Quantum chemical calculations of electron affinities of alkaline earth metal atoms (Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra).

We performed high-level ab initio quantum chemical calculations, incorporating higher-order excitations, spin-orbit coupling (SOC), and the Gaunt interaction, to calculate the electron affinities (EAs) of alkaline earth (AE) metal atoms (Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra), which are notably small. The coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples [CCSD(T)] method is insufficient to accurately calculate the EAs of AE metal atoms. Higher-order excitations proved crucial, with the coupled-cluster singles, doubles, and triples with perturbative quadruples [CCSDT(2)Q] method effectively capturing dynamic electron correlation effects. The contributions of SOC (ΔESOs) to the EAs calculated using the multireference configuration interaction method with the Davidson correction, including SOC, positively enhance the EAs; however, these contributions are overestimated. The Dirac-Hartree-Fock (DHF)-CCSD(T) method addresses this overestimation and provides reasonable values for ΔESO (ΔESO-D). Employing additional sets of diffuse and core-valence correlation basis sets is critical for accurately calculating the EAs of AE metal atoms. The contributions of the Gaunt interaction (ΔEGaunt) to the EAs of AE metal atoms are negligible. Notably, the CCSDT(2)Q with the complete basis set limit + ΔESO-D + ΔEGaunt produced EA values for Ca, Sr, and Ba that closely aligned with experimental data and achieved accuracy exceeding the chemical accuracy. Based on our findings, the accurately proposed EA for Ra is 9.88 kJ/mol.

Changes in Structural Covariance among Olfactory-related Brain Regions in Anosmia Patients.

Anosmia, characterized by the loss of smell, is associated not only with dysfunction in the peripheral olfactory system but also with changes in several brain regions involved in olfactory processing. Specifically, the orbitofrontal cortex is recognized for its pivotal role in integrating olfactory information, engaging in bidirectional communication with the primary olfactory regions, including the olfactory cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex. However, little is known about alterations in structural connections among these brain regions in patients with anosmia. In this study, high-resolution T1-weighted images were obtained from participants. Utilizing the volumes of key brain regions implicated in olfactory function, we employed a structural covariance approach to investigate brain reorganization patterns in patients with anosmia (n=22) compared to healthy individuals (n=30). Our structural covariance analysis demonstrated diminished connectivity between the amygdala and entorhinal cortex, components of the primary olfactory network, in patients with anosmia compared to healthy individuals (z=-2.22, FDR-corrected p=0.039). Conversely, connectivity between the orbitofrontal cortex-a major region in the extended olfactory network-and amygdala was found to be enhanced in the anosmia group compared to healthy individuals (z=2.32, FDR-corrected p=0.039). However, the structural connections between the orbitofrontal cortex and entorhinal cortex did not differ significantly between the groups (z=0.04, FDR-corrected p=0.968). These findings suggest a potential structural reorganization, particularly of higher-order cortical regions, possibly as a compensatory effort to interpret the limited olfactory information available in individuals with olfactory loss.

Feasibility and Usability of EnergyPoints: A Mobile Health App to Guide Acupressure Use for Cancer Symptom Management.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility and usability of EnergyPoints™, an innovative mobile health app that teaches and guides people with cancer to implement daily acupressure to self-manage their fatigue and sleep disturbances. METHODS AND INTERVENTION: The study used an integrated agile, human-centered approach. Adults (age 18 years and over) with cancer experiencing at least moderate fatigue, and living in the Greater New York City community, were recruited from social media, patient advocacy groups, and referrals. Twenty participants (in 3 sprints of 3, 5, and 12) were video-recorded thinking aloud while using the app for the first time. They then used the app at home to self-administer acupressure (twice daily for 1 week) while continuously wearing a fitness tracker. Each participant completed an exit interview and modified Computer System Usability Questionnaire post-participation. RESULTS: Participants were ages 40 to 76 years and 65% female; 65% were non-Hispanic white. Mean pass rates per ritual exceeded 80%. Users completed (totally or partially) greater than 90% of stimulating acupressure and 70% of relaxing acupressure rituals. Sprint 3 SPs totally completed at least 1 ritual 87% of the time. The majority agreed or strongly agreed the app was easy to use (90%), easy to learn (85%), easy to understand (75%), and effective in helping perform self-acupressure (85%). In an analysis of ease of completing 5 key tasks, all successfully completed the tasks; 3 users required some assistance. Of 654 usability statements, those coded as personal experience/context (197), content related to acupressure learning (105), and content related to the onboarding/profile (71) were most frequent. The design team integrated recommendations into the app before the next sprint. CONCLUSIONS: Findings supported feasibility and usability, as well as acceptability, and led to significant alterations and improvements. EnergyPoints™ offers an opportunity to mainstream acupressure and help cancer survivors self-manage their symptoms.

