Risk of suicide and suicide-related events in subjects treated with antiseizure medications.

INTRODUCTION: In the United States, it is reported that 1.4% of the general population commits suicide. It has been postulated that antiseizure medications (ASMs) can lead to the development of suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior; however, this risk is still very low and has yet to be precisely established. AREAS COVERED: This narrative review evaluates the risk of suicide-related events (SREs) in subjects taking ASMs for various neurological disorders. Screening tools for suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior are also discussed. References for this article were found using PubMed/MEDLINE. EXPERT OPINION: Although some ASMs can be associated with SREs, this is not yet clearly established. The mechanisms involved in suicide risk in subjects taking ASMs are multifactorial. The bidirectional relationship between depression and epilepsy, as well as other associations, should be kept in mind when interpreting any impact of ASMs in PWE. Screening for SREs, close monitoring of subjects taking ASMs are the most appropriate strategies to minimize suicide risk. More efforts should be made to achieve accurate risk stratification through prognostic models that could be applied to subjects taking ASMs. Studies exploring the association between ASMs and suicide should consider ASMs individually and control for prior SREs.

Contrast Medium-Induced Transient Cortical Blindness: a Systematic Review of the Literature.

Transient cortical blindness (TCB) is characterized by a partial or complete loss of perceived vision, normal fundi, normal pupillary reflexes, and unaltered extraocular movements. It is a rare complication of contrast medium use, with no definitive pathophysiology. This systematic review aimed to summarize identified risk factors, the most common clinical presentations, radiological and neurophysiological features and proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of TCB. A total of 115 patients, from 2 retrospective cohort studies, 10 case series, and 52 case reports, were included. The available evidence suggests that TCB can manifest after both invasive and non-invasive angiographic procedures. Higher contrast medium dosage and its injection solely into the posterior circulation are the only risk factors identified in association with TCB.

Futile recanalization is associated with increased risk of post-stroke epilepsy.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment (EVT) is the standard of care of ischaemic stroke due to occlusion of large vessels. Although EVT can significantly improve short- and long-term outcomes, functional dependence can persist despite the achievement of a successful recanalization. The evidence about the predictors of post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) in patients with stroke treated by EVT is limited. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between futile recanalization and the risk of PSE. METHODS: We retrospectively identified consecutive adults with first-ever ischaemic stroke of anterior circulation who were treated with EVT. Futile recanalization was defined as poor 3-month functional status (modified Rankin scale score ≥ 3) despite complete or near-complete recanalization. Study outcome was the occurrence of PSE during the follow-up. RESULTS: The study included 327 patients with anterior circulation ischaemic stroke treated with EVT. Futile recanalization occurred in 116 (35.5%) patients and 26 (8.0%) developed PSE during a median follow-up of 35 [interquartile range, 22.7-55.2] months. Futile recanalization was more common among patients who developed PSE compared to those who did not (76.9% versus 31.9%; p < 0.001). Futile recanalization [hazard ratio (HR) = 5.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.88-16.84; p = 0.002], large artery atherosclerosis (HR = 3.48, 95% CI: 1.44-8.40; p = 0.006), cortical involvement (HR = 15.51, 95% CI: 2.06-116.98; p = 0.008), and acute symptomatic status epilepticus (HR = 14.40, 95% CI: 2.80-73.98; p = 0.001) increased the risk of PSE. CONCLUSIONS: Futile recanalization after EVT is associated with increased risk of PSE in patients with ischaemic stroke due to occlusion of large vessel of the anterior circulation.

Effectiveness and Safety of Adjunctive Cenobamate in People with Focal-Onset Epilepsy: Evidence from the First Interim Analysis of the BLESS Study.

