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1.
ABCS health sci ; 49: [1-9], 11 jun. 2024.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1555516

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Olfactory symptoms have been reported as particular in COVID-19 patients. Objective: To synthesize and analyze the existing evidence on the monitoring loss of sense of smell and taste in COVID-19 patients, and for how long symptoms persist after the virus is no longer active in the organism. Methods: A search was implemented in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA, and the risk of bias was assessed through the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO. Results: Our systematic review included data from 14 articles with a total of 2143 participants. The most reported sensory symptom of COVID-19 was anosmia, which was detected in 1499 patients, being the only symptom to appear in all studies. Ageusia was detected in 595 patients, dysgeusia in 514 patients, and hyposmia in 209 patients. The studies provided the number of 729 patients with sensory symptoms during the acute COVID-19 infection of 15 days, and 1020 patients with lasting sensory symptoms, presenting sensory dysfunctions after the average latent period of 15 days of the acute COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: Evidence points to the loss or dysfunction of taste and smell as one of the symptoms of COVID-19 persisting for an average time of 15 days, with 44% of COVID-19 patients with persistent symptoms for more than 15 days. Nevertheless, most studies do not perform a follow-up with those patients. Therefore, further research on sensory symptoms and their follow-up is required.

2.
J Trace Elem Med Biol ; 84: 127446, 2024 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38615498

ABSTRACT

Osteoporosis is associated with an imbalance in bone formation, with certain drugs used in disease treatment being implicated in its development. Supplementation with trace elements may contribute to bone regeneration, offering an alternative approach by enhancing bone mineral density (BMD) and thereby thwarting the onset of osteoporosis. This review aims to assess the mechanisms through which trace elements such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) are linked to increased bone mass, thus mitigating the effects of pharmaceuticals. Our findings underscore that the use of drugs such as aromatase inhibitors (AIs), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), antiretrovirals, glucocorticoids, opioids, or anticonvulsants can result in decreased BMD, a primary contributor to osteoporosis. Research indicates that essential elements like Cu, Fe, Se, Mn, and Zn, through various mechanisms, can bolster BMD and forestall the onset of the disease, owing to their protective effects. Consequently, our study recommends a minimum daily intake of these essential minerals for patients undergoing treatment with the aforementioned drugs, as the diverse mechanisms governing the effects of trace elements Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn facilitate bone remodeling.


Subject(s)
Osteoporosis , Trace Elements , Humans , Osteoporosis/chemically induced , Osteoporosis/drug therapy , Trace Elements/pharmacology , Bone Regeneration/drug effects , Animals , Bone Density/drug effects , Bone and Bones/drug effects , Bone and Bones/metabolism
3.
Food Chem Toxicol ; 186: 114521, 2024 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38369054

ABSTRACT

Phthalates are synthetic plasticizers present in the daily lives of humans, as part of the composition of different products, such as food packaging, water bottles, and toys. These compounds can migrate from plastic materials to the environment changing biological systems. Although diisopentyl phthalate (DiPeP) is largely used in Brazil, there is a lack of information on the possible toxic effects of this compound. This research aims to evaluate the toxicity of DiPeP in the Vero renal cells. These cells were exposed to the 1-1000 µM of DiPeP for 24 and 72 h and subsequently, the cytotoxicity, apoptosis and necrosis-inducing potential, and antioxidant system (SOD, GPx, and GST) were investigated. DiPeP neither caused cytotoxicity nor altered SOD and GPx activity, although GST has been increased at 100 or 1 µM (24 and 72 h, respectively). However, cell death by apoptosis and necrosis was observed. These results indicate that DiPeP caused cell death by a non-oxidative stress-mediated mechanism, which shows the relevance of investigate other process in further researches.


