Objectives: Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is a dominant bacterium in infant gut, which plays a critical role in maintaining the health and development of infants. This study investigated the abilities of eight different strains of B. longum subsp. infantis to regulate the T helper (Th)1/Th2 balance. Methods: Eight B. longum subsp. infantis strains, including I2MI (FJSWXI2MIM1), I4MI [FJSWXI4MI (CCFM1270)], I4MNI (FJSWXI4MNIM1), I5TI (FJSWXI5TIM1), I6TI (FJSWXI6TIM1), I8TI [FJSWXI8TI (CCFM1271)], I10TI [FJSWXI10TI (CCFM1272)], and B6MNI [BJSWXB6MNIM1 (CCFM1269)], were gavaged to BALB/C pups in both female (n = 8) and male (n = 8) mice starting from 1 to 3 weeks old (1 × 109 CFU/day/mice). Selected immune cells were assessed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Cytokines and immunoglobulins were determined by ELISA. Bacterial and bifidobacterial communities were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bifidobacterial groEL sequencing. Results: B. longum subsp. infantis I4MI and I8TI were shown to increase the ration of colonic IgG2a/IgE in male mice (P < 0.05). B6MNI was demonstrated to significantly increase the levels of colonic IFN-γ and IgG2a, as well as the ratio of IgG2a/IgE in female mice (P < 0.05). It was also shown to significantly increase the ratio of colonic IgG2a/IgE (P < 0.05) and reduce the level of colonic IL-4 in male mice (P < 0.05). Furthermore, B6MNI was demonstrated to regulate colonic JAK/STAT pathway in both male and female mice. I4MI, I5TI, and B6MNI were shown to increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and B. longum subsp. infantis in both male and female mice, whereas I8TI was only shown to increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and B. longum subsp. infantis in male mice (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated supplementation with B. longum subsp. infantis in early infancy may regulate the Th1/Th2 immune balance, which may prevent the development of related diseases.
Objective: Variations are present in common clinical practices regarding best practice in managing hyperkalaemia (HK), there is therefore a need to establish a multi-specialty approach to optimal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) usage and HK management in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) & heart failure (HF).This study aimed to establish a multi-speciality approach to the optimal use of RAASi and how to manage HK in patients with CKD and HF.Methods: A steering expert group of cardiology and nephrology experts from across China convened to discuss challenges to HK management through a nominal group technique (NGT). The group then created a list of 41 statements for a consensus questionnaire, which was distributed for a further survey of in extended panel group of cardiologists and nephrologists across China. Consensus was assessed using a modified Delphi technique, with agreement defined as "strong" (≥75% and <90%) and "very strong" (≥90%). The steering group, data collection, and analysis were aided by an independent facilitator. Results: A total of 150 responses from 21 provinces across China were recruited in the survey. Respondents were comprised of an even split (n=75, 50%) between cardiologists and nephrologists. All 41 statements achieved the 75% consensus agreement threshold, of which 27 statements attained very strong consensus (≥90% agreement) and 14 attained strong consensus (agreement between 75% and 90%). Conclusions: Based on the agreement levels from respondents, the steering group agreed a set of recommendations intended to improve patient outcomes in the use of RAASi therapy and HK management in China.