INTRODUCTION: Despite new anti-seizure medications (ASMs) being introduced into clinical practice, about one-third of people with epilepsy do not reach seizure control. Cenobamate is a novel tetrazole-derived carbamate compound with a dual mechanism of action. In randomized controlled trials, adjunctive cenobamate reduced the frequency of focal seizures in people with uncontrolled epilepsy. Studies performed in real-world settings are useful to complement this evidence and better characterize the drug profile. METHODS: The Italian BLESS ("Cenobamate in Adults With Focal-Onset Seizures") study is an observational cohort study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness, tolerability, and safety of adjunctive cenobamate in adults with uncontrolled focal epilepsy in the context of real-world clinical practice. The study is ongoing and conducted at 50 centers in Italy. This first interim analysis includes participants enrolled until June 2023 and with 12-week outcome data available. RESULTS: Forty participants with a median age of 36.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 26.0-47.5) years were included. The median monthly seizure frequency at baseline was 6.0 (IQR 2.5-17.3) seizures and 31 (77.5%) participants had failed four or more ASMs before cenobamate. At 12 weeks from starting cenobamate, the median reduction in monthly seizure frequency was 52.8% (IQR 27.1-80.3%); 22 (55.0%) participants had a ≥ 50% reduction in baseline seizure frequency and six (15.0%) reached seizure freedom. The median number of concomitant ASMs decreased from 3 (IQR 2-3) at baseline to 2 (IQR 2-3) at 12 weeks and the proportion of patients treated with > 2 concomitant ASMs decreased from 52.5% to 40.0%. Seven (17.5%) patients reported a total of 12 adverse events, 11 of which were considered adverse drug reactions to cenobamate. CONCLUSION: In adults with uncontrolled focal seizures, the treatment with adjunctive cenobamate was well tolerated and was associated with improved seizure control and a reduction of the burden of concomitant ASMs. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05859854 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier).

Patient-reported outcomes in epilepsy: a case study exploring their usage and impact.

Background: This study aimed to obtain insights from epilepsy specialists on the use of Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) measures and how they can affect the management of people with epilepsy and healthcare resource utilization. Methods: The heads of two referral units for people with epilepsy at one tertiary care hospital were invited to respond to a structured survey. Results: Paper-based questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were the main modalities used to measure the quality of life of people with epilepsy. The Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-31 (QOLIE-31), the Adverse Event Profile (adult centre), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Short-Form Health Survey 36, PSY-Flex, SAFA and Child Behavior Checklist (paediatric centre) were the most used scales. There was consensus about the favourable impact of PRO upon patient management, disease management and measurement of the success of a treatment. Both respondents considered the PRO as important as other main indicators like efficacy and tolerability of the treatment. Lack of time, personnel and economic resources was identified as a barrier on the use of PRO. The PRO could reduce the number of visits, exams and treatments, and increase the time spent on each patient and the number of neuropsychological, psychological and rehabilitation services. The standardized use of PRO was considered useful and the increase in human resources was considered a priority to achieve this goal. Conclusions: Despite the heterogeneity in the actual collection of PRO, there was a uniform perception about their role to optimize the care of people with epilepsy.

Safe delivery, perinatal outcomes and breastfeeding in women with epilepsy.

Safe delivery and optimal peripartum and postpartum care in women with epilepsy (WWE) is a major concern which has received limited attention in recent years. A diagnosis of epilepsy per se is not an indication for a planned cesarean section or induction of labor, even though epidemiological studies indicate that cesarean delivery is more common among WWE compared to the general population. Pregnancy in WWE is associated with an increased risk of obstetrical complications and increased perinatal morbidity and mortality, and these risks may be greater among WWE taking ASMs. Wherever feasible, pregnant WWE should be directed to specialist care. Risk minimization includes, when appropriate, dose adjustment to compensate for pregnancy-related changes in the pharmacokinetics of some ASMs. With respect to postpartum management, WWE should be advised that the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the small risk of adverse drug reactions in the infant.

Interhemispheric functional connectivity: an fMRI study in callosotomized patients.

Introduction: Functional connectivity (FC) is defined in terms of temporal correlations between physiological signals, which mainly depend upon structural (axonal) connectivity; it is commonly studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Interhemispheric FC appears mostly supported by the corpus callosum (CC), although several studies investigating this aspect have not provided conclusive evidence. In this context, patients in whom the CC was resected for therapeutic reasons (split-brain patients) provide a unique opportunity for research into this issue. The present study was aimed at investigating with resting-state fMRI the interhemispheric FC in six epileptic patients who have undergone surgical resection of the CC. Methods: The analysis was performed using fMRI of the Brain Software Library; the evaluation of interhemispheric FC and the recognition of the resting-state networks (RSNs) were performed using probabilistic independent component analysis. Results: Generally, bilateral brain activation was often observed in primary sensory RSNs, while in the associative areas, such as those composing the default mode and fronto-parietal networks, the activation was often unilateral. Discussion: These results suggest that even in the absence of the CC, some interhemispheric communication is still present. This residual FC might be supported through extra-callosal pathways that are likely subcortical, making it possible for some interhemispheric integration. Further studies are needed to confirm these conclusions.

Innovative LC-MS/MS method for therapeutic drug monitoring of fenfluramine and cannabidiol in the plasma of pediatric patients with epilepsy.

