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BACKGROUND: Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) often presents with aggressive clinical behaviour that may require multimodality treatment based on reliable prognostication. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic ability of five online web-based tools to predict the clinical behaviour of OTSCC resection and biopsy samples. METHODS: A total of 135 OTSCC resection cases and 33 OTSCC biopsies were included to predict recurrence and survival. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC), χ2 tests, and calibration plots constructed to estimate the prognostic power of each tool. RESULTS: The tool entitled 'Prediction of risk of Locoregional Recurrences in Early OTSCC' presented an accuracy of 82%. The tool, 'Head & Neck Cancer Outcome Calculator' for 10-year cancer-related mortality had an accuracy 77% and AUC 0.858. The other tool entitled 'Cancer Survival Rates' for 5-year mortality showed an accuracy of 74% and AUC of 0.723. For biopsy samples, 'Cancer Survival Prediction Calculators' predicted the recurrence free survival with an accuracy of 70%. CONCLUSIONS: Web-based tools can aid in clinical decision making of OTSCC. Three of five online web-based tools could predict recurrence risk and cancer-related mortality in resected OTSCC and one tool could help in clinical decision making for biopsy samples.
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COVID-19, a respiratory illness with a global impact on millions, has recently been linked to manifestations affecting various bodily systems, including the oral cavity. Studies highlight oral issues, like ulcers, blisters, and white patches, alongside olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, influencing an individual's quality of life. In this context, our study aimed to assess the frequency of oral lesions, olfactory and gustatory disorders, and xerostomia resulting from COVID-19. An observational study was conducted with 414 patients to evaluate the frequency of oral symptoms resulting from COVID-19. Patients were diagnosed with mild symptoms and evaluated through clinical examination of the oral cavity and a questionnaire to assess functional alterations. The findings showed that 139 out of 414 patients presented clinical manifestations, with oral lesions being the most prevalent (19.1%), followed by gustatory disorders (18.1%), xerostomia (14.2%), and olfactory dysfunction (14%). The most prevalent oral lesions were ulcerations (n = 51), candidiasis (n = 8), and erythema or red plaques (n = 7). Unfortunately, 50 (12.1%) patients died during this study. Therefore, oral lesions, olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, and xerostomia are common symptoms associated with COVID-19.
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3D in vitro systems offer advantages over the shortcomings of two-dimensional models by simulating the morphological and functional features of in vivo-like environments, such as cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, as well as the co-culture of different cell types. Nevertheless, these systems present technical challenges that limit their potential in cancer research requiring cell line- and culture-dependent standardization. This protocol details the use of a magnetic 3D bioprinting method and other associated techniques (cytotoxicity assay and histological analysis) using oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line, HSC3, which offer advantages compared to existing widely used approaches. This protocol is particularly timely, as it validates magnetic bioprinting as a method for the rapid deployment of 3D cultures as a tool for compound screening and development of heterotypic cultures such as co-culture of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells with cancer-associated fibroblasts (HSC3/CAFs).
Subject(s)
Bioprinting , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Coculture Techniques , Mouth Neoplasms , Printing, Three-Dimensional , Spheroids, Cellular , Humans , Mouth Neoplasms/pathology , Bioprinting/methods , Cell Line, Tumor , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Coculture Techniques/methods , Spheroids, Cellular/pathology , Cell Culture Techniques, Three Dimensional/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Associations between the WNT5A rs566926 variant and non-syndromic orofacial cleft (NSOC) have been reported in different populations. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the role of the rs566926 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in WNT5A and its interactions with SNPs in BMP4, FGFR1, GREM1, MMP2, and WNT3 in the occurrence of NSOC in a Brazilian population. METHODOLOGY: A case-control genetic association study was carried out involving participants from four regions of Brazil, totaling 801 patients with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL±P), 273 patients with cleft palate only (NSCPO), and 881 health volunteers without any congenital condition (control). Applying TaqMan allelic discrimination assays, we evaluated WNT5A rs566926 in an ancestry-structured multiple logistic regression analysis, considering sex and genomic ancestry as covariates. Interactions between rs566926 and variants in genes involved in the WNT5A signaling pathway (BMP4, FGFR1, GREM1, MMP2, and WNT3) were also explored. RESULTS: WNT5A rs566926 was significantly associated with an increased risk of NSCL±P, particularly due to a strong association with non-syndromic cleft lip only (NSCLO), in which the C allele increased the risk by 32% (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.04-1.67, p=0.01). According to the proportions of European and African genomic ancestry, the association of rs566926 reached significant levels only in patients with European ancestry. Multiple interactions were detected between WNT5A rs566926 and BMP4 rs2071047, GREM1 rs16969681 and rs16969862, and FGFR1 rs7829058. CONCLUSION: The WNT5A rs566926 polymorphism was associated with NSCL±P, particularly in individuals with NSCLO and high European ancestry. Epistatic interactions involving WNT5A rs566926 and variants in BMP4, GREM1, and FGFR1 may contribute to the risk of NSCL±P in the Brazilian population.
