A Comprehensive Review on the Electrocardiographic Manifestations of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Patterns and Prognosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) refers to cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis and is usually associated with worse outcomes. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the electrocardiographic (ECG) signs and features associated with CS, as well as examine modern techniques and their importance in CS evaluation. RECENT FINDINGS: The exact pathogenesis of CS is still unclear, but it stems from an abnormal immunological response triggered by environmental factors in individuals with genetic predisposition. CS presents with non-cardiac symptoms; however, conduction system abnormalities are common in patients with CS. The most common electrocardiographic (ECG) signs include atrioventricular blocks and ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Distinct patterns, such as fragmented QRS complexes, T-wave alternans, and bundle branch blocks, are critical indicators of myocardial involvement. The application of advanced ECG techniques such as signal-averaged ECG, Holter monitoring, wavelet-transformed ECG, microvolt T-wave alternans, and artificial intelligence-supported analysis holds promising outcomes for opportune detection and monitoring of CS. Timely utilisation of inexpensive and readily available ECG possesses the potential to allow early detection and intervention for CS. The integration of artificial intelligence models into ECG analysis is a promising approach for improving the ECG diagnostic accuracy and further risk stratification of patients with CS.

Stem cell therapy for COVID-19 treatment: An umbrella review.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has presented significant obstacles to healthcare. Stem cell therapy, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), has emerged as a potential treatment modality due to its immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. This umbrella review aims to synthesize current evidence from systematic reviews on the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy in COVID-19 treatment. METHODS: A thorough literature search was performed across Embase, PubMed, Cochrane and Web of Science from December 2019 to February 2024. Systematic reviews focusing on the use of stem cell therapy for COVID-19 were included. Evidence was synthesized by meta-analysis using R software (V 4.3) for each outcome. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. RESULTS: A total of 24 systematic reviews were included. Stem cell therapy was associated with reduced mortality (RR 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60-0.86); shorter hospital stays (MD -4.00 days, 95% CI: -4.68 to -3.32), and decreased need for invasive ventilation (RR 0.521, 95% CI: 0.320 to 0.847). Symptom remission rates improved (RR 1.151, 95% CI: 0.998 to 1.330), and a reduction in CRP levels was noted (SMD -1.198, 95% CI: -2.591 to 0.195), albeit with high heterogeneity. For adverse events, no significant differences were found between stem cell therapy and standard care (RR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.607 to 1.265). The certainty of evidence ranged from low to moderate. CONCLUSION: Stem cell therapy demonstrates a potential benefit in treating COVID-19, particularly in reducing mortality and hospital stay duration. Despite these promising findings, the evidence is varied, and future large-scale randomized trials are essential to confirm the efficacy and optimize the therapeutic protocols for stem cell therapy in the management of the disease. The safety profile is encouraging, with no significant increase in adverse events, suggesting a viable avenue for treatment expansion.

Academic Neurosurgery in Nigeria- Past, Present, and Future: A Review.

Nigeria's neurosurgical field faces profound challenges, including a critically low neurosurgeon-to-patient ratio and significant migration of medical professionals to developed countries. High costs, low socioeconomic status, and the urban-centric location of neurosurgical centers impede access to care. Key barriers to service delivery include lack of manpower, insufficient emergency care, limited imaging modalities, inadequate operative equipment, and ineffective political and administrative policies. Neurotrauma is the primary reason for neurosurgical intervention but is poorly managed due to delayed access and insufficient guidelines. The neurosurgical education system is strained by limited training capacity and the absence of subspecializations, restricting specialized care. Research output is low, hindered by limited infrastructure, lack of databases, insufficient funding, and minimal international collaboration. To address these issues, it is critical to enhance the imaging capabilities, ensure the availability of operative equipment, and establish effective policies for task sharing and communication at different levels of care. Other approaches include expanding training capacity, particularly in rural areas, implementing a uniform match system for residency, addressing gender disparities, and utilizing dual practice to ensure adequate compensation for neurosurgeons. Furthermore, stakeholders should develop subspecialization programs in areas such as neurovascular, neuro-oncology, pediatric neurosurgery, and minimally invasive neurosurgery to expand service scope. To transform the neurosurgical research landscape, efforts should be made to establish electronic medical databases, foster international collaborations to ensure funding, and make research mandatory for accreditation renewal to ensure continuous academic contribution.

