Primary bladder B-cell lymphoma: a rare case report and review of literature.

Introduction and importance: Primary bladder lymphoma accounts for a mere fraction of vesical tumours and extranodal lymphomas, which mostly affect women. IGH-BCL2 translocation, which occurs in 80-100% of Western follicular variants but only 60% in Asian communities, must be studied to determine its effects on prognosis and treatment. This study analyses and compares relevant literature and data for the authors' case report. Case presentation: The authors report a 69-year-old Caucasian female with one gross haematuria episode and no smoking history. Computed tomography (CT) showed a bilateral massive intraluminal mass left ureterovesical junction, hydronephrosis, and hydroureter. Clinical discussion: Following the removal of a massive transurethral urinary bladder tumour, histological examination revealed lymphoma cells positive for IRTA and LMO2 but negative for IGH-BCL2. After these analyses, the patient received 3 weeks of 30 Gy/15 f IMRT/IGRT. Comparisons were made to previous case reports' histopathology. Conclusion: The current case report emphasizes the rarity of primary bladder lymphoma and the absence of the IGH-BCL2 fusion gene. Following the successful administration of 30 Gy of radiation therapy, the patient's prognosis improved. The report emphasizes clinical vigilance and timely management while also urging further investigation.

Modifiable Lifestyle Risk Factors in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Nationally Representative Study.

OBJECTIVE: Given the vulnerable health condition of adult childhood cancer survivors, it is essential that they develop positive health behaviors to minimize controllable health risks. Therefore, we evaluated if adult survivors of non-childhood cancer and childhood cancer differ in the odds of each modifiable risk factor compared with each other and compared with the general population. METHODS: This nationally representative study leveraged the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) sample from 2000 to 2018 and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) sample from 2016 to 2021. Our study population included adults diagnosed with cancer when they were ≤14 years of age. Outcomes included physical activity, body mass index (BMI), current smoking, ever-smoking, alcohol use, and binge drinking. RESULTS: Insufficient physical activity was not statistically significant in the BRFSS, but in the NHIS, childhood cancer survivors had significantly more insufficient physical activity compared with non-childhood cancer survivors (aOR 1.29, P=0.038) and the general population (aOR 1.40, P=0.006). Childhood cancer survivors also had a higher likelihood of being significantly underweight (aOR 1.84, P=0.018) and having ever-smoked (aOR 1.42, P=0.001) compared with the general population in the NHIS. There was a significantly higher likelihood of smoking among childhood cancer survivors in the BRFSS (aOR 2.02, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The likelihoods of many risky behaviors between adult childhood cancer survivors and general population controls were comparable, although rates of physical activity may be decreased, and rates of smoking may be increased among childhood cancer survivors. Targeted interventions are needed to promote healthy behaviors in this vulnerable population.

The Effect of Health Insurance on Pediatric Cancer Survival: An Analysis of Children Evaluated for Radiation Therapy in Diverse Multicenter Health Systems.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the role of health insurance in cancer survival in a diverse population of pediatric radiation oncology patients could help to identify patients at risk of adverse outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from cancer patients evaluated for radiation therapy, age < 19, diagnosed from January 1990 to August 2019. Predictors of recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed by univariable and multivariable Cox regression. Variables included health insurance, diagnosis type, sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status deprivation index. RESULTS: The study included 459 patients with a median diagnosis age of 9 years. Demographic breakdown was 49.5% Hispanic, 27.2% non-Hispanic White, and 20.7% non-Hispanic Black. There were 203 recurrences and 86 deaths observed over a median follow-up of 2.4 years. Five-year RFS was 59.8% (95% CI, 51.6, 67.0) versus 36.5% (95% CI, 26.6, 46.6), and 5-year OS was 87.5% (95% CI, 80.9, 91.9) versus 71.0% (95% CI, 60.3, 79.3) in private pay insurance versus Medicaid/Medicare, respectively. Multivariable showed Medicaid/Medicare patients experienced a 54% higher risk of recurrence (hazard ratio: 1.54, 95% CI, 1.08, 2.20) and 79% higher risk of death (hazard ratio: 1.79, 95% CI, 1.02, 3.14) than privately insured patients. CONCLUSIONS: Significant disadvantages in RFS and OS were identified in radiation oncology patients with Medicaid/Medicare insurance, even after adjusting for clinical and demographic variables.