Subject(s)
Cleft Lip , Cleft Palate , Humans , Cleft Lip/genetics , Cleft Palate/genetics , Genotype , Brazil , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Case-Control Studies , Wnt-5a Protein/geneticsABSTRACT
Given the heterogeneity of different malignant processes, planning cancer treatment is challenging. According to recent studies, natural products are likely to be effective in cancer prevention and treatment. Among bioactive flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables, kaempferol (KMP) is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. This systematic review aims to highlight the potential therapeutic effects of KMP on different types of solid malignant tumors. This review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Searches were performed in EMBASE, Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration Library, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. After the application of study criteria, 64 studies were included. In vitro experiments demonstrated that KMP exerts antitumor effects by controlling tumor cell cycle progression, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion, as well as by inhibiting angiogenesis. KMP was also able to inhibit important markers that regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhanced the sensitivity of cancer cells to traditional drugs used in chemotherapy, including cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. This flavonoid is a promising therapeutic compound and its combination with current anticancer agents, including targeted drugs, may potentially produce more effective and predictable results.
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A systematic review (SR) requires several steps to be conducted. A major and initial challenge is to formulate a focused research question that may have high scientific relevance to provide evidence-based results and strategies. This narrative mini-review aims to present different categories of systematic reviews currently applied in Head and Neck Cancers (HNC), focusing on the strategies to provide results for evidence-based decision making. The SRs identified were of intervention, diagnostic testing, prognosis, in vitro and in vivo studies, prevalence, and epidemiological studies, and of association and risk factors. Focused questions that define the type of review, whether it is a therapy question (intervention), a question of prevalence or an outcome (prognosis) of disease, are discussed. Additionally, the importance in building interesting research questions and following all proposed steps to produce quality evidence are highlighted. This narrative mini-review may guide future research by showing how to perform and report relevant evidence in terms of HNC.
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BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of single cell invasion and large nuclear diameter is not well documented in early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). METHODS: We used hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections to evaluate the presence of single cell invasion and large nuclei in a multicenter cohort of 311 cases treated for early-stage OTSCC. RESULTS: Single cell invasion was associated in multivariable analysis with poor disease-specific survival (DSS) with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.089 (95% CI 1.224-3.566, P = 0.007), as well as with disease-free survival (DFS) with a HR of 1.666 (95% CI 1.080-2.571, P = 0.021). Furthermore, large nuclei were associated with worse DSS (HR 2.070, 95% CI 1.216-3.523, P = 0.007) and with DFS in multivariable analysis (HR 1.645, 95% CI 1.067-2.538, P = 0.024). CONCLUSION: Single cell invasion and large nuclei can be utilized for classifying early OTSCC into risk groups.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Head and Neck Neoplasms , Tongue Neoplasms , Humans , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/pathology , Prognosis , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Tongue Neoplasms/pathology , Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology , Neoplasm Staging , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common and lethal type of head and neck cancer in the world. Variable response and acquisition of resistance to traditional therapies show that it is essential to develop novel strategies that can provide better outcomes for the patient. Understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of cell death control has increased rapidly in recent years. Activation of cell death pathways, such as the emerging forms of non-apoptotic programmed cell death, including ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, NETosis, parthanatos, mitoptosis and paraptosis, may represent clinically relevant novel therapeutic opportunities. This systematic review summarizes the recently described forms of cell death in OSCC, highlighting their potential for informing diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Original studies that explored any of the selected cell deaths in OSCC were included. Electronic search, study selection, data collection and risk of bias assessment tools were realized. The literature search was carried out in four databases, and the extracted data from 79 articles were categorized and grouped by type of cell death. Ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis represented the main forms of cell death in the selected studies, with links to cancer immunity and inflammatory responses, progression and prognosis of OSCC. Harnessing the potential of these pathways may be useful in patient-specific prognosis and individualized therapy. We provide perspectives on how these different cell death types can be integrated to develop decision tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of OSCC.
