ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To describe the usage patterns of pharmacological treatments for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries. DESIGN: Retrospective review of all Medicare fee-for-service Part B claims for neovascular AMD during 2008. METHODS: Medicare beneficiaries having undergone treatment were identified. The data collected for each visit for a given beneficiary included age, race, gender, Medicare region, state/zip code of residence, date of visit, whether or not the beneficiary had a treatment, the type and amount of drug, and dollars paid by Medicare. The main outcome measures were the number and rate of treatments, the types of drugs used for treatment, and the payments for these drugs. RESULTS: Of the 222 886 unique beneficiaries, 146 276 (64.4%) received bevacizumab and 80 929 (35.6%) received ranibizumab. A total of 824 525 injections were performed with 480 025 injections of bevacizumab (58%) and 336 898 injections of ranibizumab (41%). National rates of injections per 100 000 fee-for-service Part B Medicare beneficiaries for bevacizumab and ranibizumab were 1506 and 1057, respectively. Total payments by Medicare were $20 290 952 for bevacizumab and $536 642 693 for ranibizumab. In 39 out of 50 states, the rate of injection was higher for bevacizumab compared with ranibizumab. CONCLUSIONS: In 2008, bevacizumab was used at a higher rate than ranibizumab for the treatment of neovascular AMD. Even though bevacizumab accounted for 58% of all injections, Medicare paid $516 million more for ranibizumab than bevacizumab. These data suggest that despite its off-label designation, intravitreal bevacizumab is currently the standard-of-care treatment for neovascular AMD in the United States.
Subject(s)
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Choroidal Neovascularization/drug therapy , Drug Utilization Review , Macular Degeneration/drug therapy , Medicare Part B/statistics & numerical data , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized , Aptamers, Nucleotide/administration & dosage , Bevacizumab , Drug Therapy , Fee-for-Service Plans/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Intravitreal Injections , Male , Middle Aged , Porphyrins/administration & dosage , Ranibizumab , Retrospective Studies , United States , VerteporfinABSTRACT
While enteroviruses have been the most commonly identified cause of aseptic meningitis in the United States, the role of the emerging, neurotropic West Nile virus (WNV) is not clear. In summer 2001, an aseptic meningitis epidemic occurring in an area of a WNV epizootic in Baltimore, Maryland, was investigated to determine the relative contributions of WNV and enteroviruses. A total of 113 aseptic meningitis cases with onsets from June 1 to September 30, 2001, were identified at six hospitals. WNV immunoglobulin M tests were negative for 69 patients with available specimens; however, 43 (61%) of 70 patients tested enterovirus-positive by viral culture or polymerase chain reaction. Most (76%) of the serotyped enteroviruses were echoviruses 13 and 18. Enteroviruses, including previously rarely detected echoviruses, likely caused most aseptic meningitis cases in this epidemic. No WNV meningitis cases were identified. Even in areas of WNV epizootics, enteroviruses continue to be important causative agents of aseptic meningitis.
Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology , Disease Outbreaks , Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology , Enterovirus/isolation & purification , Meningitis, Aseptic/virology , Population Surveillance , West Nile virus/isolation & purification , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Animals , Baltimore/epidemiology , Birds , Child , Child, Preschool , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology , Enterovirus/pathogenicity , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Meningitis, Aseptic/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Serotyping , West Nile virus/pathogenicityABSTRACT
In October 2001, the first inhalational anthrax case in the United States since 1976 was identified in a media company worker in Florida. A national investigation was initiated to identify additional cases and determine possible exposures to Bacillus anthracis. Surveillance was enhanced through health-care facilities, laboratories, and other means to identify cases, which were defined as clinically compatible illness with laboratory-confirmed B. anthracis infection. From October 4 to November 20, 2001, 22 cases of anthrax (11 inhalational, 11 cutaneous) were identified; 5 of the inhalational cases were fatal. Twenty (91%) case-patients were either mail handlers or were exposed to worksites where contaminated mail was processed or received. B. anthracis isolates from four powder-containing envelopes, 17 specimens from patients, and 106 environmental samples were indistinguishable by molecular subtyping. Illness and death occurred not only at targeted worksites, but also along the path of mail and in other settings. Continued vigilance for cases is needed among health-care providers and members of the public health and law enforcement communities.