Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a comprehensive critical review.

Despite treatment advances through immunotherapies, including anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies, the overall prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients remains poor, underscoring the need for novel approaches that offer long-term clinical benefit. This review examined the literature on the subject over the past 20 years to provide an update on the evolving landscape of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy to treat NSCLC, highlighting the crucial role of dendritic cells (DCs) in immune response initiation and regulation. These cells encompass heterogeneous subsets like cDC1s, cDC2s, and pDCs, capable of shaping antigen presentation and influencing T cell activation through the balance between the Th1, Th2, and Th17 profiles and the activation of regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg). The intricate interaction between DC subsets and the high density of intratumoral mature DCs shapes tumor-specific immune responses and impacts therapeutic outcomes. DC-based immunotherapy shows promise in overcoming immune resistance in NSCLC treatment. This article review provides an update on key clinical trial results, forming the basis for future studies to characterize the role of different types of DCs in situ and in combination with different therapies, including DC vaccines.

Perfil Anatomopatológico e Imuno-histoquímico de Gliomas de Pacientes da Região de Maringá-PR / Anatomopathological and Immunohistochemical Profile of Gliomas of Patients in the Region of Maringá-PR / Perfil Anatomopatológico e Inmunohistoquímico de Gliomas en Pacientes la Región de Maringá-PR

Introdução: Os gliomas representam 80% dos tumores do sistema nervoso central. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) adicionou, em 2016, critérios moleculares na classificação dos gliomas. A fisiopatologia e os fatores de risco desses tumores ainda não são totalmente conhecidos. Objetivo: Realizar uma análise retrospectiva dos laudos anatomopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de gliomas. Método: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo e descritivo, a partir de exames anatomopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos realizados entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2018 em um laboratório de anatomia patológica na cidade de Maringá-PR. Dos 234 laudos relacionados com o termo glioma, 204 foram selecionados para este estudo. Resultados: Foram encontrados tumores astrocitários, ependimários e oligodendrogliais, sendo que os astrocitomas corresponderam à maioria (86,8% dos casos encontrados). A média de idade ao diagnóstico foi de 51,8 anos e houve maior prevalência desses tumores no sexo masculino. Também foram analisadas mutações detectáveis por imuno-histoquímica como p53 (mutada em 66,7% dos testados), isocitrato desidrogenase (IDH) (28,6% mutados), X-linked alpha-thalassemia mental retardation (ATRX) (21,0%) e marcadores diagnósticos como o epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) positivo em todos os ependimomas analisados. Conclusão: É inegável a necessidade de novas pesquisas sobre os gliomas tanto no campo epidemiológico, tendo em vista a nova classificação, quanto no escopo fisiopatológico e clínico, com o objetivo de melhorar o entendimento sobre a patologia e o tratamento dos pacientes

Introduction: Gliomas represent 80% of the central nervous system tumors. World Health Organization (WHO) has added, in 2016, molecular features to the classification of gliomas. The pathophysiology and risk factors of these tumors are not yet fully understood. Objective: Perform a retrospective analysis of immunohistochemical and anatomopathological reports of gliomas. Method: Cross-sectional, retrospective and descriptive study carried out from anatomopathological and immunohistochemical exams made between January 2014 and December 2018 in a pathological anatomy laboratory in the city of Maringá-PR. Of the 234 reports related to the term glioma, 204 were selected for this study. Results: Astrocytic, ependymal and oligodendroglial tumors were found, with astrocytomas accounting for the majority (86.8% of the cases found). Mean age at diagnosis was 51.8 years and the prevalence was higher in men. Furthermore, immunohistochemically detectable mutations were analyzed, such as p53 (mutated in 66.7% of those tested), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) (28.6% mutated), X-linked alpha-thalassemia mental retardation (ATRX) (21.0%) and diagnostic markers such as positive epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) in all analyzed ependymomas. Conclusion: The necessity of further researches on gliomas is undeniable , both epidemiologically considering the new classification and within the clinical and pathophysiological scope in order to improve the understanding of the pathology and the treatment for the patients