Emerging Trends in Artificial Intelligence-Based Urological Imaging Technologies and Practical Applications.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medical imaging has notably expanded its significance within urology. AI applications offer a broad spectrum of utilities in this domain, ranging from precise diagnosis achieved through image segmentation and anomaly detection to improved procedural assistance in biopsies and surgical interventions. Although challenges persist concerning data security, transparency, and integration into existing clinical workflows, extensive research has been conducted on AI-assisted imaging technologies while recognizing their potential to reshape urological practices. This review paper outlines current AI techniques employed for image analysis to offer an overview of the latest technological trends and applications in the field of urology.

Insights Into Korean Public Perspectives on Urology: Online News Data Analytics Through Latent Dirichlet Allocation Topic Modeling.

PURPOSE: The objective of the study was to explore how urology-related news, one of the medical specialties profoundly linked to human health and life, is communicated to the public through media outlets that serves as primary sources of medical information for the public. METHODS: In this study, articles were retrieved using the keyword 'Urology' from the Bigkinds spanning from January 1, 1990 to August 17, 2023. The Beautifulsoup library in Python was utilized for parsing the text to collect both titles and bodies of the articles. The gathered data was then analyzed using the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) algorithm from the scikit-learn library. Additionally, tools such as Wordcloud and Networkx were employed to visualize the relationships and patterns within the data. RESULTS: The keyword analysis led to the identification of various themes in the articles, with a clear distinction between those providing medical information and those promoting healthcare services, technologies, and products. Notably, the content frequently intertwined informational aspects with promotional ones. Articles on men's health and pet diseases, for example, often combined educational material with product or procedure promotions. This overlap highlights the complexity of categorizing media content into distinct themes. Furthermore, the coverage of health insurance and treatment methods including recent advancements like robotic surgery reflected the evolving nature of healthcare discussions to emphasize the interplay between policy changes, medical advancements, and media portrayal. CONCLUSION: By identifying 10 distinct topics mentioned in the news, the analysis determined which topics are common in urology-related news coverage. The findings revealed a substantial volume of medical information on urology in the media with a wide range of topics including treatment and prevention of urologic conditions, insurance information, new treatments, and news stories promoting new products or hospitals.

Exploring barriers and promoters of CRC screening use among agricultural operators: a pilot study of an application of concept mapping.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study was to identify barriers and facilitators of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening use among agricultural operators in Nebraska, US. METHODS: The concept mapping approach was used to engage participants and enhance the generation of ideas and opinions regarding CRC screening. Two focus groups (seven women and seven men) were conducted. RESULTS: Among women, the cost domain was most agreed upon as important, followed by experiencing symptoms, awareness, and family. Among men, the important concepts related to CRC screening were family and friend support, feeling too young to get CRC, family or personal history of CRC, and lack of awareness of the need to be screened. Some gender differences regarding barriers were observed, such as women were more concerned about the cost of screening while men were far more concerned about the embarrassment associated with CRC screening. CONCLUSION: These findings will be crucial to developing educational materials to increase knowledge of risk factors for CRC and of CRC screening in the agricultural population.

Design optimization and implementation of a Fourier transform spectrometer with rotating motion for 0.1†cm-1 resolution spectroscopy.