We present a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantifying fenfluramine (FFA), its active metabolite norfenfluramine (norFFA), and Epidyolex®, a pure cannabidiol (CBD) oral solution in plasma. Recently approved by the EMA for the adjunctive treatment of refractory seizures in patients with Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes aged above 2 years, FFA and CBD still do not have established therapeutic blood ranges, and thus need careful drug monitoring to manage potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Our method, validated by ICH guidelines M10, utilizes a rapid extraction protocol from 100 µL of human plasma and a reversed-phase C-18 HPLC column, with deuterated internal standards. The Thermofisher Quantiva triple-quadrupole MS coupled with an Ultimate 3000 UHPLC allowed multiple reaction monitoring detection, ensuring precise analyte quantification. The assay exhibited linear responses across a broad spectrum of concentrations: ranging from 1.64 to 1000 ng/mL for both FFA and CBD, and from 0.82 to 500 ng/mL for norFFA. The method proves accurate and reproducible, free from matrix effect. Additionally, FFA stability in plasma at 4 °C and -20 °C for up to 7 days bolsters its clinical applicability. Plasma concentrations detected in patients samples, expressed as mean ± standard deviation, were 0.36 ± 0.09 ng/mL for FFA, 19.67 ± 1.22 ng/mL for norFFA. This method stands as a robust tool for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of FFA and CBD, offering significant utility in assessing drug-drug interactions in co-treated patients, thus contributing to optimized patient care in complex therapeutic scenarios.

Predictors of Seizure Recurrence in Women With Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy Who Switch From Valproate to Another Medication.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the predictors of seizure recurrence in women of childbearing age with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) who switched from valproate (VPA) to alternative antiseizure medications (ASMs) and compare the effectiveness of levetiracetam (LEV) and lamotrigine (LTG) as VPA alternatives after switch. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study included women of childbearing age diagnosed with IGE from 16 epilepsy centers. Study outcomes included worsening or recurrence of generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) at 12 months and 24 months after the switch from VPA to an alternative ASM. The comparative effectiveness of LEV and LTG as alternative ASM following VPA discontinuation was assessed through inverse probability treatment-weighted (IPTW) Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: We included 426 women with IGE, with a median (interquartile range) age at VPA switch of 24 (19-30) years and a median VPA dosage of 750 (500-1,000) mg/d. The most common reason for VPA switch was teratogenicity concern in 249 women (58.6%), and the most common ASM used in place of VPA was LEV in 197 (46.2%) cases, followed by LTG in 140 (32.9%). GTCS worsening/recurrence occurred in 105 (24.6%) and 139 (32.6%) women at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Catamenial worsening of seizures, higher VPA dosage during switch, multiple seizure types, and shorter duration of GTCS freedom before switch were independent predictors of GTCS recurrence or worsening at 12 months according to mixed multivariable logistic regression analysis. After internal-external validation through 16 independent cohorts, the model showed an area under the curve of 0.71 (95% CI 0.64-0.77). In the subgroup of 337 women who switched to LEV or LTG, IPTW Cox regression analysis showed that LEV was associated with a reduced risk of GTCS worsening or recurrence compared with LTG (adjusted hazard ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.40-0.87, p = 0.008) during the 24-month follow-up. DISCUSSION: Our findings can have practical implications for optimizing counselling and treatment choices in women of childbearing age with IGE and may help clinicians in making informed treatment decisions in this special population of patients. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that for women with IGE switching from VPA, LEV was associated with a reduced risk of GTCS worsening or recurrence compared with LTG.

Brivaracetam use in clinical practice: a Delphi consensus on its role as first add-on therapy in focal epilepsy and beyond.

BACKGROUND: Antiseizure medications remain the cornerstone of treatment for epilepsy, although a proportion of individuals with the condition will continue to experience seizures despite appropriate therapy. Treatment choices for epilepsy are based on variables related to both the individual patient and the available medications. Brivaracetam is a third-generation agent antiseizure medication. METHODS: We carried out a Delphi consensus exercise to define the role of brivaracetam in clinical practice and to provide guidance about its use as first add-on ASM and in selected clinical scenarios. A total of 15 consensus statements were drafted by an expert panel following review of the literature and all were approved in the first round of voting by panelists. The consensus indicated different clinical scenarios for which brivaracetam can be a good candidate for treatment, including first add-on use. RESULTS: Overall, brivaracetam was considered to have many advantageous characteristics that render it a suitable option for patients with focal epilepsy, including a fast onset of action, favorable pharmacokinetic profile with few drug-drug interactions, broad-spectrum activity, and being well tolerated across a range of doses. Brivaracetam is also associated with sustained clinical response and good tolerability in the long term. CONCLUSIONS: These characteristics also make it suitable as an early add-on for the elderly and for patients with post-stroke epilepsy or status epilepticus as highlighted by the present Delphi consensus.