Subject(s)
Diethylhexyl Phthalate , Phthalic Acids , Humans , Plasticizers/toxicity , Phthalic Acids/toxicity , Necrosis/chemically induced , Superoxide Dismutase , Cell Line
4.
Sci Total Environ ; 913: 169317, 2024 Feb 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38104833

ABSTRACT

Exposure to pesticides during pregnancy has been associated with several serious congenital malformations, such as neural tube defects, therefore, is a cause for concern in terms of human health. This review aims to gather information related to maternal exposure during pregnancy and the risk of triggering neural tube defects in the offspring. The search strategy for the studies followed the PRISMA guidelines. We conducted a systematic search in the Science Direct, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for all epidemiological studies that sought to associate exposure to pesticides during embryonic development with the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). The keywords used were "pesticide", "herbicide", "congenital" and "neural". Of the 229 articles, 8 eligible ones (7 case-control and 1 cross-sectional) evaluated pesticide exposure in pregnancy. Different methods were used, including analysis of biological samples and questionnaires. The pesticides studied included insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and nematicides. Insecticides were the most studied, with variations in concentrations between tissues and studies. Distinct levels of pesticides have been detected in maternal serum, placenta, and umbilical cord. Models were statistically adjusted for confounding factors, such as smoking and dietary supplement intakes. Concentrations were measured in different exposure windows (periconception and prenatal), related to NTDs such as anencephaly and spina bifida. Different data collection techniques, types of biological samples, and exposure windows were used, which made comparison difficult. The main pesticides studied included DDT, DDE, HCH, and endosulfan. Maternal serum showed the highest concentrations of pesticides, but detection in placental tissue and umbilical cord confirms embryonic exposure. Confounding variables were adjusted for in the analysis of the articles, but they may still contribute to the risk of NTDs. All the studies analyzed pesticide exposure and the relationship with NTDs. However, a more standardized survey would be ideal for better comparisons.


Subject(s)
Herbicides , Insecticides , Neural Tube Defects , Pesticides , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Pesticides/toxicity , Pesticides/analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Placenta/chemistry , Neural Tube Defects/chemically induced , Neural Tube Defects/epidemiology , Risk Factors
5.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37973294

ABSTRACT

Diisopentyl phthalate (DiPeP) is a plasticizer with significant offer and application in Brazilian industries. This is attributed to its origin, which is closely linked to the refining process of sugarcane for ethanol production in the country. In this work, we developed a model for trophic exposure to environmentally relevant doses (5, 25, and 125 ng/g of DiPeP) to identify possible target tissues and toxic effects promoted by subchronic exposure to DiPeP in a Neotropical catfish species (Rhamdia quelen). After thirty days of exposure, blood, liver, kidney, brain, and muscle were collected and studied regarding DNA damage in blood cells and biochemical analyses. The kidney was the most affected organ, as in the head kidney, genotoxicity was evidenced in all groups exposed to DiPeP. Besides, the caudal kidney showed a reduction in the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities as well as a reduced glutathione concentration. In the liver, exposure to 125 ng/g of DiPeP increased glutathione S-transferase activity and reduced glutathione levels. In muscle, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was reduced. However, in the brain, an increase in AChE activity was observed after the exposure to lowest doses. In contrast, a significant reduction of brain AChE activity after exposure to the highest dose was detected. The pronounced genotoxicity observed in head kidney cells is of concern, as it may compromise different functions performed by this organ (e.g., hematopoiesis, immune and endocrine functions). In our study, DiPeP proved to be a compound of environmental concern since we have evidenced its nephrotoxic and neurotoxic potential even in low doses.


Subject(s)
Catfishes , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Catfishes/physiology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Acetylcholinesterase , Glutathione , Liver , DNA Damage , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
6.
Biol Trace Elem Res ; 2023 Oct 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37803188

ABSTRACT

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for human health and plays an important role in the development and maintenance of central nervous system functions. Se deficiency has been associated with cognitive decline and increased oxidative stress. The increase in oxidative stress is one of the hypotheses for the emergence and worsening of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate the neuroprotective effects of organic Se compounds in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) differentiated into cholinergic neurons-like. The SH-SY5Y cells were differentiated into cholinergic neuron-like with retinoic acid (RA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). AD was mimicked exposing the cells to okadaic acid (OA) and beta-amyloid protein (Aß). The neuroprotective effect of organic Se compounds, selenomethionine (SeMet) and Ebselen, was evaluated through cell viability tests, acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzyme activities, and detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS). None of the SeMet concentrations tested protected against the toxic effect of OA + Aß. On the other hand, previous exposure to 0.1 and 1 µM Ebselen protected cells from the toxic effect of OA + Aß. Cell differentiation induced by RA and BDNF exposure was effective, showing characteristics of neuronal cells, and pointing to a promising model of AD. Ebselen showed a protective effect, but more studies are needed to identify the mechanism of action.