In this paper, we present the design optimization and implementation of a high-resolution near-infrared Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) based on a rotating motion. The FTS system incorporates a rotating mirror-pair for scanning the optical path length (OPL). The design optimization process is performed to maximize the scanning range to obtain a resolution of 0.1 cm-1 while taking into account constraints on the volume of the system and the availability of commercial optics. By using a pattern search algorithm, we optimized the geometrical parameters of the rotating part, and found the best solution to satisfy the constraints. A data processing method is implemented to correct the nonlinear OPL scanning using a He-Ne laser. The performance of the implemented FTS is verified through spectral analysis within the spectral range of 1550 ± 25 nm. This spectral band corresponds to the wavelength range of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) obtained from an Er-doped fiber amplifier used in this study. Additionally, gas spectroscopy conducted using the FTS system successfully detects and analyzes the distinct absorption lines of hydrogen cyanide in 16.5 cm gas cell. The detection sensitivity of a single measurement is evaluated based on the noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 1.45 × 10-5 cm-1 Hz-1/2 calculated from 5-sec measurement time, 2000 spectral elements, and 208 signal-to-noise ratio with 0.2 scan/sec.

Do Planar Tetracoordinate Fluorine Atoms Exist? Revisiting a Theoretical Prediction.

We re-examined the existence of planar tetracoordinate F (ptF) atoms, which was proposed recently by using high-level ab initio methods such as coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples (CCSD(T)) with large basis sets. Our calculations indicate that the planar structures of FIn4+ (D4h), FTl4+ (D4h), FGaIn3+ (C2V), FIn2Tl2+ (D2h), FIn3Tl+ (C2V), and FInTl3+ (C2V) are not the minimum energy states; by contrast, they are transition states. Density functional theory calculations overestimate the size of the cavity formed by the four peripheral atoms, leading to erroneous conclusions regarding the existence of ptF atoms. Our analysis suggests that the preference for non-planar structures in the six cations studied is not due to the pseudo Jahn-Teller effect. Additionally, spin-orbit coupling does not alter the main conclusion that the ptF atom does not exist. If sufficiently large cavity formation by group 13 elements to accommodate the central F- ion is guaranteed, then the existence of ptF atoms is plausible.

Photochemical Reaction Mechanism of Intramolecular H Transfer Reaction of H2 C3 O+ ⋠Radical Cation.

The photochemical reaction mechanism underlying the intramolecular H-transfer of the H2 C3 O+ ⋅ radical cation to the H2 CCCO+ ⋅ methylene ketene cation was elucidated using time-dependent density functional theory and high-level ab initio methods. Once the D1 state of H2 C3 O+ ⋅ is populated, the reaction proceeds to form an intermediate (IM) in the D1 state (IM4D1 ). The molecular structure of the conical intersection (CI) was optimized using a multiconfigurational ab initio method. The CI is readily accessible because it lies slightly above the IM4D1 in energy. In addition, the gradient difference vector of the CI is almost parallel to the intramolecular H-transfer reaction coordinate. Once the vibration mode of IM4D1 which is parallel to the reaction coordinate is populated, the degeneracy of the CI is readily lifted and H2 CCCO+ ⋅ was formed via a relaxation pathway in the D0 state. Our calculated results clearly describe the photochemical intramolecular H transfer reaction reported in a recent study.

High level ab initio and density functional study of TeF6+ and TeCl6+: Attainability of +7 oxidation state for tellurium.

Discovery of a new oxidation state for an element expands its chemistry. A high oxidation state, such as +7, is rare for sp-block elements except for halogens. In this study, we determined that Te can attain a +7 oxidation state through the existence of a distorted octahedron (DOH) structure of TeCl6+ based on coupled cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples calculations. We propose a new type of isomerization that resembles pseudorotation. The octahedron structure of TeF6+ bearing one elongated axial bond isomerizes to a DOH via an associated pseudorotation.

Selective Detection of Escherichia coli K12 and Staphylococcus aureus in Mixed Bacterial Communities Using a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)-Functionalized Electrochemical Immunosensor with Dielectrophoretic Concentration.