Effects of Cancer Treatment on the Education and Cognition of South Florida Pediatric Cancer Survivors.

Purpose As pediatric cancer survival rates have exponentially increased in the past decade, with the vast majority surviving five years or more, the long-term impacts of treatment on the quality of survivorship must be explored. This study examines the effects of pediatric cancer treatment regimens on education outcomes among a demographically diverse regional population. The primary objective is to identify potential factors that may impact the educational and cognitive quality of life in this population.  Methods Four hundred sixty-eight pediatric oncology patients diagnosed at age <20 between January 1990 - August 2019 and treated for cancer with radiation therapy at a large public or a multi-center private hospital in South Florida were identified. A novel survey available in English and Spanish was electronically distributed at least three times to each patient from August 2020 - July 2021 via email, phone call, and text message. Variables relating to demographics, treatment, cognitive impairment, and school re-entry were collected through the survey and electronic medical record review. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed.  Results Of the patients, 10.5% responded to the survey (26 male, 21 female, two unidentified sex). The mean age was 8.9 years old (range 0-20) at diagnosis, 24.0 years old (range 8-39) at the time of survey completion, and 55.1% self-identified as Hispanic. Nearly one-quarter of respondents (22.4%) were unable to correctly identify the treatment modalities they received; Hispanic self-identifying patients were 1.75 times more likely than non-Hispanic patients to incorrectly report the treatment modalities received. One-quarter (26.5%) of respondents reported long-term cognitive deficits post-treatment, of which, over three-quarters (76.9%) identified as Hispanic.  Conclusion This study illuminates patients' perspectives on their long-term cognitive impacts after pediatric cancer treatment. Given the diverse study population, ethnic disparities in post-treatment survivorship were explored. A substantial subset of Hispanic participants was unable to correctly identify their treatment regimen, and a disproportionately large group of Hispanic patients experienced cognitive long-term cognitive deficits, suggesting that ethnic disparities play a critical role in post-treatment survivorship. Further research on prioritizing educational intervention during and after treatment is essential to improving both the quality and equity of survivorship among pediatric oncology patients.

Long-term outcomes of patients with conjunctival extranodal marginal zone lymphoma.

Comprehensive information on clinical features and long-term outcomes of primary conjunctival extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (PCEMZL) is scarce. We present a large single-institution retrospective study of 72 patients. The median age was 64 years, and 63.9% were female. Stage I was present in 87.5%. Radiation therapy (RT) alone was the most common treatment (70.8%). Complete response (CR) was 87.5%, and 100% in RT-treated patients. With a median follow-up of 6.7 years, relapse/progression and death occurred in 19.4% each, with one relapse within the RT field. The 10-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 68.4% (95% CI 52.8%-79.8%) and 89.4% (95% CI 77.4%-95.2%), respectively. The 10-year rate for time to progression from diagnosis was 22.5% (95% CI 11.6%-35.7%). The 10-year PFS and OS of MALT-IPI 0 versus 1-2 were 83.3% versus 51.3%, (p = .022) and 97.6% versus 76.6%, (p = .0052), respectively. The following characteristics were associated with shorter survival: age > 60 years (PFS: HR = 2.93, 95% CI 1.08-7.95; p = .035, OS: HR = 9.07, 95% CI 1.17-70.26; p = .035) and MALT-IPI 1-2 (PFS: HR = 2.67, 95% CI 1.12-6.31; p = .027, OS: HR = 6.64, 95% CI 1.45-30.37; p = .015). CR following frontline therapy was associated with longer PFS (HR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.04-0.45; p = .001), but not OS. Using the Fine and Gray regression model with death without relapse/progression as a competing risk, RT and CR after frontline therapy were associated with lower risk of relapse (SHR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.12-0.96 p = .041 and SHR = 0.11, 95% CI 0.03-0.36; p < .001, respectively). Patients with PCEMZL treated with frontline RT exhibit excellent long-term survival, and the MALT-IPI score appropriately identifies patients at risk for treatment failure.

