Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative bacteria (GNB) is of critical importance, but data for Peru are not available. To fill this gap, a non-interventional hospital-based surveillance study was conducted in 15 hospitals across Peru from July 2017 to October 2019. Consecutive unique blood culture isolates of key GNB (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp.) recovered from hospitalized patients were collected for centralized antimicrobial susceptibility testing, along with linked epidemiological and clinical data. A total of 449 isolates were included in the analysis. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) was present in 266 (59.2%) GNB isolates. Among E. coli (n = 199), 68.3% showed 3GC resistance (i.e., above the median ratio for low- and middle-income countries in 2020 for this sustainable development goal indicator). Carbapenem resistance was present in 74 (16.5%) GNB isolates, with wide variation among species (0% in E. coli, 11.0% in K. pneumoniae, 37.0% in P. aeruginosa, and 60.8% in Acinetobacter spp. isolates). Co-resistance to carbapenems and colistin was found in seven (1.6%) GNB isolates. Empiric treatment covered the causative GNB in 63.3% of 215 cases. The in-hospital case fatality ratio was 33.3% (92/276). Pseudomonas aeruginosa species and carbapenem resistance were associated with higher risk of in-hospital death. In conclusion, an important proportion of bloodstream infections in Peru are caused by highly resistant GNB and are associated with high in-hospital mortality.
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections , Sepsis , Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Escherichia coli , Prevalence , Peru/epidemiology , Hospital Mortality , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Carbapenems , Gram-Negative Bacteria , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Sepsis/drug therapy , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Correct processing of blood cultures may impact individual patient management, antibiotic stewardship, and scaling up of antimicrobial resistance surveillance. To assess the quality of blood culture processing, we conducted four assessments at 16 public hospitals across different regions of Peru. We assessed the following standardized quality indicators: 1) positivity and contamination rates, 2) compliance with recommended number of bottles/sets and volume of blood sampled, 3) blood culture utilization, and 4) possible barriers for compliance with recommendations. Suboptimal performance was found, with a median contamination rate of 4.2% (range 0-15.1%), with only one third of the participating hospitals meeting the target value of < 3%; and a median positivity rate of 4.9% (range 1-8.1%), with only 6 out of the 15 surveilled hospitals meeting the target of 6-12%. None of the assessed hospitals met both targets. The median frequency of solitary blood cultures was 71.9% and only 8.9% (N = 59) of the surveyed adult bottles met the target blood volume of 8 - 12 mL, whereas 90.5% (N = 602) were underfilled. A high frequency of missed opportunities for ordering blood cultures was found (69.9%, 221/316) among patients with clinical indications for blood culture sampling. This multicenter study demonstrates important shortcomings in the quality of blood culture processing in public hospitals of Peru. It provides a national benchmark of blood culture utilization and quality indicators that can be used to monitor future quality improvement studies and diagnostic stewardship policies.
Blood Culture/standards , Hospitals, Public/standards , Sepsis/diagnosis , Specimen Handling/standards , Blood Culture/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Peru , Quality Control , Sepsis/blood , Specimen Handling/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards
Objetivo. Comunicar el primer reporte de Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasas. El estudio: Diagnóstico microbiológico empleando métodos fenotípicos: sinergia del doble disco, Test de Hodge modificado, inmunocromatografia y la inactivación del carbapenémico. Hallazgos: Se confirmaron cuatro aislamientos (orinas 3 y sangre 1) de K. pneumoniae productoras de carbapenemasas que además presentaron una CMI de 4 y > = 8 para el ertapenem y > = 16 µg/mL a imipenem y meropenem. Conclusiones: los métodos fenotípicos estandarizados son de utilidad en la confirmación de carbapenemasas y con ello una alternativa para la mejor toma de opciones terapéuticas y vigilancia epidemiológica
Objetive. Communicate the first report of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemases. The study: Microbiological diagnosis using phenotypic methods: d o u b l e d i s c s y n e r g y, m o d i f i e d H o d g e t e s t , i m m u n o c h r o m a t o g r a p h y a n d c a r b a p e n e m i c inactivation. Findings: Four isolates (urine 3 and blood 1) of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae were confirmed, which also presented a MIC of 4 and> = 8 for ertapenem and> = 16 µg / mL at imipenem and meropenem. Conclusion: Standardized phenotypic m e t h o d s a r e u s e f u l i n t h e c o n f i r m a t i o n o f carbapenemases and with it an alternative for the best taking of therapeutic options and epidemiological surveillance
Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de bacterias Gram negativas no fermentadoras productoras de carbapenemasas de los servicios de cuidados críticos y emergencias del Hospital Regional Lambayeque, diciembre 2014 - julio 2015. Material y métodos: Se incluyó todos los aislamientos de bacterias Gram negativas no fermentadoras de muestras clínicas en los servicios seleccionados. La detección de carbapanemasas se realizó en dos pasos, primero se selecciónó a los sospechosos usando el método Kirby Bauer con ellos se aplicaron tres métodos, la aproximación de de discos, Hodge modificado y Blue Carba. Resultados: Se analizó 50 asilamientos bacterianos de muestras de secreciones y líquidos provenientes de pacientes con diagnóstico presuntivo de infección, 48% presentó carbapanemasas. Todas las cepas de Acinetobacter baumannii 21/21 presentaron carbapanemasas tipo oxacilinasas y 3/29 epas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa presentaron carbapanemasas tipo metalobetalactamasas. Conclusiones: Casi la mitad de cepas aisladas producen carbapanemasas. La vigilancia de estas cepas y una política para el control de la resistencia antimicrobiana son necesarias de trabajar para evitar la expansión de este problema
Objective: To determine the presence of carbapenemase producing non-fermenting Gram negative bacteria in critical care and emergency services from the Lambayeque Regional Hospital, December 2014 - July 2015. Material and methods: We included all isolates of non-fermenting Gram negative bacteria from clinical samples in the aforementioned services. Carbapenemase detection was performed in a two-step fashion: first, suspected samples were selected using the Kirby Bauer method. These samples underwent three further assessments, double disk approximation, modified Hodge, and Blue Carba tests. Results: Fifty bacterial isolates from secretion and fluid samples taken from patients with a presumptive diagnosis of infectious conditions were analyzed, and 48% of these samples were positive for the presence of carbapenemases. All Acinetobacter baumanii strains (21/21) had oxacillin-type carbapenemases and 3/29 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains had metallo-betalactamase carbapenemases. Conclusions: Almost half of the isolated strains produced carbapenemases. It is necessary to perform surveillance activities on these strains and to have a firm policy for controlling antimicrobial resistance in order to prevent the expansion of these conditions
Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de portadores de bacterias multirresistentes (BMR) y su perfil de resistencia en áreas críticas (UCI-UCIN) de un hospital público al norte del Perú (HRL). Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal durante febrero - mayo 2015 en 48 pacientes y 32 personales de salud. Se consideraron 4 regiones anatómicas para el muestreo y emplearon medios suplementados con antibióticos para el aislamiento primario de BMR. El fenotipo de resistencia fue confirmado por los test de Jarlier, Hodge modificado y susceptibilidad a cefoxitin. Resultados: La frecuencia de portadores de BMR en pacientes y personal asistencial fue del 79,1% y 3,1% respectivamente, además el 89,5% de pacientes ya eran portadores al momento de la admisión procedentes principalmente del servicio de emergencia, siendo la región ano-rectal la principal fuente de aislamientos con 75,0%. Así mismo se determinó que la producción de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) fue el principal fenotipo de resistencia con 77,65%, seguido de la producción de carbapenemasas y meticilino resistencia con 14.2% y 8.24% respectivamente. Conclusiones: Este estudio revela la alta frecuencia de portadores de bacterias multirresistentes en pacientes de áreas críticas del HRL y que la mayoría de estos ingresan ya colonizados principalmente en la región ano-rectal
Objective: To determine the frequency of multiresistant bacteria Carriers (BM) and its profile of resistance in critical areas (ICU-INCU) in a public hospital in northern Peru (HRL). Material and methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted during February to May 2015, in 48 patients and 32 healthcare staff. 4 anatomical regions for sampling were considered and supplemented instruments with antibiotics were used for primary isolation of BM. The resistance phenotype was confirmed by Jailer's test, Modified Hodge and susceptibility to cefoxitin. Results: The frequencies of BM in patients and healthcare staff were 79.1% and 3.1% respectively; also 89.5% of patients were already carriers at the time of admission mainly from Emergency Service, being anorectal region the principal source of isolates with 75.0%. It also was determined that production of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) was the principal resistance phenotype with 77.65%, followed by the production of carbapenemases and methicillin resistance with 14.2% and 8.24% respectively. Conclusions: This study reveals the high frequency of multiresistant bacteria carriers in patients in critical areas of HRL and that most of these already were colonized in the anorectal region