A profile of azetukalner for the treatment of epilepsy: from pharmacology to potential for therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsies are a group of heterogeneous brain disorder, and antiseizure medications (ASMs) are the mainstay of treatment. Despite the availability of more than 30 drugs, at least one third of individuals with epilepsy are drug-resistant. This emphasizes the need for novel compounds that combine efficacy with improved tolerability. AREAS COVERED: A literature review on the pharmacology, efficacy, tolerability, and safety of azetukalner (XEN1101), a second-generation opener of neuronal potassium channels currently in Phase 3 development as ASM. EXPERT OPINION: Results from the phase 2b clinical trial strongly support the ongoing clinical development of azetukalner as a new ASM. Its pharmacokinetic properties support convenient once-daily dosing, eliminating the need for titration at initiation or tapering at the conclusion of treatment. CYP3A4 is the main enzyme involved in its metabolism and drug-drug interactions can affect the drug exposure. Preliminary analysis of an ongoing open-label study reveals no reported pigmentary abnormalities. The upcoming Phase 3 clinical trials are expected to provide further insight into the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of azetukalner in treating focal-onset and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Structurally distinct from currently marketed ASMs, azetukalner has the potential to be the only-in-class Kv7.2/7.3 opener on the market upon regulatory approval.

Current challenges in focal epilepsy treatment: An Italian Delphi consensus.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy, a globally prevalent neurological condition, presents distinct challenges in management, particularly for focal-onset types. This study aimed at addressing the current challenges and perspectives in focal epilepsy management, with focus on the Italian reality. METHODS: Using the Delphi methodology, this research collected and analyzed the level of consensus of a panel of Italian epilepsy experts on key aspects of focal epilepsy care. Areas of focus included patient flow, treatment pathways, controlled versus uncontrolled epilepsy, follow-up protocols, and the relevance of patient-reported outcomes (PROs). This method allowed for a comprehensive assessment of consensus and divergences in clinical opinions and practices. RESULTS: The study achieved consensus on 23 out of 26 statements, with three items failing to reach a consensus. There was strong agreement on the importance of timely intervention, individualized treatment plans, regular follow-ups at Epilepsy Centers, and the role of PROs in clinical practice. In cases of uncontrolled focal epilepsy, there was a clear inclination to pursue alternative treatment options following the failure of two previous therapies. Divergent views were evident on the inclusion of epilepsy surgery in treatment for uncontrolled epilepsy and the routine necessity of EEG evaluations in follow-ups. Other key findings included concerns about the lack of pediatric-specific research limiting current therapeutic options in this patient population, insufficient attention to the transition from pediatric to adult care, and need for improved communication. The results highlighted the complexities in managing epilepsy, with broad consensus on patient care aspects, yet notable divergences in specific treatment and management approaches. CONCLUSION: The study offered valuable insights into the current state and complexities of managing focal-onset epilepsy. It highlighted many deficiencies in the therapeutic pathway of focal-onset epilepsy in the Italian reality, while it also underscored the importance of patient-centric care, the necessity of early and appropriate intervention, and individualized treatment approaches. The findings also called for continued research, policy development, and healthcare system improvements to enhance epilepsy management, highlighting the ongoing need for tailored healthcare solutions in this evolving field.

Diagnosing epileptic seizures in patients with Alzheimer's disease and deciding on the appropriate treatment plan.

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the predominant cause of dementia and a significant contributor to morbidity among the elderly. Patients diagnosed with AD face an increased risk of epileptic seizures. AREAS COVERED: Herein, the authors review the challenges in the diagnosis of seizures in patients with AD, the risks of seizures related to medications used in AD and the pharmacological treatment of seizures in AD. The authors also provide the reader with their expert opinion on the subject matter and future perspectives. EXPERT OPINION: Healthcare professionals should maintain a vigilant approach to suspecting seizures in AD patients. Acute symptomatic seizures triggered by metabolic disturbances, infections, toxins, or drug-related factors often have a low risk of recurrence. In such cases, addressing the underlying cause may suffice without initiating antiseizure medications (ASMs). However, unprovoked seizures in certain AD patients carry a higher risk of recurrence over time, warranting the use of ASMs. Although data is limited, both lamotrigine and levetiracetam appear to be reasonable choices for controlling seizures in elderly AD patients. Decisions should be informed by the best available evidence, the treating physician's clinical experience, and the patient's preferences.

The risk of unprovoked seizure occurrence after status epilepticus in adults.