Surgical and Oncologic Outcomes With Intraoperative Radiation Therapy for Early Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: For selected patients with early-stage breast cancer (BC), intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) has emerged as a convenient alternative to standard whole breast irradiation (WBI). We report a single institution experience with IORT in terms of oncologic outcomes, toxicities, and cosmesis. METHODS: Clinicopathological and perioperative outcomes of patients who underwent IORT for early-stage BC at a public hospital from 2017 to 2020 were retrospectively retrieved. Toxicity was categorized to acute or chronic based on 6 months post-IORT cutoff. RESULTS: 85 patients underwent IORT and had complete data, aged 49-85 years (mean 62). Intraoperative radiation therapy added 23 minutes on average to the total operative time. Final stage was 0, I, and II in 40%, 58.9%, and 1.1% of patients, respectively. Mean tumor size was 0.8 cm (range .1-2.1), with ductal histology comprising 94% of cases. Surgical margins were positive in 2 patients, and adjuvant WBI was required in 5 patients. After a median follow-up of 17 months (range 3-41), none of the patients had local recurrence and no mortality was recorded. Early wound complications included wound dehiscence (n = 1), seroma/hematoma (n = 15), and re-operation with loss of nipple-areola complex (n = 1). Chronic skin toxicities were reported in 10 (12%) patients and good or excellent cosmetic outcome was reported in 93% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing IORT among low-risk early BC patients may be a safe and more convenient alternative to traditional WBI, with low toxicity rate, acceptable cosmetic results, and good oncologic outcomes at 17 months. Longer follow-up and further prospective controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Prophylactic Radiotherapy for Prevention of Heterotopic Ossification After Periacetabular Fractures: A Review of Efficacy and Associated Conditions.

Prophylactic radiotherapy (XRT) is a commonly used treatment to decrease heterotopic ossification (HO) in patients with traumatic hip injuries. We conducted a retrospective review of patients at risk for HO who underwent XRT. Of the patients reviewed, 27.3% developed radiographic HO, 11.2% developed symptoms, and 2.0% required resection surgery. Patients were divided into primary (n = 71) and secondary prophylaxis (n = 27) cohorts. In the primary group, 25.0% developed radiographic HO, 5.6% developed symptoms, and 0 required surgery. In the secondary cohort, 33.3% of patients developed new radiographic HO, and 25.9% were symptomatic: four had a Brooker score of 3, and three had a score of 4 (p = 0.03), and 7.4% required surgical resection. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 31(2):113-118, 2022).

Primary Versus Secondary Radiotherapy for Heterotopic Ossification Prevention About the Elbow.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the efficacy and safety of radiotherapy for the prevention of heterotopic ossification (HO) about the elbow. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and twenty-nine patients who received prophylactic radiotherapy (XRT) over a 15-year period were identified. Patients were included if they received XRT to the elbow joint and had at least 12 weeks of follow-up after XRT. Fifty-four patients were ultimately included. INTERVENTION: All patients were treated with a single dose of 7 Gy. Ninety-eight percentage of patients received XRT within 24 hours after surgery, and all patients received XRT within 72 hours after surgery. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASUREMENTS: The primary study measures evaluated were the presence or absence of clinically symptomatic HO and the presence of radiographic HO after XRT to the elbow joint. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were treated with XRT after a traumatic injury requiring surgery (primary prophylaxis), and 36 were treated with XRT after excision surgery to remove HO which had already formed (secondary prophylaxis). In the primary cohort, 16.7% developed symptomatic HO after XRT and 11.1% required surgery to resect the heterotopic bone. In the secondary cohort, 11.1% developed symptomatic HO after surgery and XRT and 5.5% required resection surgery. No secondary malignancies were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that XRT for elbow HO may be safe and effective for both primary and secondary HO. XRT for HO was not shown to be associated with radiation-induced sarcoma in this series, at least in the short term. Further study in a large patient population with extended follow-up is required to better characterize populations at high risk for development of HO and secondary malignancy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