An electrochemical immunosensor has been developed for the rapid detection and identification of potentially harmful bacteria in food and environmental samples. This study aimed to fabricate a microwire-based electrochemical immunosensor (MEI sensor) for selective detection of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in microbial cocktail samples using dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based cell concentration. A gold-coated tungsten microwire was functionalized by coating polyethylenimine, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) suspension, streptavidin, biotinylated antibodies, and then bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions. Double-layered SWCNTs and 5% BSA solution were found to be optimized for enhanced signal enhancement and nonspecific binding barrier. The selective capture of E. coli K12 or S. aureus cells was achieved when the electric field in the bacterial sample solution was generated at a frequency of 3 MHz and 20 Vpp. A linear trend of the change in the electron transfer resistance was observed as E. coli concentrations increased from 5.32 × 102 to 1.30 × 108 CFU/mL (R2 = 0.976). The S. aureus MEI sensor fabricated with the anti-S. aureus antibodies also showed an increase in resistance with concentrations of S. aureus (8.90 × 102-3.45 × 107 CFU/mL) with a correlation of R2 = 0.983. Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes were used to evaluate the specificity of the MEI sensors. The functionalization process developed for the MEI sensor is expected to contribute to the sensitive and selective detection of other harmful microorganisms in food and environmental industries.

Awareness and knowledge of Colorectal Cancer Screening among Latinos in Omaha, Nebraska.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates remain low in Latino communities. We sought to determine the screening awareness and attitudes in Omaha, Nebraska. METHODS: We interviewed 150 Latinos at an urban Federally Qualified Health Center, June-October 2017. Chi-square or Fisher-exact tests and multiple logistic regression models were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Participants reported low educational attainment, low income, and limited access to insurance or a primary provider. Less than one-third of participants aged 50 + had ever heard of FOBT (32.6%) or colonoscopy (30.4%). For individuals 50+, access to a primary care provider (p = .03) and knowing the screening initiation age (p = .03) were associated with ever having a colonoscopy. Higher knowledge score was a strong predictor of any CRC screening. DISCUSSION: Knowledge predicted screening, suggesting interventions should aim to educate this population regarding CRC screening guidelines and options and work with stakeholders to make CRC screening more accessible.

Differential alterations in brain structural network organization during addiction between adolescents and adults.

BACKGROUND: The adolescent brain may be susceptible to the influences of illicit drug use. While compensatory network reorganization is a unique developmental characteristic that may restore several brain disorders, its association with methamphetamine (MA) use-induced damage during adolescence is unclear. METHODS: Using independent component (IC) analysis on structural magnetic resonance imaging data, spatially ICs described as morphometric networks were extracted to examine the effects of MA use on gray matter (GM) volumes and network module connectivity in adolescents (51 MA users v. 60 controls) and adults (54 MA users v. 60 controls). RESULTS: MA use was related to significant GM volume reductions in the default mode, cognitive control, salience, limbic, sensory and visual network modules in adolescents. GM volumes were also reduced in the limbic and visual network modules of the adult MA group as compared to the adult control group. Differential patterns of structural connectivity between the basal ganglia (BG) and network modules were found between the adolescent and adult MA groups. Specifically, adult MA users exhibited significantly reduced connectivity of the BG with the default network modules compared to control adults, while adolescent MA users, despite the greater extent of network GM volume reductions, did not show alterations in network connectivity relative to control adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest the potential of compensatory network reorganization in adolescent brains in response to MA use. The developmental characteristic to compensate for MA-induced brain damage can be considered as an age-specific therapeutic target for adolescent MA users.