7.
Metabolites ; 13(9)2023 Aug 27.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37755255

ABSTRACT

Vaccination programs in the first years of a child's life are effective and extremely important strategies for the successful eradication of diseases. However, as no intervention is without risks, the metal-based components of some vaccines, such as thimerosal (TMS), a preservative composed of ethylmercury, and aluminum (Al), have begun to generate distrust on the part of the population. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of exposure to thimerosal and aluminum hydroxide (alone or in mixture) on Danio rerio (zebrafish) specimens. The fish were exposed to thimerosal and/or aluminum hydroxide intraperitoneally. The liver, kidney, and brain were removed for a biochemical biomarker analysis, histopathological analysis, and metal quantification. As a result, we observed changes in the activity of the analyzed enzymes (SOD, GST, GPx) in the kidney and brain of the zebrafish, a reduction in GSH levels in all analyzed tissues, and a reduction in MT levels in the kidney and liver as well as in the brain. Changes in AChE enzyme activity were observed. The biochemical results corroborate the changes observed in the lesion index and histomorphology sections. We emphasize the importance of joint research on these compounds to increase the population's safety against their possible toxic effects.

8.
Environ Pollut ; 334: 122187, 2023 Oct 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37442326

ABSTRACT

Dicamba has been used worldwide for 60 years, but few studies have been conducted on its environmental safety and health effects. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the acute toxicity, teratogenic effects, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity of Dicamba in zebrafish embryos. Embryos were exposed to concentrations of 4.5, 18, 72, and 288 mg/L of Dicamba for 96 h. Among the teratogenic effects, yolk sac edema predominated, besides malabsorption of nutrients (grayish yolk sac). The presence of edema may indicate problems with circulation and water efflux from the embryos, which may be related to kidney and cardiovascular problems. Other effects such as hemorrhage, spinal and eye malformations, and dwarfism were also observed. The hatching rate was reduced in the highest concentration, and in the other concentrations, a decrease was noticeable indicating a delay in development. Neurotoxic effects were also observed. Oxidative stress analysis showed a significant decrease in SOD at all concentrations and an increase in GPx, GSH, and LPO at 288 mg/L of Dicamba. It was observed that the herbicide is capable of causing teratogenic effects, developmental delay, and oxidative stress. These results show that exposure to Dicamba, in a commercial formulation, can bring risks during embryonic development. In addition, it highlights the need for further studies on the effects of the herbicide and a reassessment of toxicity categorization.


Subject(s)
Herbicides , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Zebrafish , Herbicides/metabolism , Dicamba , Embryo, Nonmammalian , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism , Oxidative Stress
9.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 30(10): 27996-28009, 2023 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36385344

ABSTRACT

The presence of phthalates constitutes a risk to the health of aquatic environments and organisms. This work aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of di-iso-pentyl-phthalate (DiPeP) at environmentally relevant concentrations of 5, 25, and 125 µg/L in Danio rerio after subchronic exposure for 14 days. DiPeP altered the antioxidant system in the liver (125 µg/L), intestine (25 µg/L), brain, and gills in all concentrations tested. In animals exposed to 125 µg/L, DNA damage was identified in the gills. In addition, loss of cell boundary of hepatocytes, vascular congestion, necrosis in the liver, and presence of immune cells in the intestinal lumen were observed. Erythrocytic nuclear alterations in the blood occurred in animals exposed to 25 µg/L. DiPeP was quantified in muscle tissue at all exposure concentrations, appearing in a concentration-dependent manner. Contaminants such as DiPeP will still be used for a long time, mainly by industries, being a challenge for industry versus environmental health.


