1% underwent pPCI and 50.9% received PIs. Patients in the PIs group presented with more heart failure on admission (Killip-Kimbal >I 48.1 vs 39.7, p = 0.02) and had a lower proportion of pre-existing heart failure (0.2% vs 1.8%, p = 0.02) and atrial fibrillation (0.25% vs 1.2%, p = 0.02). No statistically significant difference was observed in cardiovascular mortality at the 12-month follow-up (hazard ratio for PIs 0.74, 95% confidence interval 0.42 to 1.30, log-rank p = 0.30) according to the reperfusion strategy used. The composite of major cardiovascular events (hazard ratio for PIs 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.75 to 1.29, p = 0.92) and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 3 to 5 bleeding rates were also comparable. A low socioeconomic status, Killip-Kimball >2, age >60 years, and admission creatinine >2.0 mg/100 ml were predictors of the composite end point after multivariate analysis. In conclusion, this prospective real-world registry provides additional support that long-term major cardiovascular outcomes and bleeding are not different between patients who underwent PIs versus primary PCI.

Analysis of immortal-time effect in post-infarction ventricular septal defect.

Introduction: Time-fixed analyses have traditionally been utilized to examine outcomes in post-infarction ventricular septal defect (VSD). The aims of this study were to: (1) analyze the relationship between VSD closure/non-closure and mortality; (2) assess the presence of immortal-time bias. Material and methods: In this retrospective cohort study, patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by VSD. Time-fixed and time-dependent Cox regression methodologies were employed. Results: The study included 80 patients: surgical closure (n = 26), transcatheter closure (n = 20), or conservative management alone (n = 34). At presentation, patients without VSD closure exhibited high-risk clinical characteristics, had the shortest median time intervals from STEMI onset to VSD development (4.0, 4.0, and 2.0 days, respectively; P = 0.03) and from STEMI symptom onset to hospital arrival (6.0, 5.0, and 0.8 days, respectively; P < 0.0001). The median time from STEMI onset to closure was 22.0 days (P = 0.14). In-hospital mortality rate was higher among patients who did not undergo defect closure (50%, 35%, and 88.2%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Closure of the defect using a fixed-time method was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (HR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.05-0.31, P < 0.0001, and HR 0.13, 95% CI 0.04-0.36, P < 0.0001, for surgery and transcatheter closure, respectively). However, when employing a time-varying method, this association was not observed (HR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.45-1.98, P = 0.90, and HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.41-1.87, P = 0.74, for surgery and transcatheter closure, respectively). These findings suggest the presence of an immortal-time bias. Conclusions: This study highlights that using a fixed-time analytic approach in post-infarction VSD can result in immortal-time bias. Researchers should consider employing time-dependent methodologies.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Adults With Moderate-to-Severe Complexity Congenital Heart Disease Undergoing Palliation or Surgical Repair.

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) survival rate has improved dramatically due to advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. However, concerning the unrepaired CHD population of moderate and severe complexity, the data regarding risk predictors and surgical outcomes are scarce. Our aim was to describe the surgical results and predictors of in-hospital outcomes in adult patients with moderate-to-severe complexity CHD that were not repaired in childhood. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study that included 49 adult patients with moderate-to-complex CHD who were treated in a single medical centre. Clinical and echocardiographic variables were obtained on admission, after surgical procedures and during follow-up. Results: Most of the patients were female (66%). Left ventricular ejection fraction and right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening were within the normal range. The median pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 37 (27-55) mm Hg. The median time was 118 (80-181) minutes for extracorporeal circulation and 76 (49-121) minutes for aortic cross-clamping. The most frequent complication was postoperative complete atrioventricular block (12.2%). In-hospital survival rate was 87.7%. The development of low cardiac output syndrome with predominant right ventricle failure in the postoperative period was the most important predictor of in-hospital death (P = 0.03). Conclusions: Deciding to treat adults with CHD is challenging in moderate and severe unrepaired cases. Adequate clinical, functional, and imaging evaluation is essential to determine each patient's suitability for surgical management and to achieve the best clinical outcome for this population.

