Identification of gallic acid as a active ingredient of Syzygium aromaticum against tacrolimus-induced damage in renal epithelial LLC-PK1 cells and rat kidney.

Tacrolimus (FK506), a calcineurin inhibitor, is an effective immunosuppressive agent mainly used to lower the risk of organ rejection after allogeneic organ transplant. However, FK506-associated adverse effects, such as nephrotoxicity, may limit its therapeutic use. In this study, we confirmed that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), sanguiin H-6, and gallic acid increased cell survival following FK506-induced cytotoxicity in renal epithelial LLC-PK1. Among these compounds, gallic acid exerted the strongest protective effect, further confirmed in the FK506-induced nephrotoxicity rat model. Additionally, we identified supporting evidence for the nephroprotective function of gallic acid using molecular docking and bioavailability investigations.

Facile and Rapid Isolation of Oxypeucedanin Hydrate and Byakangelicin from Angelica dahurica by Using [Bmim]Tf2N Ionic Liquid.

Ionic liquids (ILs) have sparked much interest as alternative solvents for plant materials as they provide distinctive properties. Therefore, in this study, the capacity of ILs to extract oxypeucedanin hydrate and byakangelicin from the roots of Angelica dahurica (A. dahurica) was investigated. The back-extraction method was examined to recover target components from the IL solution as well. Herein, [Bmim]Tf2N demonstrated outstanding performance for extracting oxypeucedanin hydrate and byakangelicin. Moreover, factors including solvent/solid ratio, extraction temperature and time were investigated and optimized using a statistical approach. Under optimum extraction conditions (solvent/solid ratio 8:1, temperature 60 °C and time 180 min), the yields of oxypeucedanin hydrate and byakangelicin were 98.06% and 99.52%, respectively. In addition, 0.01 N HCl showed the most significant ability to back-extract target components from the [Bmim]Tf2N solution. The total content of both oxypeucedanin hydrate (36.99%) and byakangelicin (45.12%) in the final product exceeded 80%. Based on the data, the proposed approach demonstrated satisfactory extraction ability, recovery and enrichment of target compounds in record time. Therefore, the developed approach is assumed essential to considerably reduce drawbacks encountered during the separation of oxypeucedanin hydrate and byakangelicin from the roots of A. dahurica.