Subject(s)
Phthalic Acids , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Zebrafish/physiology , Phthalic Acids/toxicity , Liver , Models, Theoretical , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36294082

ABSTRACT

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can directly interfere with osteoclastic function, induce hypergastrinemia, and inhibit calcium absorption, leading to reduced bone mineral density (BMD), a measure of bone metabolism that may be associated with the risk of fractures. The current study involves a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at assessing the relationship between prolonged use of PPI drugs and fractures in menopausal women. A systematic search and meta-analysis were performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases according to PRISMA guidelines. Two independent reviewers analyzed the articles. The five articles found in the databases, which met the eligibility criteria, covered participants who were menopausal women aged between 56 and 78.5 years, using or not using a PPI for a minimum of 12 months. All studies showed an increase in the rate of fractures related to using PPIs, as an outcome. Prolonged use of PPIs in menopausal women can affect bone metabolism and cause fractures. However, other factors, such as the use of other classes of drugs, obesity, low weight, poor diet, replacement hormones, and comorbidities, should also be considered for assessing the risk of fractures.


Subject(s)
Fractures, Bone , Proton Pump Inhibitors , Female , Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Proton Pump Inhibitors/adverse effects , Bone Density , Calcium , Fractures, Bone/epidemiology , Menopause , Hormones
11.
Sci Total Environ ; 849: 157715, 2022 Nov 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35914599

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Telomere length is a common biomarker for the cumulative effect of environmental factors on aging-related diseases, therefore an association has been hypothesized between occupational exposure to pesticides and shorter telomere length. OBJECTIVE: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis aiming to examine the association between telomere length and occupational exposure to pesticides. METHODS: We systematically searched in SciELO, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, Lilacs, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases for all observational studies containing measurements of telomere length on groups occupationally exposed to pesticides. Data were synthesized through qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. We estimated the associations between exposed and non-exposed groups by using the natural log of the response ratio (lnRR). Heterogeneity was quantified using the Cochran Q test and I2 statistics. RESULTS: Six studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis, with a total of 480 participants exposed to pesticides. The time of exposure evaluated 391 participants that had a range of 5 to >30 years of occupational exposure. Most studies presented shorter telomere length in the occupationally exposed group. From the six studies included in the meta-analysis, three presented telomere length measurement as a single copy gene (T/S), and three presented telomere length measurement as base pairs (bp). The statistical analysis pooled estimates (log ratio of means) of the telomere length in both measurements (T/S and bp) showed a shortening of telomere length in the exposed group when compared with the non-exposed (control) group. Two of six studies reported longer telomere length in the group exposed to pesticides. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest an association between occupational exposure to pesticides and shorter telomere length. However, we found a small number of studies to include in our meta-analysis, being required more high-quality studies to strengthen our findings and conclusions.


Subject(s)
Occupational Exposure , Pesticides , Biomarkers , Humans , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Occupational Exposure/analysis , Pesticides/toxicity , Telomere
12.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 29(29): 43435-43447, 2022 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35386084

ABSTRACT

As well as a lead-related environmental factor, genetic factors could also corroborate important changes in intelligence quotient (IQ) through single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Thus, a systematic review was carried out to evaluate the possible influence of polymorphism on blood Pb levels and IQ points in pediatric patients (0-19 years old). Following the PRISMA guideline, the studies were systematically collected on PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases. Six genes (transferrin (TF); glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A (GRIN2A); glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B (GRIN2B); dopamine receptor D2/ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (DRD2/ANKK1); aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD); vitamin D receptor (VDR)) were found in six selected articles. In these genes, 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were searched and six different types of variations (missense variant, intron variant, synonymous variant, stop, stop gained) were observed. Due to the few studies in the literature, there is no conclusive data to point out that there is a direct relationship between polymorphisms, Pb levels, and reduction of IQ points.