A Novel Mechanism of High Dose Radiation Sensitization by Metformin.

Introduction: Metformin, the most widely used treatment for diabetes, is lethal to cancer cells and increases in toxicity when used in combination with radiation. In addition to various molecular and metabolic mechanisms that have been previously proposed, the studies presented provide evidence of an additional, novel mechanism of sensitization following high dose radiotherapy; the magnitude of sensitization depends on the microenvironmental levels of glucose and oxygen which are in turn affected by high dose radiation. Methods: Cancer cells (A549 and MCF7) were studied in vitro under various controlled conditions. Endpoints included clonogenic cell survival and ROS expression measured by DHE and DCFDA. CD1 nu/nu athymic mice implanted with A549 cells received metformin alone (200 mg/kg, i.p.), radiation alone (15 Gy) or a combination of metformin and radiation; the effect of treatment sequence on efficacy was assessed by tumor growth delay and histology. In a separate set of experiments, tumor blood flow was measured using a tracer clearance technique using SPECT after the administration of metformin alone, radiation alone and the combined treatment. Results: In vivo, metformin provided equally effective tumor growth delay when given 24 h after radiation as when given 1 h or 4 h before radiation, an observation not previously reported and, in fact, unexpected based on published scientific literature. When drug followed radiation, the tumors were histologically characterized by massive cellular necrosis. In vitro, cancer cells when glucose depleted and/or hypoxic were preferentially killed by metformin, in a drug dose dependent manner. A549 cells exposed to 5.0 mM of metformin was reduced seven fold in survival when in a glucose deprived as compared to a low-glucose medium (0 vs. 1.0 g/L). Finally, using a SPECT detector to follow the washout of a radioactive tracer, it was shown that a high single dose of radiosurgery (15 Gy) could dramatically inhibit blood flow and presumably diminish glucose and oxygen. Discussion: Insight into the best timing of drug and radiation administration is gained through an understanding of the mechanisms of interaction. A new mechanism of metformin sensitization by high dose radiation is proposed based on the blood flow, glucose and oxygen.

A competing risk nomogram to predict severe late toxicity after modern re-irradiation for squamous carcinoma of the head and neck.

PURPOSE: Severe late toxicity is common after re-irradiation for recurrent or second primary (RSP) squamous carcinoma of the head and neck. However, many patients experience complications from tumor progression before manifesting late effects. We constructed a nomogram to examine this relationship between late toxicity and competing risks. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients with RSP squamous carcinoma originating in a field previously irradiated to ≥40 Gy and treated with IMRT-based re-irradiation to ≥40 Gy were collected. Grade ≥3 late toxicity developing ≥90 days after re-irradiation was collected. A multivariable competing-risk model was fit to the actuarial risk of late toxicity with progression or death as the competing risk. The final bootstrap optimized model was converted into a nomogram. RESULTS: From 9 institutions, 505 patients were included. The 2-year incidence of grade ≥3 late toxicity was 16.7% (95% CI 13.2-20.2%) whereas progression or death was 64.2% (95% CI 59.7-68.8%). The median freedom from late toxicity, progression or death was 10.7, 5.5 and 3.2 months for RPA class I-III patients respectively, whereas the median OS was 44.9, 15.9 and 7.9 months, respectively. The final model included six clinical factors. Notably, dose, volume and fractionation did not significantly impact toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: After re-irradiation, the risk of progression or death is approximately four times the risk of radiation-related severe late toxicity. The risk of late toxicity may be more dependent on patient and disease factors than modifiable treatment factors. This model is useful for patient selection, pre-treatment consent and post-treatment survivorship following re-irradiation.