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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral malignancy, representing 90% of all malignant neoplasms in the head and neck region. Patients with this aggressive tumor have an overall 5-year survival rate of approximately 50%, which drops to less than 30% when tumors are diagnosed at advanced clinical stages. Over decades, several studies provided high-level evidence of the impact of histopathological features on treatment guidelines and prognosis of OSCC. The 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system recognized the importance of depth of invasion to the T category and extranodal extension to the N category for OSCC. This review provides the current knowledge on emerging histopathological parameters identified as potential biomarkers for OSCC, such as depth of invasion, tumor thickness, the pattern of invasion, inflammatory profile, and tumor-stroma ratio, evaluating their clinical relevance on patient outcomes. Analysis, limitations, and potential biological mechanisms are highlighted and discussed. Assessing and reporting these markers are cost-effective and can be incorporated into daily practice.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Head and Neck Neoplasms , Mouth Neoplasms , Humans , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/pathology , Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis , Mouth Neoplasms/pathology , Prognosis , Neoplasm Staging , Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Abstract Associations between the WNT5A rs566926 variant and non-syndromic orofacial cleft (NSOC) have been reported in different populations. Objective This study aimed to investigate the role of the rs566926 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in WNT5A and its interactions with SNPs in BMP4, FGFR1, GREM1, MMP2, and WNT3 in the occurrence of NSOC in a Brazilian population. Methodology A case-control genetic association study was carried out involving participants from four regions of Brazil, totaling 801 patients with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL±P), 273 patients with cleft palate only (NSCPO), and 881 health volunteers without any congenital condition (control). Applying TaqMan allelic discrimination assays, we evaluated WNT5A rs566926 in an ancestry-structured multiple logistic regression analysis, considering sex and genomic ancestry as covariates. Interactions between rs566926 and variants in genes involved in the WNT5A signaling pathway (BMP4, FGFR1, GREM1, MMP2, and WNT3) were also explored. Results WNT5A rs566926 was significantly associated with an increased risk of NSCL±P, particularly due to a strong association with non-syndromic cleft lip only (NSCLO), in which the C allele increased the risk by 32% (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.04-1.67, p=0.01). According to the proportions of European and African genomic ancestry, the association of rs566926 reached significant levels only in patients with European ancestry. Multiple interactions were detected between WNT5A rs566926 and BMP4 rs2071047, GREM1 rs16969681 and rs16969862, and FGFR1 rs7829058. Conclusion The WNT5A rs566926 polymorphism was associated with NSCL±P, particularly in individuals with NSCLO and high European ancestry. Epistatic interactions involving WNT5A rs566926 and variants in BMP4, GREM1, and FGFR1 may contribute to the risk of NSCL±P in the Brazilian population.
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The aim of this systematic review was to describe the clinical and genetic features of syndromes showing oligodontia as a sign. The review was performed according to the PRISMA 2020 checklist guidelines, and the search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs, Web of science, Livivo, and EMBASE and supplemented by a gray literature search on Google Scholar and ProQuest, applying key terms relevant to the research questions. The systematic review identified 47 types of syndromes in 83 studies, and the most common was hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, which was reported in 24 patients in 22 studies. Other common syndromes that reported oligodontia included Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, Witkop's syndrome, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, blepharocheilodontic syndrome, and oculofaciocardiodental syndrome. The X-linked mode of inheritance was the most reported (n = 13 studies), followed by the autosomal dominant (n = 13 studies). The review describes the main syndromes that may have oligodontia as a clinical sign and reinforces the need for orodental-facial examining for adequate diagnosis and treatment of the affected patients. Molecular analysis in order to better understand the occurrence of oligodontia is imperative.
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Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare salivary gland tumor that accounts for approximately 1% of all head and neck cancers. Despite its initial indolent behavior, long-term survival is poor due to locoregional recurrence in approximately 40% and distant metastasis in up to 60% of patients who undergo radical treatment. The histological parameters of ACC and the combination of these parameters in histopathological grading systems provide valuable prognostic information about the clinical course of the disease. Within this context, this review aims to analyze the impact of histopathological parameters, individual or combined in histopathological grading systems of malignancy, on ACC prognosis. Individual histopathological parameters such as solid pattern, presence of tumor necrosis, high-grade transformation, dominance of the epithelial component, presence of perineural and lymphovascular invasion, and positive surgical margins have negative impacts on the survival of patients with ACC. There are currently four histopathological grading systems for ACC; however, few studies have validated these systems and most of them explored small cohorts with short follow-up. Considering that the application of grading systems has been associated with ACC prognosis, a broader validation will allow not only their use for prognostic prediction but also assist in treatment planning.