Developing a co-production strategy to facilitate the adoption and implementation of evidence-based colorectal cancer screening interventions for rural health systems: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence-based colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) interventions have not been broadly adopted in rural primary care settings. Co-production of implementation strategies through a bundled approach may be promising in closing this gap by helping rural healthcare practitioners select and implement the best fitting CRCS interventions to the local context. This paper describes the process and outcomes of co-development and delivery of the bundled implementation strategy to improve adoption and implementation of CRCS interventions with two rural clinics. METHODS: We used a bundle of implementation strategies with a core focus on academic-clinical partnership development (strategy 1) and Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles (strategy 2) to identify clinical partner interests/preferences on delivery methods and content needed to facilitate intervention identification and implementation that improves CRCS. We also developed an implementation blueprint for each clinic (strategy 3) through an online blueprinting process based on adapted "Putting Public Health Evidence in Action" (PPHEA) training curriculum. Clinic physicians and staff (n = 7) were asked to evaluate the bundled approach based on overall reactions and perceptions of innovation characteristics using 5-point Likert scale. After completing the bundled approach, we collected implementation outcomes and limited intervention effectiveness of the CRCS evidence-based interventions (EBIs) developed through the process. RESULTS: Our co-production strategy yielded a prototype online blueprinting process consisting of 8 distance-learning PPHEA modules that guide selection and implementation of EBIs tailored to CRCS. Modules were delivered to clinic participants with minor adaptations, using PDSA cycle to improve quality of module contents and formats. Overall, participants in both clinics reported positive reactions toward the bundled approach. Both clinics reported improvements in how they perceived the characteristics of the innovation (the bundled approach) to tailor selected CRCS EBIs. As a result of the bundled strategies, each clinic selected and adopted specific EBI(s) with the varying degrees of implementation and CRCS outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The bundle of implementation strategies used were feasible and acceptable in rural primary care practices to facilitate the use of EBIs to improve CRCS.

Big data analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on digital game industrial sustainability in South Korea.

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly influenced the lifestyle and entertainment activities of the society that has significantly increased the growth rate of the gaming industry. While the studies on the game industry, one of the leading content industries, related to the pandemic has been done from various perspectives, little attention has been taken in regards to how the pandemic have impacted on the national digital game production and its industrial sustainability as a whole. Thus, this study was conducted to analyze the changes in the domestic game industry before and after the COVID-19 outbreak using the big data analysis of semantic network. This study aims to understand the growing trend in the gaming industry that can be helpful for the marketing and production of future games, as well as to guide the establishment of the public game policies in the game industry. The results showed that the COVID-19 pandemic positively decreased the public's worries and the government's restrictions towards gaming due to game addiction as a mental disease. However, its sudden change in the gamer's attitudes and the current gaming policies implied that for the sustainable development of the domestic game production, laws and regulations related to the game industry need to be reliable and planned on a long term basis since the industry is immensely large and is also related to several industries such as computing, programming, arts, and story contents. Accordingly, it is necessary to build an industrial ecology through which cluster complexes specializing in developing startups and small and medium-sized business can grow along with political support.

Efficient and optimized communication in biomedical sensor networks based on bioinspired particle swarm optimization for medical applications.

Healthcare, sports, the military, location monitoring and wireless body networks are emerging as technology of major relevance. As a result of the widespread usage of biomedical sensor networks in medical applications, it is essential that data packets containing vital signs be reliably and effectively supplied to the medical center. Because of its mobility, real-time monitoring, cheap cost, and real-time feedback, it may be used in a broad variety of applications. Effective data transport and a limited energy supply are the main challenges in WBAN. Uses genetic heuristics to enhance routing algorithm efficiency. Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) and distributed energy efficiency clustering (DEC) are two kinds of clustering algorithms (DEEC). A clustering-based routing protocol may be optimized using this study's optimization approach so that the network's lifetime can be extended.. The cluster heads (CHs) in sensor nodes are picked with the least amount of overhead grading possible. The cluster is being balanced. Passive clustering based on Bioinspired Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) should be used for clustering purposes. Routing messages efficiently means sending them quickly and efficiently without using a lot of bandwidth. Using constraints such as distance and residual power, the optimal path for the cluster may be determined with the help of iterative and heuristic chicken swarm optimization (IHCSO) for short. An evaluation of the packet distribution allocation, capacity, and average end-to-end latency illustrates the practicability of the proposed system in research concerning its efficiency. According to the findings of the research, following the technique that was proposed leads to much better outcomes.