Exercise exerts many beneficial effects on obesity, but the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report a previously unidentified role of the lactate receptor GPR81 in exercise. We observed that GPR81 was significantly up-regulated in white adipose tissues (WAT) upon exercise training in both lean and obese mice. Exercise could induce thermogenesis and beige adipocyte development, whereas such an effect was markedly impaired by the deficiency of GPR81. Furthermore, the activation of GPR81 by exercise and lactate supplementation (250 or 500 mg/kg) yielded a synergistic enhancement of WAT browning and thermogenesis. Yogurt is a dairy product enriched with lactate. A combination of exercise and yogurt intake (20 g/kg) synergistically protected mice against high-fat-diet-induced obesity, as evidenced by decreased body weight, ameliorative dyslipidemia, improved glucose tolerance, and reduced hepatic steatosis. Mechanistically, lactate-GPR81 axis might aid in the norepinephrine-stimulated beige adipocyte biogenesis cascade via the Ca2+/CaMK pathway. Together, these findings reveal the critical role of lactate-GPR81 signaling in exercise-induced WAT browning and provide a new strategy for personalized diet and lifestyle interventions for obesity management.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of central obesity on spinal sagittal balance in adults aged 18 and older by examining correlations between waist and abdominal circumferences and spinopelvic alignment parameters. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 350 adults aged 18 and older. Participants underwent whole-body biplanar radiography using the EOS imaging system. Spinal and pelvic parameters were measured and correlated with body mass index (BMI), waist, and abdominal circumferences (WC, AC). Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for data with non-homogeneous variances, and chi-squared tests for categorical data. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients, with subsequent analyses to explore correlations between body measurements and spinal parameters. RESULTS: The study found significant correlations between increased waist and abdominal circumferences and changes in spinopelvic parameters. However, obesity did not uniformly influence all sagittal alignment parameters. Significant variations in spinal measurements indicate that central obesity plays a role in altering spinal stability and alignment. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the impact of central obesity on spinal alignment and emphasize the importance of considering central obesity in clinical assessments of spinal pathologies. Further research is essential to better understand the relationship between obesity, spinal sagittal balance, and related health conditions.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides future-proof security for data communications over optical networks. Currently, sophisticated QKD systems are developed and the scale of QKD-secured optical networks (QKD-ONs) becomes larger. Given the complex network conditions and dynamic end-to-end security services in QKD-ONs, autonomic management and control becomes a promising paradigm to support end-to-end quality-of-service (QoS) assurance in an efficient and stable way without requiring human intervention. Hence, to enable and utilize the autonomic functionalities over QKD-ONs for realizing the end-to-end QoS assurance becomes a challenge. This work enhances the software defined networking (SDN) technique to tackle this challenge because SDN can add programmability and flexibility for QKD-ON's management and control. A new architecture of SDN-based QKD-ONs supporting autonomic end-to-end QoS assurance is designed, where a knowledge engine with autonomic control loops is developed in the SDN controller. We present the autonomic end-to-end QoS assurance procedure, and the cross-layer collaborative QoS assurance (CLC-QA) strategy for implementing the autonomic functionalities in the network level over QKD-ONs. We also establish an experimental testbed of SDN-based QKD-ONs supporting autonomic end-to-end QoS assurance, and perform the numerical simulation to verify our proposed approaches. Experimental results demonstrate that our presented approaches can achieve the millisecond-level overall latency of 337â ms and 618â ms, during the first and second autonomic adjustment without human intervention in case of the autonomic QoS protection. Moreover, the CLC-QA strategy is evaluated under different traffic loads by being compared with the baseline strategy without cross-layer collaboration. It can improve 22.5% protection success ratio and save 5.7% average key consumption.
OBJECTIVES: To retrospectively assess the periodontal conditions of teeth adjacent to and contralateral to implants presenting with or without peri-implantitis, following non-surgical periodontal and peri-implant mechanical therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and one patients with existing dental implants and chronic periodontitis, who underwent non-surgical periodontal and peri-implant mechanical therapy, were included. The periodontal clinical probing depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at six sites around the adjacent (Adj-) teeth and the contralateral (CL-) teeth relative to the implant. The potential factors influencing the periodontal conditions of 316 teeth were analyzed by multivariate linear regression models with generalized estimating equation methods and α = .05. RESULTS: The PPD of Adj-teeth was significantly different from that of CL-teeth before and after non-surgical therapy when the implant was diagnosed with peri-implantitis (PI) (p < .05). The PPD of teeth was shown to be affected by neighboring implants diagnosed with peri-implantitis (ß = .825 mm, p < .001), teeth adjacent to implants (ß = .245 mm, p = .004), a molar tooth type (ß = .435 mm, p = .019), and non-surgical therapy (ß = -.522 mm, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Relatively compromised periodontal conditions at Adj-teeth after non-surgical PI therapy were detected. Therefore, clinicians should be aware that non-surgical therapy may be less successful at teeth adjacent to implants with PI.