Single institution experience treating adrenal metastases with stereotactic body radiation therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to present our experience of treating adrenal metastases using stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with adrenal metastases treated using SBRT from 2001 to 2014. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v1.1 was used. Maximum tumor response was defined as the greatest percentage tumor reduction noted on two or more post-SBRT CT scans. RESULTS: We identified 44 patients (median age 61.3 years, range: 25.8-85), with 54 adrenal metastases; primary diagnoses include non-small cell lung cancer (28 patients and 38 lesions), small cell lung cancer (1 patient), hepatocellular carcinoma (6 patients), and other (9 patients). Treatment was delivered in single (16 lesions, median dose 18 Gy [14-18]) or multiple fractions (38 lesions, median dose 30 Gy [16-40]). Median planning target volume was 49.65cc (3.21-984.54). Median response at first post-SBRT follow-up (median 1.65 months (m) (0.33-5.37), n = 46 lesions) was 10.8% with 91.3% local control. Median maximum tumor response was 31.8% (n = 32 lesions) at median follow-up of 5.4 m (0.9-44.8) with 96.6% local control. The response was comparable regardless of tumor histology or treatment fractionation. No patients experienced Grade 3/4 acute toxicities. One patient with a history of naproxen use required suturing with omental patch placement for perforated pyloric ulcer 14 m post-SBRT (18 Gy in single fraction) to the right adrenal metastasis; this region received <5 Gy. Ten patients treated for pain with available follow-up obtained relief. CONCLUSIONS: SBRT is a safe and efficacious treatment for adrenal metastases, demonstrating local tumor control. Further study of the impact on survival and quality of life is warranted.

Volume, Dose, and Fractionation Considerations for IMRT-based Reirradiation in Head and Neck Cancer: A Multi-institution Analysis.

PURPOSE: Limited data exist to guide the treatment technique for reirradiation of recurrent or second primary squamous carcinoma of the head and neck. We performed a multi-institution retrospective cohort study to investigate the effect of the elective treatment volume, dose, and fractionation on outcomes and toxicity. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients with recurrent or second primary squamous carcinoma originating in a previously irradiated field (≥40 Gy) who had undergone reirradiation with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT); (≥40 Gy re-IMRT) were included. The effect of elective nodal treatment, dose, and fractionation on overall survival (OS), locoregional control, and acute and late toxicity were assessed. The Kaplan-Meier and Gray's competing risks methods were used for actuarial endpoints. RESULTS: From 8 institutions, 505 patients were included in the present updated analysis. The elective neck was not treated in 56.4% of patients. The median dose of re-IMRT was 60 Gy (range 39.6-79.2). Hyperfractionation was used in 20.2%. Systemic therapy was integrated for 77.4% of patients. Elective nodal radiation therapy did not appear to decrease the risk of locoregional failure (LRF) or improve the OS rate. Doses of ≥66 Gy were associated with improvements in both LRF and OS in the definitive re-IMRT setting. However, dose did not obviously affect LRF or OS in the postoperative re-IMRT setting. Hyperfractionation was not associated with improved LRF or OS. The rate of acute grade ≥3 toxicity was 22.1% overall. On multivariable logistic regression, elective neck irradiation was associated with increased acute toxicity in the postoperative setting. The rate of overall late grade ≥3 toxicity was 16.7%, with patients treated postoperatively with hyperfractionation experiencing the highest rates. CONCLUSIONS: Doses of ≥66 Gy might be associated with improved outcomes in high-performance patients undergoing definitive re-IMRT. Postoperatively, doses of 50 to 66 Gy appear adequate after removal of gross disease. Hyperfractionation and elective neck irradiation were not associated with an obvious benefit and might increase toxicity.