Contexte: Grâce aux avancées réalisées en matière de techniques diagnostiques et thérapeutiques, la survie des patients atteints d'une cardiopathie congénitale s'est considérablement améliorée. Cependant, en ce qui concerne les personnes atteintes d'une cardiopathie congénitale non corrigée présentant une complexité modérée ou extrême, les données portant sur les facteurs de risque prédictifs ainsi que sur les résultats chirurgicaux sont rares. Notre objectif était de décrire les résultats chirurgicaux ainsi que les facteurs prédictifs des résultats obtenus en milieu hospitalier chez les patients adultes atteints d'une cardiopathie congénitale présentant une complexité modérée ou extrême qui n'a pas été corrigée pendant l'enfance. Méthodologie: Nous avons mené une étude de cohorte rétrospective comprenant 49 patients adultes atteints d'une cardiopathie congénitale modérée ou complexe qui ont reçu leurs traitements dans un seul centre médical. Les variables cliniques et échocardiographiques ont été obtenues au moment de l'admission, après les interventions chirurgicales et pendant la période de suivi. Résultats: Les patients étaient en majorité des femmes (66 %). La fraction d'éjection du ventricule gauche ainsi que la fraction de raccourcissement de la voie d'éjection ventriculaire droite sont demeurées dans les limites de la normale. La pression systolique médiane de l'artère pulmonaire a été de 37 mmHg (27-55 mmHg). Le temps médian écoulé pour la circulation extracorporelle a été de 118 minutes (80-181 minutes) et pour le clampage de la crosse aortique, de 76 minutes (49-121 minutes). Le bloc auriculo-ventriculaire postopératoire complet a été la complication la plus fréquente (12,2 %). Le taux de survie en milieu hospitalier a été de 87,7 %. Le développement du syndrome du faible débit cardiaque accompagné d'une insuffisance prédominante du ventricule droit durant la période postopératoire a constitué le principal facteur prédictif de décès à l'hôpital (p = 0,03). Conclusion: Il est difficile de traiter les adultes qui présentent une cardiopathie congénitale modérée ou sévère non corrigée. Il est essentiel que les évaluations cliniques, fonctionnelles et par imagerie soient réalisées de façon adéquate pour déterminer si une prise en charge chirurgicale convient aux patients et pour garantir les meilleurs résultats cliniques chez ces derniers.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the systemic right ventricle in a patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: A case report.

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is a rare clinical entity, which usually presents during adulthood with associated defects; atrioventricular block, heart failure, systemic valve failure, and arrhythmias usually complicate the clinical course. Even rarer is associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which complicates the disease course and clinical decision-making. Herein, we present a patient with this condition who underwent heart transplantation, with adequate clinical resolution.

Acute right ventricular failure in COVID-19 infection: A case series.

Severe forms of COVID-19 infection are associated with the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and thromboembolic complications; those can affect the cardiac function especially the right ventricle performance. Critical care echocardiography has rapidly evolved as the election technique in the evaluation of the critically ill patients. This technique has the advantage that it can be done at patient´s bedside and helps to provide the appropriate treatment and to monitoring maneuver's response. We present 4 patients with a confirmed COVID-19 infection who presented with sudden hemodynamic and / or respiratory deterioration, in which transthoracic echocardiogram showed acute right ventricular failure as the trigger for the event and helped to guide an early therapeutic intervention. .

[Analysis of mortality and hospital stay in cardiac surgery in Mexico 2015: Data from the National Cardiology Institute]. / Análisis de mortalidad y estancia hospitalaria en cirugía cardiaca en México 2015: datos del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse hospital mortality in patients subjected to cardiac surgery in Mexico during the year 2015, and identify the mortality risks factors, and its correlation with days of hospital stay in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. METHOD: The database of Cardiovascular Intensive Care of the National Institute of Cardiology was examined for this cases and controls study that included only adult patients subjected to cardiac surgery during the year 2015. RESULTS: A total of 571 patients were subjected to a surgical procedure. The predominant indication was single or multiple valve replacement surgery, followed by coronary revascularisation surgery, and correction of adult congenital heart disease. Overall mortality was 9.2, and 8% died in intensive care. The main risk factors for death were preoperative organ failure or pulmonary hypertension, and prolonged time with extracorporeal circulation. The primary cause of death was secondary to cardiogenic shock. The hospital mortality observed in this population was higher for patients undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, complex aortic disease surgery, and valvular surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality of patients undergoing cardiac surgery in Mexico differs slightly from that reported in the world literature, primarily because there were more multivalvular surgeries and mixed complex procedures performed.

Análisis de mortalidad y estancia hospitalaria en cirugía cardiaca en México 2015: datos del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología / Analysis of mortality and hospital stay in cardiac surgery in Mexico 2015: Data from the National Cardiology Institute

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las causas de mortalidad hospitalaria de pacientes operados de cirugía cardiaca en México en el año 2015. Identificar los factores de riesgo de mortalidad y realizar una correlación con el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria en terapia intensiva cardiovascular. Método: Estudio de casos y controles. Se estudió la base de datos de la Terapia Intensiva Cardiovascular del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes adultos operados de cirugía cardiaca en el año 2015. Resultados: Se operaron 571 pacientes. La indicación quirúrgica predominante fue la cirugía de cambio valvular único o múltiple, seguida de la cirugía de revascularización coronaria y corrección de cardiopatías congénitas del adulto. La mortalidad global fue de un 9.2% y el 8% falleció en terapia intensiva. Los principales factores de riesgo de muerte fueron la presencia de falla orgánica o hipertensión pulmonar prequirúrgica, y el tiempo prolongado de circulación extracorpórea. La principal causa de muerte fue el choque cardiogénico. La mortalidad hospitalaria observada en esta población fue mayor para los operados de tromboendarterectomía pulmonar, cirugía de enfermedad aórtica compleja y cirugía valvular. Conclusiones: La mortalidad de los pacientes operados de cirugía cardiaca en México difiere levemente de la reportada en la literatura mundial porque se trata mayormente de cirugía multivalvular y de procedimientos quirúrgicos mixtos complejos.