This study aimed to explore the clinical significance of genomics features including tumor mutation burden (TMB) and copy number alteration (CNA) for advanced EGFR mutant lung cancer. We retrospectively identified 1378 patients with advanced EGFR mutant lung cancer and next-generation sequencing tests from three cohorts. Multiple co-occurring genomics alternations occurred in a large proportion (97%) of patients with advanced EGFR mutant lung cancers. Both TMB and CNA were predictive biomarkers for these patients. A joint analysis of TMB and CNA found that patients with high TMB and high CNA showed worse responses to EGFR-TKIs and predicted worse outcomes. TMBhighCNAhigh, as a high-risk genomic feature, showed predictive ability in most of the subgroups based on clinical characteristics. These patients had larger numbers of metastatic sites, and higher rates of EGFR copy number amplification, TP53 mutations, and cell-cycle gene alterations, which showed more potential survival gain from combination treatment. Furthermore, a nomogram based on genomic features and clinical features was developed to distinguish prognosis. Genomic features could stratify prognosis and guide clinical treatment for patients with advanced EGFR mutant lung cancer.
Measurement device independent quantum key distribution (MDI QKD) has attracted growing attention for its immunity to attacks at the measurement unit, but its unique structure limits the secret key rate. Utilizing the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique and reducing error rates are effective strategies for enhancing the secret key rate. Reducing error rates often requires active feedback control of wavelengths using precise external references. However, for a multiwavelength laser, employing multiple references to stabilize each wavelength output places stringent demands on these references and significantly increases system complexity. Here, we demonstrate a stable, wavelength-tunable multiwavelength laser with an output wavelength ranging from 1270 to 1610 nm. Through precise temperature control and stable drive current, we passively lock the laser wavelength, achieving remarkable wavelength stability. This significantly reduce the error rate, leading to an almost doubling of the secret key rate compared to previous experiments. Furthermore, the exceptional wavelength stability offered by our multiwavelength laser, combined with the WDM technique, has further boosted the secret key rate of MDI QKD. With a wide wavelength tuning range of 5.1 nm, our multiwavelength laser facilitates flexible operation across multiple dense wavelength division multiplexing channels. Coupled with high wavelength stability and multiple wavelength outputs simultaneously, this laser offers a promising solution for a high-rate MDI QKD system.
One-dimensional (1D) olivine iron phosphate (FePO4) is widely proposed for electrochemical lithium (Li) extraction from dilute water sources, however, significant variations in Li selectivity were observed for particles with different physical attributes. Understanding how particle features influence Li and sodium (Na) co-intercalation is crucial for system design and enhancing Li selectivity. Here, we investigate a series of FePO4 particles with various features and revealed the importance of harnessing kinetic and chemo-mechanical barrier difference between lithiation and sodiation to promote selectivity. The thermodynamic preference of FePO4 provides baseline of selectivity while the particle features are critical to induce different kinetic pathways and barriers, resulting in different Li to Na selectivity from 6.2 × 102 to 2.3 × 104. Importantly, we categorize the FePO4 particles into two groups based on their distinctly paired phase evolutions upon lithiation and sodiation, and generate quantitative correlation maps among Li preference, morphological features, and electrochemical properties. By selecting FePO4 particles with specific features, we demonstrate fast (636 mA/g) Li extraction from a high Li source (1: 100 Li to Na) with (96.6 ± 0.2)% purity, and high selectivity (2.3 × 104) from a low Li source (1: 1000 Li to Na) with (95.8 ± 0.3)% purity in a single step.
BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 outbreak started in Taiwan in April 2022. The pandemic posed a challenge to pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) because of increased PED visits and diverse clinical presentations. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical characteristics and impact of the Omicron BA.2 pandemic in patients who visited our PED from April 2022 to July 2022. The data from the Alpha variant pandemic during the same period in 2021 were compared with these findings. RESULTS: Overall, 10,878 children were enrolled, and 7047 (64.8%) children were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. They had a mean ± SD age of 5.3 ± 4.1 years. The rates of patients with Pediatric Taiwan Triage and Acuity Scale (Ped-TTAS) level 1 (most urgent) (12.3%) and level 2 (27.6%) increased. More children were triaged as most urgent during the Omicron BA.2 pandemic than during the Alpha variant pandemic (p < 0.001). Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were likely to present with high fever, croup, dyspnea, febrile seizures, headache, dizziness, and myalgia (all p < 0.001). Four hundred and eleven (5.8%) patients were admitted; 25 (0.4%) patients needed intensive care, including 11 (44.0%) with encephalopathy or encephalitis. Three (0.04%) patients died due to fulminant encephalitis, encephalitis with septic shock, and respiratory failure. CONCLUSIONS: The number of PED visits and the Ped-TTAS level of disease severity significantly increased during the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 outbreak. The most common symptom was fever, and high fever was more common in patients with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 infection. The rates of patients with croup and febrile seizures also increased.
PURPOSE: Sipuleucel-T is an autologous cellular immunotherapy that targets prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and is available for treatment of men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). In this single-arm, two-cohort, multicenter clinical study, potential racial differences in immune responses to sipuleucel-T in men with mCRPC were explored. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients' blood samples were obtained to assess serum cytokines, humoral responses, and cellular immunity markers pre- and post-treatment. Baseline cumulative product parameters (total nucleated and CD54+ cell counts, and CD54 upregulation) were evaluated. IgM titers against the immunogen PA2024, the target antigen PAP, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were quantified by ELISA. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity was determined by ELISpots, and cytokine and chemokine concentrations by Luminex. RESULTS: Twenty-nine African Americans (AA) and 28 non-African Americans (non-AA) with mCRPC received sipuleucel-T. Baseline total nucleated cell count, CD54+ cell count, CD54 expression, and cumulative product parameters were higher in non-AA. Although PSA baseline levels were higher in AA, there were no racial differences in IgM antibody and IFN-ï§ ELISpots responses against PA2024, PAP, PSA and PSMA pre- and post-treatment. Expression of co-stimulatory receptor ICOS on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and the levels of Th1 cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and chemokines CCL4 and CCL5, were significantly higher in AA pre- and/or post-treatment. Despite no difference in the overall survival, PSA changes from baseline were significantly different between the two races. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that immune correlates in blood differ in AA and non-AA with mCRPC pre- and post-sipuleucel-T.
High temperature (HT) affects the production of chlorophyll (Chl) pigment and inhibits cellular processes that impair photosynthesis, and growth and development in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying heat stress in rice are not fully understood yet. In this study, we identified two mutants varying in leaf color from the ethylmethanesulfonate mutant library of indica rice cv. Zhongjiazao-17, which showed pale-green leaf color and variegated leaf phenotype under HT conditions. Mut-map revealed that both mutants were allelic, and their phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene PALE GREEN LEAF 10 (PGL10) that encodes NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase B, which is required for the reduction of protochlorophyllide into chlorophyllide in light-dependent tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway-based Chl synthesis. Overexpression-based complementation and CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout analyses confirmed the results of Mut-map. Moreover, qRT-PCR-based expression analysis of PGL10 showed that it expresses in almost all plant parts with the lowest expression in root, followed by seed, third leaf, and then other green tissues in both mutants, pgl10a and pgl10b. Its protein localizes in chloroplasts, and the first 17 amino acids from N-terminus are responsible for signals in chloroplasts. Moreover, transcriptome analysis performed under HT conditions revealed that the genes involved in the Chl biosynthesis and degradation, photosynthesis, and reactive oxygen species detoxification were differentially expressed in mutants compared to WT. Thus, these results indicate that PGL10 is required for maintaining chloroplast function and plays an important role in rice adaptation to HT stress conditions by controlling photosynthetic activity.