Refining Patient Selection for Reirradiation of Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma in the IMRT Era: A Multi-institution Cohort Study by the MIRI Collaborative.

PURPOSE: The therapeutic ratio of reirradiation for recurrent or second primary (RSP) squamous carcinoma of the head and neck may be improved in the intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) era. However, patient selection for reirradiation remains challenging. We performed a multi-institution cohort study to investigate modern outcomes after IMRT-based reirradiation and to identify prognostic subgroups. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with RSP squamous carcinoma originating in a previously irradiated field (≥40 Gy) who underwent reirradiation with IMRT (≥40 Gy re-IMRT) were included. Locoregional failure and late toxicity were calculated using the Gray competing risk method. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify factors associated with overall survival (OS). Factors associated with OS were entered into a recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) for OS. RESULTS: From 7 institutions, 412 patients were included. The median dose of re-IMRT was 60 Gy, and the median time between RT courses was 2.4 years. Chemotherapy was used in 76% of patients. The rates of grade ≥3, grade ≥4, and grade 5 acute toxicities were 19%, 4.4%, and 1.2%, respectively. The 2-year cumulative incidence of grade ≥3 late toxicity adjusted for the competing risks of recurrence or death was 14.2%. RPA identified 3 prognostic subgroups with distinct and homogenous OS (P<.001): class I included patients >2 years from their initial course of RT with resected tumors (2-year OS, 61.9%); class II included patients >2 years with unresected tumors or those ≤2 years and without feeding tube or tracheostomy dependence (2-year OS, 40.0%), and the remaining patients formed class III (2-year OS, 16.8%). Fifty-nine percent of class III patients underwent postoperative re-irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: This study informs outcomes and expectations with IMRT-based reirradiation. The RPA classification identifies 3 distinct subgroups, which can guide patient selection for therapy and clinical trial design. RPA class III patients are not ideal candidates for protracted chemoradiation regardless of resection status.

A Multi-institutional Comparison of SBRT and IMRT for Definitive Reirradiation of Recurrent or Second Primary Head and Neck Cancer.

PURPOSE: Two modern methods of reirradiation, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), are established for patients with recurrent or second primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (rSCCHN). We performed a retrospective multi-institutional analysis to compare methods. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Data from patients with unresectable rSCCHN previously irradiated to ≥40 Gy who underwent reirradiation with IMRT or SBRT were collected from 8 institutions. First, the prognostic value of our IMRT-based recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) separating those patients with unresectable tumors with an intertreatment interval >2 years or those with ≤2 years and without feeding tube or tracheostomy dependence (class II) from other patients with unresected tumors (class III) was investigated among SBRT patients. Overall survival (OS) and locoregional failure were then compared between IMRT and SBRT by use of 2 methods to control for baseline differences: Cox regression weighted by the inverse probability of treatment and subset analysis by RPA classification. RESULTS: The study included 414 patients with unresectable rSCCHN: 217 with IMRT and 197 with SBRT. The unadjusted 2-year OS rate was 35.4% for IMRT and 16.3% for SBRT (P<.01). Among SBRT patients, RPA classification retained an independent association with OS. On Cox regression weighted by the inverse probability of treatment, no significant differences in OS or locoregional failure between IMRT and SBRT were demonstrated. Analysis by RPA class showed similar OS between IMRT and SBRT for class III patients. In all class II patients, IMRT was associated with improved OS (P<.001). Further subset analysis demonstrated comparable OS when ≥35 Gy was delivered with SBRT to small tumor volumes. Acute grade ≥4 toxicity was greater in the IMRT group than in the SBRT group (5.1% vs 0.5%, P<.01), with no significant difference in late toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Reirradiation both with SBRT and with IMRT appear relatively safe with favorable toxicity compared with historical studies. Outcomes vary by RPA class, which informs clinical trial design. Survival is poor in class III patients, and alternative strategies are needed.