Subject(s)
Lead , N-Methylaspartate , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Young Adult , Genotype , Glutamates/genetics , N-Methylaspartate/genetics , Nucleotides , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
13.
Front Physiol ; 12: 699220, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34366888

ABSTRACT

Nutrigenomics is the study of the gene-nutrient interaction and it indicates that some nutrients, called bioactive compounds, can mold the genetic expression or change the nucleotide chain. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites found in plants that are regularly consumed in functional foods and help prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications. This article objected to review studies about the interaction of diet with polyphenols and Mediterranean diet in the expression of human genes related to T2DM. Resveratrol acts as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and increases mitochondrial function. Regular consumption of quercetin resulted in improvement of hypertension and suppression of diabetes-induced vasoconstriction. Genistein also showed positive results in T2DM, such as increased cell mass and improved glucose tolerance and insulin levels. Catechins showed efficiency in inducing genes in triacylglycerol biosynthesis, inhibition of fatty acids and cholesterol, and resulting in their participation in mitigating complications of diabetes. Lastly, curcumin was demonstrated to be a protector of the pancreatic islets against streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress. Growing evidence suggest that bioactive compounds such as polyphenols have an important role in T2DM and the prevention and treatment of its complication, as they cause activation or inhibition of related genes.

14.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol ; 87: 103727, 2021 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34454063

ABSTRACT

The intensive use of the antihypertensive losartan potassium (LOS) has culminated in its high occurrence in aquatic environments. However, insufficient studies had investigated its effects in non-target organisms. In this study, ecotoxicity of LOS was assessed in aquatic organisms from distinct trophic levels (Desmodesmus subspicatus, Daphnia magna, and Astyanax altiparanae). Genotoxicity was assessed by the comet assay in D. magna and A. altiparanae, and biochemical biomarkers for the fish. LOS was more toxic to D. subspicatus (EC50(72h) = 27.93 mg L-1) than D. magna (EC50 = 303.69 mg L-1). Subsequently, this drug showed to induce more DNA damage in D. magna than A. altiparanae, when exposed to 2.5 mg L-1. No significant stress responses were observed by the fish biomarkers, suggesting that higher trophic levels organisms are more tolerant to LOS toxicity. LOS showed relatively low toxic potential for a short period of exposure, but with different patterns of toxicity for the organisms from distinct trophic levels, contributing to further risk assessment of LOS.


Subject(s)
Antihypertensive Agents/toxicity , Losartan/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Animals , Aquatic Organisms/drug effects , Aquatic Organisms/genetics , Aquatic Organisms/growth & development , Aquatic Organisms/metabolism , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Characidae/genetics , Characidae/metabolism , Chlorophyceae/drug effects , Chlorophyceae/growth & development , Comet Assay , Daphnia/drug effects , Daphnia/genetics , Food Chain , Glutathione/metabolism , Glutathione Transferase/metabolism , Muscles/drug effects , Muscles/metabolism
15.
Brain Res ; 1767: 147557, 2021 09 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34107278

ABSTRACT

Neuropathic pain, depression, and anxiety are common comorbidities in diabetic patients, whose pathophysiology involves hyperglycemia-induced increased oxidative stress. Bixin (BIX), an apocarotenoid extracted from the seeds of Bixa orellana, has been used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes and has been recognized by its antioxidant profile. We aimed to investigate the effect of the BIX over the mechanical allodynia, depressive, and anxious-like behaviors associated with experimental diabetes, along with its involved mechanisms. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated for 17 days (starting 14 days after diabetes induction) with the corresponding vehicle, BIX (10, 30 or 90 mg/kg; p.o), or INS (6 IU; s.c.). Mechanical allodynia, depressive, and anxious-like behavior were assessed by electronic Von Frey, forced swimming, and elevated plus-maze tests, respectively. Locomotor activity was assessed by the open field test. Blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1) and the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were evaluated on the hippocampus, pre-frontal cortex, lumbar spinal cord, and sciatic nerve. Diabetic animals developed mechanical allodynia, depressive and anxious-like behavior, increased plasma HbA1, increased LPO, and decreased GSH levels in tissues analyzed. Repeated BIX-treatment (at all tested doses) significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia, the depressive (30 and 90 mg/kg) and, anxious-like behaviors (all doses) in diabetic rats, without changing the locomotor performance. BIX (at all tested doses) restored the oxidative parameters in tissues analyzed and reduced the plasma HbA1. Thereby, bixin may represent an alternative for the treatment of comorbidities associated with diabetes, counteracting oxidative stress and plasma HbA1.