Introducción: Los gliomas representan 80% de los tumores del sistema nervioso central. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) agregó, en 2016, criterios moleculares sobre como clasificar los gliomas. La fisiopatología y los factores de riesgo de estos tumores aún no se comprenden completamente. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis retrospectivo de informes inmunohistoquímicos y anatomopatológicos de gliomas. Método: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo y descriptivo con base em pruebas anatomopatológicas e inmunohistoquímicas realizadas entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2018 en un laboratorio de anatomía patológica de la ciudad de Maringá-PR. De los 234 informes relacionados con el término glioma, se seleccionaron 204 para este estudio. Resultados: Se encontraron tumores astrocíticos, ependimarios y oligodendrogliales, siendo los astrocitomas la mayoría (86,8% de los casos encontrados). La edad media al diagnóstico fue de 51,8 años y hubo una mayor prevalencia de estos tumores en el sexo masculino. También se analizaron mutaciones detectables inmunohistoquímicamente, como p53 (mutado en 66,7% de los analizados), isocitrato desidrogenase(IDH) (28,6% mutado), X-linked alpha-thalassemia mental retardation (ATRX) (21,0%) y marcadores de diagnóstico como epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) positivo en todos los ependimomas analizados. Conclusión: Es innegable la necesidad de profundizaren las investigaciones sobre los gliomas, tanto en el campo epidemiológico, ante la nueva clasificación, como en el ámbito fisiopatológico y clínico, con el objetivo de mejorar el conocimiento sobre la patología y el tratamiento de los pacientes

The Prevalence of Nondiabetic Renal Diseases in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in the University Hospital of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of nondiabetic renal diseases (NDRDs) in renal biopsies of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in the University Hospital of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Research Design and Methods. We conducted a retrospective study including kidney biopsies performed in diabetic patients between 1987 and 2013. We evaluated 79 biopsies during this period. The primary variable was the prevalence of NDRD in patients with DM. The secondary variables were the presence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), hematuria, time since diagnosis of DM, serum creatinine, and proteinuria levels. The cases were divided into the following groups: isolated diabetic nephropathy (DN-group I), isolated nondiabetic renal diseases (NDRD-group II), associated NDRD/DN (group III), and associated NDRD+NDRD/DN (group IV). RESULTS: Most of the patients (58.22%) presented only alterations arising from DN. NDRDs were present in 41.77% of the patients. Membranous glomerulonephritis (30.3%) and IgA nephropathy (24.24%) were the most prevalent NDRDs. We found no differences between female and male patients with NDRD when assessing the secondary variables. A time since diagnosis of five years or less revealed a statistical difference (p = 0.0005) in the comparison between the isolated DN (group I) and the NDRD+NDRD/DN (group IV). The other secondary variables were not significant in the comparison of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the prevalence of NDRD is 41.77%. Membranous glomerulonephritis was the most prevalent NDRD in our study. We also conclude that the probability of the presence of NDRD with or without concomitant DN is greater for patients who had biopsies with a time since diagnosis of five years or less. A time since diagnosis of ten years or more does not allow the exclusion of the presence of NDRD.

Anus neoplasm: study of a case series

Anus neoplasm accounts for 2 to 4% of colorectal tumors, being more prevalent around the seventh and the eighth decades. Females are mostly affected, and the ratio is 3:1. Its increased prevalence amongst the population in the past years is probably related to the higher number of people that are affected by sexually transmitted diseases, mainly human papillomavirus (types 16 and 18, mostly) and/or the human immunodeficiency virus. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and anatomopathological tests. The treatment of choice is radiochemotherapy, and the rescue surgery with abdominoperineal resection is used for recurrence and persistence cases. A retrospective and prospective longitudinal observational study was performed with 11 patients diagnosed with anal neoplasm from 2004 to 2010. Six (54.5%) were females and five (45.5%) were males. The incidence was higher in the sixth decade, at the mean age of 54.45 years. The most frequent histological type observed was the epidermoid carcinoma, and the most frequent cell differentiation type was the moderately differentiated. Chemotharapy associated with radiotherapy was used in 81.9% of the patients, and abdominoperineal resection was necessary as a rescue surgery in 18.2% of the patients. (AU)

Neoplasias do ânus correspondem de 2 a 4% dos tumores de intestino grosso, sendo predominante nas sétima e oitava décadas. A maior prevalência é em gênero feminino, com proporção de 3:1. O aumento da prevalência na população nos últimos anos provavelmente está relacionado ao número maior de pessoas com doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, principalmente o papilomavírus humano (tipos 16 e 18, mais comumente) e/ou o vírus da imunodeficiência humana. O diagnóstico é feito a partir de achados clínicos somados ao exame anatomopatológico. O tratamento de escolha baseia-se na radioquimioterapia, sendo a cirurgia de resgate com amputação abdominoperineal utilizada para casos de recidiva ou persistência. Foi feito um estudo observacional longitudinal retrospectivo e prospectivo, com 11 pacientes diagnosticados com neoplasia anal no período de 2004 a 2010. Seis (54,5%) eram do gênero feminino e 5 (45,5%) do masculino. O pico de incidência foi em sexta década, com média de idade de 54,45 anos. O tipo histológico mais encontrado foi o carcinoma epidermoide (72,7%), sendo o moderadamente diferenciado o mais frequente grau de diferenciação. A quimioterapia associada à radioterapia foi instituída em 81,9% dos pacientes, sendo necessária a cirurgia de amputação abdominoperineal como terapia de resgate em 18,2% dos pacientes. (AU)