Survival endpoints for young women with early stage uterine endometrioid carcinoma: a matched analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Younger age is thought to be a favorable prognostic factor in women with endometrial carcinoma (EC). Survival endpoints were compared between two matched groups of patients with early stage EC: women 45 years or younger and women older than 45 years. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Two matched groups of patients were created based on stage, grade, lymph node dissection and adjuvant management. Recurrence-free (RFS), disease-specific (DSS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 525 patients (88 younger patients and 437 older patients, matched 1:5) were included in this study. The two groups were well balanced except for less myometrial invasion in the younger patients. There were no significant differences between younger and older patients in regards to 5-year RFS (94% vs. 91%, p=0.6902). Similarly, there was no significant difference in regards to DSS (96% vs. 97%, p=0.9000). While 5-year OS was similar for both groups (89% vs. 89%, p=0.9942), 10-year OS was longer in the younger group (83% vs. 68% with p=0.13). On multivariate analysis for RFS, the presence of lymphovascular space invasion was the only predictor of shorter RFS (p=0.0007). Tumor grade (p=0.0002) and lower uterine segment involvement (p=0.0141) were independent predictors of shorter DSS. Older age (p<0.001) and stage II (p=0.01) were the only predictors of shorter OS. CONCLUSIONS: When matched based on tumor stage, grade and adjuvant management, our study suggests that there is no difference in survival endpoints between younger and older patients with early stage endometrial carcinoma.

Solitary ovarian plasmacytoma. A case report and review of literature.

•A patient with rare solitary ovarian plasmacytoma is reported•Diagnostic work-up is mandatory to rule out ovarian involvement as part of multiple myeloma.•After complete surgical resection, the prognosis appears to be very favorable.

Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy and pelvic radiation on pattern of recurrence and outcome in stage I non-invasive uterine papillary serous carcinoma. A multi-institution study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of adjuvant chemotherapy or pelvic radiation on risk of recurrence and outcome in stage IA non-invasive uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC). METHODS: This is a multi-institutional retrospective study for 115 patients with stage IA non-invasive UPSC (confined to endometrium) treated between 2000 and 2012. Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression modeling were used. RESULTS: Staging lymphadenectomy and omentectomy were performed in 84% and 57% respectively. Recurrence was seen in 26% (30/115). Sites of recurrences were vaginal in 7.8% (9/115), pelvic in 3.5% (4/115) and extra-pelvic in 14.7% (17/115). Adjuvant chemotherapy did not impact risk of recurrence (25.5% vs. 26.9%, p=0.85) even in subset of patients who underwent lymphadenectomy (20% vs. 23.5%, p=0.80). These findings were consistent for pattern of recurrence. Among those who underwent lymphadenectomy, adjuvant chemotherapy did not impact progression-free survival (p=0.34) and overall survival (p=0.12). However among patients who did not have lymphadenectomy, adjuvant chemotherapy or pelvic radiation was associated with longer progression-free survival (p=0.04) and overall survival (p=0.025). In multivariable analysis, only staging lymphadenectomy was associated with improved progression-free survival (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.12-0.95, p=0.04) and overall survival (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.12-1.0, p=0.05). Neither adjuvant chemotherapy nor pelvic radiation were predictors of progression-free or overall survivals. CONCLUSION: In stage IA non-invasive UPSC, staging lymphadenectomy was significantly associated with recurrence and outcome and therefore, should be performed in all patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy or pelvic radiation had no impact on outcome in surgically staged patients but was associated with improved outcome in unstaged patients.