Association of Child Growth Failure Indicators With Household Sanitation Practices in India (1998-2021): Spatiotemporal Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Undernutrition among children younger than 5 years is a subtle indicator of a country's health and economic status. Despite substantial macroeconomic progress in India, undernutrition remains a significant burden with geographical variations, compounded by poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene services. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the spatial trends of child growth failure (CGF) indicators and their association with household sanitation practices in India. METHODS: We used data from the Indian Demographic and Health Surveys spanning 1998-2021. District-level CGF indicators (stunting, wasting, and underweight) were cross-referenced with sanitation and sociodemographic characteristics. Global Moran I and Local Indicator of Spatial Association were used to detect spatial clustering of the indicators. Spatial regression models were used to evaluate the significant determinants of CGF indicators. RESULTS: Our study showed a decreasing trend in stunting (44.9%-38.4%) and underweight (46.7%-35.7%) but an increasing prevalence of wasting (15.7%-21.0%) over 15 years. The positive values of Moran I between 1998 and 2021 indicate the presence of spatial autocorrelation. Geographic clustering was consistently observed in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Bihar, and Gujarat. Improved sanitation facilities, a higher wealth index, and advanced maternal education status showed a significant association in reducing stunting. Relative risk maps identified hotspots of CGF health outcomes, which could be targeted for future interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Despite numerous policies and programs, malnutrition remains a concern. Its multifaceted causes demand coordinated and sustained interventions that go above and beyond the usual. Identifying hotspot locations will aid in developing control methods for achieving objectives in target areas.

Cardiovascular impact of post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is increasingly recognized for its effects beyond mental health, with emerging evidence suggesting a significant association with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize available evidence on the association between PTSD and various cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive literature search in databases until March 15, 2024. Studies were included if they were observational in design and assessed the association between PTSD and cardiovascular outcomes. Data were extracted on study characteristics, participant demographics, PTSD assessment, cardiovascular outcomes, and effect estimates. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. All statistical analyses were conducted using R software version 4.3. RESULTS: Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a total of over 335,000 participants. The pooled analyses demonstrated a statistically significant increased risk of any CVD (HR = 1.417, 95 % CI: 1.313-1.522), MI (HR = 1.415, 95 % CI: 1.331-1.500), and stroke (HR = 2.074, 95 % CI: 1.165-2.982) associated with PTSD. Substantial heterogeneity was observed across the studies for stroke and MACE, and evidence of publication bias was noted. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis confirms a significant association between PTSD and an increased risk of several cardiovascular outcomes, indicating the importance of integrating cardiovascular risk management with psychiatric care for PTSD patients to mitigate the heightened risk of CVDs. Future research should focus on exploring the underlying mechanisms and potential interventions to manage both PTSD and its associated cardiovascular risks effectively.

Inequalities in cardiovascular disease among elderly Indians: A gender perspective analysis using LASI wave-I (2017-18).

BACKGROUND: While Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects both men and women, emerging evidence suggests notable gender differentials in disease prevalence. This study aims to explore and analyse the gender differentials in CVD disease prevalence in India. METHODS: The present study utilizes data from first wave of the nationally representative survey "Longitudinal Ageing Study in India" (LASI, WAVE-I, 2017-18) with the eligible sample size of 31,464 individuals aged 60 years and above. Logistic regression analysis was used to understand risk of CVD by demographic characteristics. Factors contribution to gender differences in CVD prevalence was examined using a non-linear Fairlie decomposition. RESULTS: The prevalence of CVD was lower in men (31.06%) compared to women (38.85%). Women have a 33% higher likelihood of CVD compared to men (OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.25-1.42). Lack of education also confers a lower risk, more pronounced in women with no schooling (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.7-0.94) compared to men (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.47-0.58). Morbidity influences CVD presence more among women than men, with individuals suffering from three or more diseases having markedly increased odds (Men: OR: 3.89; 95% CI: 3.54-4.3, Women: OR: 6.97; 95% CI: 6.48-10.11). Smoking accounted increase in (20.52%) the gender gap while years of schooling dramatically lessened the gender gap (-46.30%). CONCLUSION: Result show gender differential in CVD prevalence and underlying risk factors, underscoring the need for gender-specific preventive strategies and interventions. Our findings highlight the importance of refined approach to cardiovascular health that considers the complex interplay of biological, social, and environmental determinants.

Prevalence of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer patients in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is increasingly recognized as a significant risk factor in the development of head and neck cancers (HNCs), with varying prevalence and impact. This study aims to systematically review and analyze the prevalence of HPV in HNCs in India, providing insights into regional variations. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was carried out using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science up to November 10, 2023. Inclusion criteria focused on original research reporting HPV-positive cases among HNC patients in India. We used Nested-Knowledge software, for screening, and data extraction. The modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment of included studies. We pooled the prevalence of HPV among HNC patients and performed a random-effects model meta-analysis using R software (version 4.3). RESULTS: The search yielded 33 studies, encompassing 4654 HNC patients. The pooled prevalence of HPV infection was found to be 33% (95% CI: 25.8-42.6), with notable heterogeneity (I² = 95%). Analysis of subgroups according to geographical location indicated varying prevalence rates. Specifically, the prevalence was 47% (95% CI: 32.2-62.4) in the eastern regions and 19.8% (95% CI: 10.8-33.4) in the western regions. No evidence of publication bias was detected. CONCLUSION: The observed considerable regional disparities on the prevalence of HPV in HNC patients in India emphasizes the need for integrated HPV vaccination and screening programs in public health strategies. The findings underline the necessity for further research to explore regional variations and treatment responses in HPV-associated HNCs, considering the impact of factors such as tobacco use and the potential benefits of HPV vaccination.

Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics for Dental Caries in Preschool Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Early childhood caries is one of the most serious and high-priced oral health conditions among young children. With advancing dental sciences, the focus of dental caries treatment is shifted from restorative procedures to preventive measures, and a modality grabbing attention is probiotics. Probiotics exert their effects in many ways as chemical inhibition of pathogenic bacteria and stimulation of the immune response through the production of immunoglobulin A and many more. Objective: This systematic review aims to explore the efficacy and safety of probiotics in dental caries in preschool children. Methodology: The study was registered in the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration number: CRD42020159058). The search was done for randomized control trials in electronic databases such as Cochrane, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Medline, and Embase. It has further included manual searches of journals, conference abstracts, and books. Three reviewers done the selection of the study as per the criteria and also did the risk of bias assessment independently and wherever required, a fourth reviewer resolved the discrepancy in case of disagreement. Results: The nine randomized control trials were included in the study, and the pooled analysis revealed probiotics as an effective intervention in preschool children with dental caries. Conclusion: The results about the efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of dental caries are very encouraging, though the level of evidence is still inadequate.

Understanding noma: WHO's recognition and the path forward in global health.

The World Health Organization's (WHO) designation of noma as a neglected tropical disease (NTD) on 15 December 2023 marks a crucial advancement in global health efforts. This move sheds light on a condition predominantly affecting undernourished children in isolated regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Recognized as the 21st NTD, noma, or cancrum oris, is a serious condition leading to orofacial gangrene. The disease largely impacts young children and those with compromised immune systems, including individuals with human immunodeficiency virus or leukaemia. Determining the exact prevalence of noma is complex, hindered by rapid disease progression, societal stigma and a lack of reporting, especially in impoverished areas. The WHO's acknowledgment is a significant step, emphasizing the need for more in-depth research and resources to address this overlooked disease. It highlights the critical role of multifaceted prevention strategies, including economic empowerment, improved nutrition and enhanced vaccination efforts. This recognition is pivotal in guiding international health initiatives towards better outcomes for some of the most at-risk populations globally.

Incidence and Association of Uveitis with COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines have been pivotal in curbing disease spread and severity. However, concerns over post-vaccination adverse events, including uveitis, an inflammatory ocular condition, have been noted. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the incidence and association of uveitis following COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS: A literature search was performed across several databases on October 21, 2023. Human studies examining the incidence of uveitis post-COVID-19 vaccination were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality appraisal of the included studies. Meta-analysis was performed to assess the overall incidence of uveitis and the relative risk of developing the condition post-vaccination. All statistical analyses were performed using R software version 4.3. RESULTS: Six studies involving over 2 billion vaccine doses were included. The overall incidence of uveitis was 0.016% (95% CI: 0.010 to 0.026). No significant association was found between vaccination and the onset of uveitis (Relative Risk: 1.45 (95% CI: 0.82 to 2.57, p = 0.12) from four studies. The evidence quality was rated very low due to the limited number of studies and imprecision. CONCLUSION: This analysis indicates a low incidence of uveitis following COVID-19 vaccination and no significant association with the vaccine. The findings are constrained by the small number of studies and low certainty of evidence, underscoring the need for further research. Comprehensive and longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm these findings and reinforce public confidence in COVID-19 vaccination programs.

Smokeless tobacco consumption among women of reproductive age: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) poses many negative health impacts. Despite its longstanding presence in societies across the world, the health implications of SLT have only been rigorously studied in recent decades. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to consolidate existing research to provide a comprehensive understanding of the global prevalence of SLT use among women of reproductive age. Relevant articles were extracted from databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus from their inception until November 11, 2023. Observational studies reporting the number of SLT users among women of reproductive age were included. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool. The meta-analysis used a random-effects model to determine SLT prevalence, supported by statistical tools like forest plots, I2 statistics, and sensitivity analyses to ensure the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the results. All statistical analyses were performed in R version 4.3. From 10 studies involving 2,053,667 participants, a pooled prevalence for SLT use among women of reproductive age was found to be 9.3% (95% CI: 0.038 to 0.21), with significant heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 100%). Publication bias was suspected among the studies. Sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis couldn't resolve the heterogeneity. Our analysis shows a significant prevalence of SLT use in women of reproductive age, especially in low socioeconomic and developing countries like India, Pakistan, and Nepal. For women of reproductive age, the use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) can lead to infertility, pregnancy complications, and adverse fetal outcomes, including low birth weight and preterm birth. The results highlight the necessity for specific public health measures and policy changes to decrease SLT consumption among reproductive-age women. Further studies are needed to investigate the reasons behind SLT usage in this group and to assess the impact of intervention strategies, to guide more effective public health initiatives and policies.