Oryza , Photosynthesis , Plant Proteins , Oryza/genetics , Oryza/physiology , Oryza/metabolism , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Chloroplasts/metabolism , Hot Temperature , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Plant Leaves/physiology , Chlorophyll/metabolism , Mutation , Heat-Shock Response/genetics , Loss of Function Mutation , Phenotype , Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors
High-resolution (HR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can reveal rich anatomical structures for clinical diagnoses. However, due to hardware and signal-to-noise ratio limitations, MRI images are often collected with low resolution (LR) which is not conducive to diagnosing and analyzing clinical diseases. Recently, deep learning super-resolution (SR) methods have demonstrated great potential in enhancing the resolution of MRI images; however, most of them did not take the cross-modality and internal priors of MR seriously, which hinders the SR performance. In this paper, we propose a cross-modality reference and feature mutual-projection (CRFM) method to enhance the spatial resolution of brain MRI images. Specifically, we feed the gradients of HR MRI images from referenced imaging modality into the SR network to transform true clear textures to LR feature maps. Meanwhile, we design a plug-in feature mutual-projection (FMP) method to capture the cross-scale dependency and cross-modality similarity details of MRI images. Finally, we fuse all feature maps with parallel attentions to produce and refine the HR features adaptively. Extensive experiments on MRI images in the image domain and k-space show that our CRFM method outperforms existing state-of-the-art MRI SR methods.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the real-world effectiveness and tolerability of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and onabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraine (CM) patients. METHODS: This multicenter study involved retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of CM patients treated with CGRP mAbs or onabotulinumtoxinA, including difficult-to-treat (DTT) patients (i.e., ≥3 preventive failures). Treatment outcomes were determined at 6 months based on prospective headache diaries and Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS). RESULTS: The study included 316 (55 M/261F, mean age 44.4 ± 13.5 years) and 333 (61 M/272F, mean age 47.9 ± 13.4 years) CM patients treated with CGRP mAbs or onabotulinbumtoxinA, respectively. At 6 months, CGRP mAb treatment was associated with a greater decrease in monthly migraine days (MMDs) (-13.0 vs. -8.7 days/month, p < 0.001) and a higher ≥50% responder rate (RR) (74.7% vs. 50.7%, p < 0.001) compared with onabotulinumtoxinA injections. The findings were consistent in DTT patients (-13.0 vs. -9.1 MMDs, p < 0.001; ≥50% RR: 73.9% vs. 50.3%, p < 0.001) or those with medication-overuse headache (MOH) (-13.3 vs. -9.0 MMDs, p < 0.001; ≥50% RR: 79.0% vs. 51.6%, p < 0.001). Besides, patients receiving CGRP mAbs had greater improvement (-42.2 vs. -11.8, p < 0.001) and a higher ≥50% RR (62.0% vs. 40.0%, p = 0.001) in MIDAS scores and a lower rate of adverse events (AEs) (6.0% vs. 21.0%, p < 0.001). However, none of the patients discontinued treatment due to AEs. CONCLUSIONS: In this multicenter, real-world study, CGRP mAbs were more effective than onabotulinumtoxinA in CM patients, even in DTT or MOH patients. All of these injectables were well tolerated. Further prospective studies are needed to verify these findings.
Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution has emerged as a significant concern due to its detrimental effects on human health and the ecosystem. Catalytic removal of O3 has proven to be the most efficient and cost-effective method. However, its practical application faces substantial challenges, particularly in relation to its effectiveness across the entire humidity range. Herein, we proposed a novel strategy termed "dual active sites" by employing graphitized carbon-loaded core-shell cobalt catalysts (Co@Co3O4-C). Co@Co3O4-C was synthesized via the pyrolysis of a Co-organic ligand as the precursor. By utilizing this approach, we achieved a nearly constant 100% working efficiency of the Co@Co3O4-C catalyst for catalyzing O3 decomposition across the entire humidity range. Physicochemical characterization coupled with density functional theory calculations elucidates that the presence of encapsulated metallic Co nanoparticles enhances the reactivity of the cobalt oxide capping layer. Additionally, the interface carbon atom, strongly influenced by adjacent metallic Co nuclei, functions as a secondary active site for the decomposition of O3 decomposition. The utilization of dual active sites effectively mitigates the competitive adsorption of H2O molecules, thus isolating them for adsorption in the cobalt oxide capping layer. This optimized configuration allows for the decomposition of O3 without interference from moisture. Furthermore, O3 decomposition monolithic catalysts were synthesized using a material extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, which demonstrated a low pressure drop and exceptional mechanical strength. This work provides a "dual active site" strategy for the O3 decomposition reaction, realizing O3 catalytic decomposition over the entire humidity range.