Disparities in awareness of and willingness to participate in cancer clinical trials between African American and White cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: Cancer clinical trials (CCTs) are essential for cancer care, yet the evidence is scarce when it comes to racial disparities in CCT participation among cancer survivors in the Midwest. This study aimed to 1) assess disparities in the awareness of and willingness to participate in CCTs between African American and White cancer survivors; and 2) compare perceptions about CCTs between the two racial groups. METHODS: The study was based on cross-sectional data from the survey "Minority Patient Participation in Cancer Clinical Trials" that collected information from 147 Black and White cancer survivors from Nebraska between 2015 and 2016. Chi-square tests and logistic regressions were used to assess differences between Black and White cancer survivors regarding their awareness, willingness, and perceptions associated with CCT participation. RESULTS: After adjusting for the effects of socio-demographic, health status, and psychosocial variables, Black cancer survivors were much less likely than White cancer survivors to be aware of CCTs (AOR 0.26; CI 0.08-0.81), to express willingness to participate in CCTs (AOR 0.03; CI 0.01, 0.32) and to actually participate in CCTs (AOR 0.13; CI 0.04-0.38). Black cancer survivors reported a lower level of trust in physicians and were less likely than White cancer survivors to believe that CCTs make a significant contribution to science. CONCLUSIONS: Relative to White cancer survivors, Black cancer survivors had much lower awareness of and willingness to participate in CCTs. Part of these differences might be related to the differential perception of CCTs, psychosocial factors, and trust in physicians between the two groups.

Modeling Sleep Quality Depending on Objective Actigraphic Indicators Based on Machine Learning Methods.

According to data from the World Health Organization and medical research centers, the frequency and severity of various sleep disorders, including insomnia, are increasing steadily. This dynamic is associated with increased daily stress, anxiety, and depressive disorders. Poor sleep quality affects people's productivity and activity and their perception of quality of life in general. Therefore, predicting and classifying sleep quality is vital to improving the quality and duration of human life. This study offers a model for assessing sleep quality based on the indications of an actigraph, which was used by 22 participants in the experiment for 24 h. Objective indicators of the actigraph include the amount of time spent in bed, sleep duration, number of awakenings, and duration of awakenings. The resulting classification model was evaluated using several machine learning methods and showed a satisfactory accuracy of approximately 80-86%. The results of this study can be used to treat sleep disorders, develop and design new systems to assess and track sleep quality, and improve existing electronic devices and sensors.

Scoping review of costs of implementation strategies in community, public health and healthcare settings.

OBJECTIVES: To identify existing evidence concerning the cost of dissemination and implementation (D&I) strategies in community, public health and health service research, mapped with the 'Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change' (ERIC) taxonomy. DESIGN: Scoping review. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify any English language reports that had been published between January 2008 and December 2019 concerning the cost of D&I strategies. DATA EXTRACTION: We matched the strategies identified in each article using ERIC taxonomies; further classified them into five areas (eg, dissemination, implementation, integration, capacity building and scale-up); and extracted the corresponding costs (total costs and cots per action target and per evidence-based programme (EBP) participant). We also recorded the reported level of costing methodology used for cost assessment of D&I strategies. RESULTS: Of the 6445 articles identified, 52 studies were eligible for data extraction. Lack of D&I strategy cost data was the predominant reason (55% of the excluded studies) for study exclusion. Predominant topic, setting, country and research design in the included studies were mental health (19%), primary care settings (44%), the US (35%) and observational (42%). Thirty-five (67%) studies used multicomponent D&I strategies (ranging from two to five discrete strategies). The most frequently applied strategies were Conduct ongoing training (50%) and Conduct educational meetings (23%). Adoption (42%) and reach (27%) were the two most frequently assessed outcomes. The overall costs of Conduct ongoing training ranged from $199 to $105 772 ($1-$13 973 per action target and $0.02-$412 per EBP participant); whereas the cost of Conduct educational meetings ranged from $987 to $1.1-$2.9 million/year ($33-$54 869 per action target and $0.2-$146 per EBP participant). The wide range of costs was due to the varying scales of the studies, intended audiences/diseases and the complexities of the strategy components. Most studies presented limited information on costing methodology, making interpretation difficult. CONCLUSIONS: The quantity of published D&I strategy cost analyses is increasing, yet guidance on conducting and reporting of D&I strategy cost analysis is necessary to facilitate and promote the application of comparative economic evaluation in the field of D&I research.