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Advances in the development of pharmacological treatment in oral cancer require tumor models capable of simulating the complex biology of the tumor microenvironment. The spread of three-dimensional models has changed the scenery of in vitro cell culture techniques, contributing to translational oncology. Still, the full extent of their application in preclinical drug trials is yet to be understood. Therefore, the present scoping review protocol was established to screen the literature on using three-dimensional cell culture models in drug-testing assays in the context of oral cancer. This scoping review will be conducted based on the guidelines established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Review guidelines (PRISMA-ScR). We will search the PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases, as well as the gray literature, including peer-reviewed research articles involving 3D models applied to drug-assessment assays in oral cancer published from 1 March 2013 until 1 March 2023. Data will be charted, and findings will be described according to the predetermined questions of interest. We will present these findings in a narrative manner.
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PURPOSE: The CCR5/CCL5 axis is essential for interactions between malignant cells and microenvironment components, promoting tumor progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aims to evaluate the association of CCL5 and CCR5 with the behavior of oral cancer and assess the therapeutic potential of a CCR5 antagonist. METHODS: A retrospective study to analyze CCR5 and CCL5 expression on paraffin-embedded tissues was performed. In cell lines, rhCCL5 was added to induce CCR5-related pathways, and Maraviroc and shRNA against CCR5 were used to neutralize the receptor. Finally, an in vivo murine orthotopic xenograft model of tongue cancer was used to evaluate Maraviroc as an oncologic therapy. After 15 days, the mice were killed, and the primary tumors and cervical lymph nodes were analyzed. RESULTS: The expression of CCR5 was associated with clinical stage and metastasis, and CCL5 was related to overall survival. Adding rhCCL5 induced cell proliferation, while shRNA and Maraviroc reduced it in a dose-dependent manner. Maraviroc treatment also increased apoptosis and modified cytoskeletal organization. In vivo, Maraviroc reduced neck metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of CCR5 antagonists in OSCC have been poorly studied, and this study reports in vitro and in vivo evidence for the effects of Maraviroc in OSCC. Our results suggest that the CCR5/CCL5 axis plays a role in oral cancer behavior, and that its inhibition is a promising new therapy alternative.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Head and Neck Neoplasms , Mouth Neoplasms , Humans , Animals , Mice , Maraviroc/pharmacology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck , Retrospective Studies , Cell Line, Tumor , Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy , RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism , Tumor Microenvironment , Chemokine CCL5/genetics , Chemokine CCL5/metabolismABSTRACT
Systematic reviews (SRs) of preclinical studies are marked with poor methodological quality. In vitro studies lack assessment tools to improve the quality of preclinical research. This methodological study aimed to identify, collect, and analyze SRs based on cell culture studies to highlight the current appraisal tools utilized to support the development of a validated critical appraisal tool for cell culture in vitro research. SRs, scoping reviews, and meta-analyses that included cell culture studies and used any type of critical appraisal tool were included. Electronic search, study selection, data collection and methodological quality (MQ) assessment tool were realized. Further, statistical analyses regarding possible associations and correlations between MQ and collected data were performed. After the screening process, 82 studies remained for subsequent analysis. A total of 32 different appraisal tools were identified. Approximately 60% of studies adopted pre-structured tools not designed for cell culture studies. The most frequent instruments were SYRCLE (n = 14), OHAT (n = 9), Cochrane Collaboration's tool (n = 7), GRADE (n = 6), CONSORT (n = 5), and ToxRTool (n = 5). The studies were divided into subgroups to perform statistical analyses. A significant association (OR = 5.00, 95% CI = 1.54-16.20, p = 0.008) was found between low MQ and chronic degenerative disorders as topic of SR. Several challenges in collecting information from the included studies led to some modifications related to the previously registered protocol. These results may serve as a basis for further development of a critical appraisal tool for cell culture studies capable of capturing all the essential factors related to preclinical research, therefore enhancing the practice of evidence-based.