Subject(s)
Carotenoids/pharmacology , Hyperalgesia/drug therapy , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Anxiety/drug therapy , Carotenoids/metabolism , Depression/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal , Glutathione/pharmacology , Glycated Hemoglobin/drug effects , Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism , Hippocampus/metabolism , Hyperalgesia/metabolism , Hyperglycemia , Lipid Peroxidation , Male , Neuralgia/drug therapy , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Sciatic Nerve/metabolism , Streptozocin/pharmacology
16.
J Econ Entomol ; 113(3): 1411-1418, 2020 06 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32103245

ABSTRACT

The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busk, 1916), is one of the most important pests in apple orchards in southern Brazil. Chemical control is still the most commonly used strategy for pest control. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance evolution of seven South Brazilian populations to four insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, lufenuron, chlorpyrifos, and fenitrothion). Bioassays were paired with metabolic analyses of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterases (α-NA and ß-NA), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to understand the possible role with phytosanitary strategies in the insects' susceptibility. Insect populations were collected in the municipalities of Campo do Tenente, Lapa and Porto Amazonas, Fraiburgo, São Joaquim, and Vacaria and multiplied in the laboratory. Two susceptible and two resistant populations were used as references. The bioassays showed that five populations were considered more resistant to organophosphates, six to lufenuron and two to chlorantraniliprole when compared with the sensitive population. None of the field populations had greater resistance than the resistant laboratory population. The enzymatic activity of AChE and GST was elevated in most of the populations that were less susceptible to organophosphates and lufenuron. The populations originating from orchards that used sexual confusion techniques had the greatest susceptibility based on toxicological and biochemical bioassays. Populations under pressure from various compounds had high GST, α and ß-NA activity. There is evidence that a diversity of control strategies can provide better resistance management.


Subject(s)
Insecticides , Malus , Moths , Animals , Brazil , Fruit
17.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf ; 182: 109438, 2019 Oct 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31310901

ABSTRACT

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are amongst the most commonly detected classes of pharmaceuticals in freshwater environments, with paracetamol being the most abundant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible toxic effects of environmentally relevant concentrations (0.25, 2.5 and 25 µg.L-1) of paracetamol in Rhamdia quelen fish exposed for 14 days using different biomarkers. The total count of leukocytes and thrombocytes was reduced at the highest concentration. In the gills, all concentrations of paracetamol reduced the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and the reduced glutathione (GSH) levels compared to the control group. The activity of catalase (CAT) was not altered and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased at the highest concentrations. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased at 25 µg.L-1 and the LPO levels increased at 2.5 µg.L-1 when compared to the control group. The concentration of ROS was not different among the groups. In the posterior kidney the activities of GST (2.5 µg.L-1), CAT (2.5 µg.L-1 and at 25 µg. L-1) and GPx and GSH levels increased at all concentrations when compared to the control group. The SOD activity and LPO levels did not change. Paracetamol caused genotoxicity in the blood and gills at concentrations of 2.5 µg.L-1 and in the posterior kidney at 2.5 and 25 µg.L-1. An osmoregulatory imbalance in plasma ions and a reduction in the carbonic anhydrase activity in the gills at 0.25 µg.L-1 were observed. Histopathological alterations occurred in the gills of fish exposed to 25 µg.L-1 and in the posterior kidney at 0.25 and 25 µg.L-1 of paracetamol. The integrated biomarker index showed that the stress caused by the concentration of 25 µg.L-1 was the highest one. These results demonstrated toxic effects of paracetamol on the gills and posterior kidneys of fish, compromising their physiological functions and evidencing the need for monitoring the residues of pharmaceuticals released into aquatic environment.