Abstract Objective: To analyse hospital mortality in patients subjected to cardiac surgery in Mexico during the year 2015, and identify the mortality risks factors, and its correlation with days of hospital stay in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. Method: The database of Cardiovascular Intensive Care of the National Institute of Cardiology was examined for this cases and controls study that included only adult patients subjected to cardiac surgery during the year 2015. Results: A total of 571 patients were subjected to a surgical procedure. The predominant indication was single or multiple valve replacement surgery, followed by coronary revascularisation surgery, and correction of adult congenital heart disease. Overall mortality was 9.2, and 8% died in intensive care. The main risk factors for death were preoperative organ failure or pulmo- nary hypertension, and prolonged time with extracorporeal circulation. The primary cause of death was secondary to cardiogenic shock. The hospital mortality observed in this population was higher for patients undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, complex aortic disease surgery, and valvular surgery. Conclusions: The mortality of patients undergoing cardiac surgery in Mexico differs slightly from that reported in the world literature, primarily because there were more multivalvular surgeries and mixed complex procedures performed.

Hipertensión arterial pulmonar asociada a virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated to human immunodeficiency virus

A partir de la presentación del tratamiento antirretroviral altamente efectivo, la esperanza de vida de los pacientes con virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana ha aumentado de manera significativa. En la actualidad, las causas de muerte son las complicaciones no infecciosas. Entre ellas, la hipertensión arterial pulmonar tiene una importancia especial. Es relevante la detección temprana para establecer la terapéutica con el objetivo de prevenir el desenlace fatal a futuro.

From the advent of the highly effective antiretroviral treatment, the life expectancy of patients with human immunodeficiency virus has increased significantly. At present, the causes of death are non-infectious complications. Between them, the pulmonary arterial hypertension has a special importance. It is important early detection to establish the therapeutic, with the objective of preventing a fatal outcome to future.

Iloprost inhalado, un vasodilatador pulmonar selectivo. Evidencia clínica de su uso en la hipertensión pulmonar del perioperatorio de cirugía cardiovascular / Inhaled iloprost, a selective pulmonary vasodilator. Clinical evidence from its use in perioperative pulmonary hypertension cardiovascular surgery

El iloprost inhalado es uno de los fármacos más recientes del grupo de prostanoides en el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial pulmonar. No se ha definido su importancia en la hipertensión pulmonar en el perioperatorio de cirugía cardiovascular. En esta revisión se analizan los grupos con hipertensión pulmonar susceptibles de cirugía cardiaca, la importancia de la hipertensión pulmonar en cirugía cardiaca y, además, la evidencia clínica actual del uso del fármaco en este contexto.

Inhaled iloprost is one of the most recent drugs from prostanoids group's in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. His place in pulmonary hypertension seen in the perioperative cardiovascular surgery has not been defined. In this review we analyze pulmonary hypertension group's susceptibles of cardiac surgery and its importance, besides the current clinical evidence from drug use in this context.

[Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated to human immunodeficiency virus]. / Hipertensión arterial pulmonar asociada a virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.

From the advent of the highly effective antiretroviral treatment, the life expectancy of patients with human immunodeficiency virus has increased significantly. At present, the causes of death are non-infectious complications. Between them, the pulmonary arterial hypertension has a special importance. It is important early detection to establish the therapeutic, with the objective of preventing a fatal outcome to future.

[Inhaled iloprost, a selective pulmonary vasodilator. Clinical evidence from its use in perioperative pulmonary hypertension cardiovascular surgery]. / Iloprost inhalado, un vasodilatador pulmonar selectivo. Evidencia clínica de su uso en la hipertensión pulmonar del perioperatorio de cirugía cardiovascular.

Inhaled iloprost is one of the most recent drugs from prostanoids group's in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. His place in pulmonary hypertension seen in the perioperative cardiovascular surgery has not been defined. In this review we analyze pulmonary hypertension group's susceptibles of cardiac surgery and its importance, besides the current clinical evidence from drug use in this context.