Subject(s)
Cell Culture Techniques , Research Design , Systematic Reviews as Topic , Data CollectionABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The study evaluated the association of BMP4 tag-SNPs and SNP-SNP interactions involving genes active by BMP4 pathway during craniofacial development in the susceptibility of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (NSOC) in the Brazilian population. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Brazilian Oral Cleft Group. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 881 healthy controls and 800 patients with different types of NSOC: 232 with cleft lip only (NSCLO), 568 with cleft lip and palate (NSCLP), and 274 with cleft palate only (NSCPO). INTERVENTIONS: The genomic DNA was genotyped with allelic discrimination assays for five BMP4 tag-SNPs (rs11623717, rs17563, rs2071047, rs2761887 and rs4898820), and analyzed their allelic and genotypic associations using multiple logistic regression. The interactions of these variants with genes involved in the BMP4 signaling pathway, including FGFR1, GREM1, NOG, VAX1 and the 4p16.2 locus, were explored. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: BMP4 variants in the NSOC risk. RESULTS: Although only nominal p values were identified when the whole sample was considered, subgroup analysis including the patients with high African genomic ancestry showed significant associations of rs2761887 with risk for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL ± P)[(ORhom: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.21-3.85; p = 0.01) and (ORrec: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.21-3.47; p = 0.006)]. Thirteen significant SNP-SNP interactions involving BMP4 and the SNPs at FGFR1, GREM1, NOG and VAX1 and at locus 4p16.2 for increased risk of NSCL ± P were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate an increased risk of NSCL ± P in Brazilian individuals with enrichment of African ancestry in the presence of the BMP4 rs2762887 polymorphism, and reveal relevant genetic contribution of SNP-SNP epistatic interactions involving BMP4 variants to NSCL ± P risk.
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BACKGROUND: The expression of heat-shock protein 47 (HSP47) has been linked to collagen synthesis control and implicated in fibrotic disorders, but more recent studies have demonstrated its role in solid tumors. In this study, we explored the prognostic impact of HSP47 in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and determined the in vitro effects of its loss-of-function on viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and resistance to cisplatin of OSCC cells. METHODS: The HSP47 expression in tumor samples was assessed by immunohistochemistry in two independent cohorts totaling 339 patients with OSCC, and protein levels were associated with clinicopathological features and survival outcomes. The OSCC cell lines HSC3 and SCC9 were transduced with lentivirus expressing short hairpin RNA to stably silence HSP47 and used in assays to measure cellular viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion. RESULTS: HSP47 was overexpressed in OSCC samples, and its overexpression was significantly and independently associated with poor disease-specific survival and shortened disease-free survival in both OSCC cohorts. The knockdown of HSP47 showed no effects on cell viability or cisplatin sensitivity, but impaired significantly proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells, with stronger effects on SCC9 cells. CONCLUSION: Our results show a significant prognostic impact of HSP47 overexpression in OSCC and reveal that HSP47 inhibition impairs the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells. HSP47 may represent a potential therapeutic target for OSCC.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Head and Neck Neoplasms , Mouth Neoplasms , Humans , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck , HSP47 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics , HSP47 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism , Mouth Neoplasms/pathology , Cisplatin/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/genetics , Cell Movement/geneticsABSTRACT
Background: Adverse reactions, caused during the inflammation and healing process, or even later, can be induced by the injection of dermal filler and can present a variety of clinical and histological characteristics. In this study we aimed to review the adverse reactions associated with the injection of aesthetic filling materials in the face and neck. Material and methods: The review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. Studies published that mentioned adverse reactions in patients with aesthetic filling materials in the face or neck were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tool. After a 2-step selection process, 74 studies were included: 51 case reports, 18 serial cases, and five cohorts. Results: A total of 303 patients from 20 countries were assessed. Lesions were more prevalent in the lip (18%), nasolabial folds (13%), cheeks (13%), chin (10%), submental (8%), glabella (7%), and forehead (6%). Histopathological analysis revealed a foreign body granuloma in 87.1% of the patients, 3% inflammatory granuloma, 3% lipogranuloma, 2.3% xanthelasma-like reaction, 1% fibrotic reaction, 0.7% amorphous tissues, 0.7% xanthelasma, 0.3% sclerosing lipogranuloma, 0.3% siliconoma, and 0.3% foreign body granuloma with scleromyxedema. In addition, two patients displayed keratoacanthoma and two others displayed sarcoidosis after cutaneous filling. The most commonly used materials were silicone fillers (19.7%), hyaluronic acid (15.5%), and hydroxyethyl methacrylate/ethyl methacrylate suspended in hyaluronic acid acrylic hydrogel (5.6%). All patients were treated, and only 12 had prolonged complications. (AU)