Understanding cellular force transmission dynamics is crucial in mechanobiology. We developed the DNA-based ForceChrono probe to measure force magnitude, duration, and loading rates at the single-molecule level within living cells. The ForceChrono probe circumvents the limitations of in vitro single-molecule force spectroscopy by enabling direct measurements within the dynamic cellular environment. Our findings reveal integrin force loading rates of 0.5-2 pN/s and durations ranging from tens of seconds in nascent adhesions to approximately 100 s in mature focal adhesions. The probe's robust and reversible design allows for continuous monitoring of these dynamic changes as cells undergo morphological transformations. Additionally, by analyzing how mutations, deletions, or pharmacological interventions affect these parameters, we can deduce the functional roles of specific proteins or domains in cellular mechanotransduction. The ForceChrono probe provides detailed insights into the dynamics of mechanical forces, advancing our understanding of cellular mechanics and the molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction.
The support has been provided by clinical trials and guidelines for managing patent foramen ovale (PFO) in adults; however, the optimal approach is still unclear for treating PFO in pediatric patients. PFO and its associated clinical syndromes, imaging diagnosis, and management in pediatric patients were analyzed by a comprehensive analysis. Extensive research was performed using electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and EMBASE. This review includes the studies published until February 1st, 2024. A total of 583 articles were obtained, of which 54 were included in the comprehensive review. Numerous evidences have indicated that a right-to-left shunt through a PFO may be involved in cryptogenic stroke in children, although the connection between migraine and aura has not been substantiated by robust evidence. Children with sickle cell disease and a PFO were at higher risks of paradoxical embolization, rare syndromes caused by PFO could also occur in children such as platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome, myocardial infarction, and decompression sickness. Contrast transthoracic echocardiography was deemed the most appropriate examination for children due to its favorable transthoracic windows, eliminating the need for anesthesia. This review suggested that the additional treatment was not needed as no evidence was provided for potential future complications linked to isolated PFO in children. For children facing unique circumstances related to PFO, a customized interdisciplinary consultation is essential prior to considering medical interventions.
Atoh7 is transiently expressed in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and is required for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation. In humans, a deletion in a distal non-coding regulatory region upstream of ATOH7 is associated with optic nerve atrophy and blindness. Here, we functionally interrogate the significance of the Atoh7 regulatory landscape to retinogenesis in mice. Deletion of the Atoh7 enhancer structure leads to RGC deficiency, optic nerve hypoplasia, and retinal blood vascular abnormalities, phenocopying inactivation of Atoh7. Further, loss of the Atoh7 remote enhancer impacts ipsilaterally projecting RGCs and disrupts proper axonal projections to the visual thalamus. Deletion of the Atoh7 remote enhancer is also associated with the dysregulation of axonogenesis genes, including the derepression of the axon repulsive cue Robo3. Our data provide insights into how Atoh7 enhancer elements function to promote RGC development and optic nerve formation and highlight a key role of Atoh7 in the transcriptional control of axon guidance molecules.
This study introduces catalytic infrared radiation (CIR) heating technology as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional grape lye peeling (LP). The effects of heating time and distance on non-frozen and frozen grapes were assessed for temperature, peeling performance, and quality attributes. The findings indicate that CIR heating achieves complete dry-peeling of grapes. Extended heating times and reduced distances improve peeling performance, with more favorable results observed in frozen grapes compared to non-frozen ones. Grapes peeled using CIR demonstrated enhanced hardness, color, sugar-acid ratio, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity, compared to those peeled using LP. Importantly, the frozen samples preserved their quality after CIR dry-peeling treatment. Based on peeling performance and quality attributes, the optimum heating times are established at 160 s for non-frozen grapes and 50 s for frozen grapes, at a heating distance of 5 cm. Therefore, CIR dry-peeling is recommended as an eco-friendly and quality-enhancing sustainable grape processing technology.