Concordancia entre la gasometría arterial y venosa central en sujetos postoperados de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica en condición estable / Concordance between central venous and arterial blood gases in post-surgical myocardial revascularization patients in stable condition

Objetivo: La concordancia entre los parámetros de la gasometría arterial y venosa central no se ha definido aún, por lo cual estudiamos la concordancia entre ambas en sujetos postoperados de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica en condición estable. Métodos: Se estudiaron sujetos de manera consecutiva con un diseño transversal. Se les determinó la posición del catéter venoso central y al mismo tiempo se obtuvo la muestra arterial y venosa central previa a su egreso de la terapia intensiva. Los datos se expresaron según el método estadístico de Bland-Altman y al coeficiente de correlación intraclase. El resultado estadístico aceptó una p < 0.05. Resultados: Se estudiaron 206 muestras de 103 sujetos postoperados, el pH y el lactato tuvieron una diferencia media (límites de acuerdo) de 0.029 ± 0.048 (−0.018, 0.077) y −0.12 ± 0.22 (−0.57, 0.33) respectivamente; la magnitud del coeficiente de correlación intraclase respectiva fue de 0.904 y 0.943; las relativas a la presión de oxígeno 27.86 ± 6.08 (15.9, 39.8) y la saturación de oxígeno 33.02 ± 6.13 (21, 45), magnitud 0.258 y 0.418. Conclusión: Los parámetros con mejor concordancia arterial y venosa central fueron el pH y el lactato.

Objective: The concordance between the parameters of arterial and central venous blood gases has not been defined yet. We studied the concordance between both parameters in post-surgical myocardial revascularization patients in stable condition. Methods: Consecutive subjects were studied in a cross-sectional design. The position of the central venous catheter was performed and simultaneously we obtained arterial and central venous blood samples prior to discharge from the intensive care unit. Data are expressed according to Bland-Altman statistical method and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Statistical result was accepted at P < .05. Results: Two hundred and six samples were studied of 103 post-surgical patients, pH and lactate had a mean difference (limits of agreement) 0.029 ± 0.048 (−0018, 0.077) and −0.12 ± 0.22 (−0.57, 0.33) respectively. The magnitude of the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.904 and 0.943 respectively. The values related to oxygen pressure were 27.86 ± 6.08 (15.9, 39.8) and oxygen saturation 33.02 ± 6.13 (21, 45), with magnitude of 0.258 and 0.418 respectively. Conclusion: The best matching parameters between arterial and central venous blood samples were pH and lactate.

Utilidad clínica del iloprost inhalado en la hipertensión arterial pulmonar / Clinical utility of inhaled iloprost in pulmonary arterial hypertension

El iloprost inhalado es un fármaco del grupo de las prostaciclinas utilizado en el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial pulmonar. La eficacia y seguridad de su administración han permitido su uso como monoterapia y en terapia combinada. En esta revisión se describen las características del medicamento, los grupos susceptibles de tratamiento y la evidencia clínica actualizada del uso del fármaco.

Inhaled iloprost is a drug from the group of prostacyclins used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Its efficacy and safety have allowed its use as monotherapy and combination therapy. This review describes the product characteristics, amenable to treatment groups, and updated clinical evidence of drug use.

[Concordance between central venous and arterial blood gases in post-surgical myocardial revascularization patients in stable condition]. / Concordancia entre la gasometría arterial y venosa central en sujetos postoperados de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica en condición estable.

OBJECTIVE: The concordance between the parameters of arterial and central venous blood gases has not been defined yet. We studied the concordance between both parameters in post-surgical myocardial revascularization patients in stable condition. METHODS: Consecutive subjects were studied in a cross-sectional design. The position of the central venous catheter was performed and simultaneously we obtained arterial and central venous blood samples prior to discharge from the intensive care unit. Data are expressed according to Bland-Altman statistical method and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Statistical result was accepted at P<.05. RESULTS: Two hundred and six samples were studied of 103 post-surgical patients, pH and lactate had a mean difference (limits of agreement) 0.029±0.048 (-0018, 0.077) and -0.12±0.22 (-0.57, 0.33) respectively. The magnitude of the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.904 and 0.943 respectively. The values related to oxygen pressure were 27.86±6.08 (15.9, 39.8) and oxygen saturation 33.02±6.13 (21, 45), with magnitude of 0.258 and 0.418 respectively. CONCLUSION: The best matching parameters between arterial and central venous blood samples were pH and lactate.

[Clinical utility of inhaled iloprost in pulmonary arterial hypertension]. / Utilidad clínica del iloprost inhalado en la hipertensión arterial pulmonar.

Inhaled iloprost is a drug from the group of prostacyclins used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Its efficacy and safety have allowed its use as monotherapy and combination therapy. This review describes the product characteristics, amenable to treatment groups, and updated clinical evidence of drug use.