Subject(s)
Acetaminophen/toxicity , Catfishes/physiology , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal , Biomarkers/metabolism , Catalase , DNA Damage , Gills/drug effects , Glutathione/pharmacology , Glutathione Peroxidase , Glutathione Transferase
18.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol ; 67: 42-52, 2019 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30711874

ABSTRACT

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NpTiO2) are the most widely-used nanoparticle type and the adsorption of metals such as lead (PbII) onto their surface is a major source of concern to scientists. This study evaluated the effects of the associated exposure to both types of contaminant, i.e., lead (a known genotoxic metal) and NpTiO2, in a freshwater fish (Astyanax serratus) through intraperitoneal injection for an acute assay of 96 h. The effects of this exposure were evaluated using the comet assay, DNA diffusion assay and piscine micronucleus test, as well as the quantification of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GST) and metallothioneins. Our findings indicate that co-exposure of PbII with NpTiO2 can provoke ROS imbalances, leading to DNA damage in the blood and liver tissue of A. serratus, as well as modifying erythropoiesis in this species, inducing necrosis and changing the nuclear morphology of the erythrocytes.


Subject(s)
Characiformes/physiology , DNA Damage , Lead/toxicity , Nanoparticles/toxicity , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Titanium/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Animals , Catalase/metabolism , Comet Assay , Drug Interactions , Glutathione Transferase/metabolism , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Micronucleus Tests , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
19.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol ; 53: 111-120, 2017 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28545014

ABSTRACT

Paracetamol is one of the most widely sold non-prescription drugs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the paracetamol on reproductive, biochemical, genetic, histopathological and hematogical biomarkers by waterborne exposure. Male fish of Rhamdia quelen were exposed to environmental concentrations of paracetamol (0, 0.25, 2.5µg/L) in a semi-static bioassay for 21days. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were reduced upon exposure to 0.25µg/L of paracetamol. Leukocytes and thrombocytes increased after paracetamol exposure. Paracetamol reduced testosterone levels in all exposed groups and increased estradiol levels at higher concentration. Serotonin and dopamine levels increased at exposure to 0.25µg/L. Paracetamol also caused protein carbonyls and increased SOD activity in fish exposed to 2.5µg/L and in addition led to an inhibition of EROD and GST activities in both concentrations. Hepatic genotoxicity occurred at the 0.25µg/L concentration. Hepatic tissues of exposed fish showed mild blood congestion and leucocytes infiltration. The results showed that paracetamol disrupted the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, changed hematological parameters and caused hepatotoxicity in Rhamdia quelen. The findings suggest that this drug merits attention relative to its potential endocrine disrupter effect and hepatotoxicity, even at concentrations found in the aquatic environment.


Subject(s)
Acetaminophen/toxicity , Catfishes , Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Animals , Catfishes/blood , Catfishes/immunology , Catfishes/metabolism , Comet Assay , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism , DNA Damage , Estradiol/blood , Fish Proteins/metabolism , Glutathione Transferase/metabolism , Leukocyte Count , Liver/drug effects , Liver/enzymology , Liver/pathology , Male , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Testis/drug effects , Testis/pathology , Testosterone/blood
20.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf ; 139: 291-300, 2017 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28167441

ABSTRACT

The presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment and its impact on humans and the ecosystem are emerging issues in environmental health. This study evaluated the potential biochemical, genetic and reproductive effects of the diclofenac by waterborne exposure, in a semi-static bioassay for 21 days. The fish Rhamdia quelen were exposed to environmental concentrations of diclofenac (0, 0.2, 2 and 20µg/L). The results showed that in the liver, diclofenac reduced the catalase and ethoxyresorufin- O- deethylase activities in fish exposed to 2µg/L, and superoxide dismutase in all exposed groups. The levels of reduced glutathione and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased at all tested concentrations. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was reduced in the groups exposed to 0.2 and 20µg/L of diclofenac, but there was no protein oxidation. In the testis, the concentration of 0.2µg/L caused major changes as inhibition of SOD, glutathione peroxidase and GST activities and also LPO decrease. Diclofenac was not genotoxic and not altered plasma testosterone and estradiol levels and testicular morphology. In brain, there was a reduction of dopamine and its metabolite DOPAC (3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) in exposure to diclofenac, but this not disrupted the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/toxicity , Catfishes/metabolism , Diclofenac/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid/metabolism , Animals , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Catalase/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism , DNA Damage , Dopamine/metabolism , Estradiol/blood , Fresh Water , Glutathione/metabolism , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Glutathione Transferase/metabolism , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Liver/enzymology , Male , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Testis/drug effects , Testis/metabolism , Testosterone/blood
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