Adjuvant vaginal brachytherapy decreases the risk of vaginal recurrence in patients with stage I non-invasive uterine papillary serous carcinoma. A multi-institutional study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of adjuvant vaginal brachytherapy on vaginal recurrence in stage I non-invasive uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC). METHODS: This is a retrospective multi-institutional study from 2000-2012. 103 patients who underwent surgical treatment with non-invasive stage IA UPSC were included. RESULTS: 85% and 55% underwent staging lymphadenectomy and omentectomy respectively. 28.2% (29/103) developed recurrence. Vaginal, pelvic and extra-pelvic recurrences developed in 7.8% (8/103), 3.9% (4/103) and 16.5% (17/103) respectively. Among patients who were observed or received only chemotherapy, the rate of vaginal recurrence was 10.9% (7/64) compared to 2.6% (1/39) among those who received vaginal brachytherapy +/- chemotherapy (p=0.035). The rate of vaginal recurrence was not different between those who were observed and those who received only chemotherapy (9.3% vs. 14.3%, p=0.27). The 5-year progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort were 88.3% and 90.6%. Patients who underwent surgical staging had longer PFS (p=0.001) and OS (p=0.0005) compared to those who did not. In multivariable analysis controlling for age, histology, chemotherapy, brachytherapy, and staging lymphadenectomy, only lymphadenectomy was an independent predictor of PFS (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.11-0.71, p=0.0037) and OS (HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.10-0.71, p=0.0035). Neither chemotherapy nor brachytherapy were predictors of PFS or OS. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest study reported in stage I non-invasive UPSC. The majority of recurrences were extra-pelvic. Vaginal brachytherapy has a significant role in reducing the risk of vaginal recurrence and surgical staging was the only predictor of outcome. Therefore, both should be considered in these patients.

Pendant alkyl and aryl groups on tin control complex geometry and reactivity with H2/D2 in Pt(SnR3)2(CNBu(t))2 (R = Bu(t), Pr(i), Ph, mesityl).

The complex Pt(SnBu(t)3)2(CNBu(t))2(H)2, 1, was obtained from the reaction of Pt(COD)2 and Bu(t)3SnH, followed by addition of CNBu(t). The two hydride ligands in 1 can be eliminated, both in solution and in the solid state, to yield Pt(SnBu(t)3)2(CNBu(t))2, 2. Addition of hydrogen to 2 at room temperature in solution and in the solid state regenerates 1. Complex 2 catalyzes H2-D2 exchange in solution to give HD. The proposed mechanism of exchange involves reductive elimination of Bu(t)3SnH from 1 to afford vacant sites on the Pt center, thus facilitating the exchange process. This is supported by isolation and characterization of Pt(SnMes3)(SnBu(t)3)(CNBu(t))2, 3, when the addition of H2 to 2 was carried out in the presence of free ligand Mes3SnH (Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2). Complex Pt(SnMes3)2(CNBu(t))2, 5, can be prepared from the reaction of Pt(COD)2 with Mes3SnH and CNBu(t). The exchange reaction of 2 with Ph3SnH gave Pt(SnPh3)3(CNBu(t))2(H), 6, wherein both SnBu(t)3 ligands are replaced by SnPh3. Complex 6 decomposes in air to form square planar Pt(SnPh3)2(CNBu(t))2, 7. The complex Pt(SnPr(i)3)2(CNBu(t))2, 8, was also prepared. Out of the four analogous complexes Pt(SnR3)2(CNBu(t))2 (R = Bu(t), Mes, Ph, or Pr(i)), only the Bu(t) analogue does both H2 activation and H2-D2 exchange. This is due to steric effects imparted by the bulky Bu(t) groups that distort the geometry of the complex considerably from planarity. The reaction of Pt(COD)2 with Bu(t)3SnH and CO gas afforded trans-Pt(SnBu(t)3)2(CO)2, 9. Compound 9 can be converted to 2 by replacement of the CO ligands with CNBu(t) via the intermediate Pt(SnBu(t)3)2(CNBu(t))2(CO), 10.