OBJECTIVE: Status epilepticus (SE) may lead to long-term consequences. This study evaluated the risk and predictors of seizure occurrence after SE, with a focus on SE due to acute symptomatic etiologies. METHODS: Prospectively collected data about adults surviving a first non-hypoxic SE were reviewed. The outcome was the occurrence of unprovoked seizures during the follow-up. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis and log-rank test were used to analyze the time to seizure occurrence and determine the statistical significance between etiological groups. Three subcategories within acute etiology were considered according to the presence of the following: (1) structural lesion (acute-primary); (2) brain involvement during systemic disorders (acute-secondary); and (3) drug or alcohol intoxication/withdrawal (acute-toxic). Cox proportional hazards model was adopted to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Two hundreds fifty-seven individuals were included. Fifty-four subjects (21.0%) developed seizures after a median of 9.9 (interquartile range 4.3-21.7) months after SE. The estimated 1-, 2-, and 5-year rates of seizure occurrence according to acute SE etiologies were 19.4%, 23.4%, and 30.1%, respectively, for acute-primary central nervous system (CNS) pathology; 2.2%, 2.2%, and 8.7%, respectively, for acute-secondary CNS pathology; and 0%, 9.1%, and 9.1%, respectively, for acute-toxic causes. Five-year rates of seizure occurrence for non-acute SE causes were 33.9% for remote, 65.7% for progressive, and 25.9% for unknown etiologies. In multivariate Cox regression model, progressive etiology (adjusted HR [adjHR] 2.27, 95% CI 1.12-4.58), SE with prominent motor phenomena evolving in non-convulsive SE (adjHR 3.17, 95% CI 1.38-7.25), and non-convulsive SE (adjHR 2.38, 95% CI 1.16-4.90) were independently associated with higher hazards of unprovoked seizures. Older people (adjHR .98, 95% CI .96-.99) and people with SE due to acute-secondary CNS pathology (adjHR .18, 95% CI .04-.82) were at decreased risk of seizure occurrence. SIGNIFICANCE: SE carries a risk of subsequent seizures. Both the underlying cause and epileptogenic effects of SE are likely to contribute.

The Role of Early Intubation in Status Epilepticus with Out-of-Hospital Onset: A Large Prospective Observational Study.

Background: this study aimed to evaluate the role of early airway management and intubation in status epilepticus (SE) with out-of-hospital onset. Methods: We included all patients with out-of-hospital SE onset referred to the emergency department of the Academic Hospital of Modena between 2013 and 2021. Patients were compared according to out-of-hospital airway management (intubation versus non-intubation) and a propensity score was performed for clinical variables unevenly distributed between the two groups. Results: We evaluated 711 patients with SE. A total of 397 patients with out-of-hospital SE onset were eventually included; of these, 20.4% (81/397) were intubated before arrival at the hospital. No difference was found in the clinical characteristics of patients after propensity score matching. The 30-day mortality in the propensity group was 19.4% (14/72), and no difference was found between intubated (7/36, 19.4%) and non-intubated (7/36, 19.4%) patients. No difference was found in SE cessation. Compared to non-intubated patients, those who underwent out-of-hospital intubation had a higher risk of progression to refractory or super-refractory SE, greater worsening of mRS values between hospital discharge and admission, and lower probability of returning to baseline condition at 30 days after SE onset. Conclusions: Early intubation for out-of-hospital SE onset is not associated with improved patient survival even after balancing for possible confounders. Further studies should evaluate the timing of intubation and its association with first-line treatments for SE and their efficacy. In addition, they should focus on the settings and the exact reasons leading to intubation to better inform early management of SE with out-of-hospital onset.

Conversion to Brivaracetam Monotherapy in Clinical Practice: A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of brivaracetam (BRV) as conversion monotherapy in adults with focal epilepsy treated in the context of real-world clinical practice. METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational, non-interventional study in adults with focal epilepsy who converted to BRV monotherapy following the withdrawal of background antiseizure medications (ASMs). Primary effectiveness outcome was the retention rate of BRV as single ASM at 6 and 12 months. Secondary outcomes included the 6- and 12-month rates of seizure freedom. Safety and tolerability outcomes included the frequency and type of adverse events (AEs) and the occurrence of treatment discontinuation due to AEs. RESULTS: A total of 44 participants with a median age of 63.5 (interquartile range 44-73.5) years were included; 17 subjects were seizure free at baseline, and 9 of them switched from levetiracetam because of lack of tolerability. The retention rate of BRV monotherapy was 88.6% (39/44) at 6 months and 83.9% (26/31) at 12 months. The rates of seizure freedom were 72.7% (32/44) in subjects with 6-month follow-up and 58.1% (18/31) in subjects with 12-month follow-up. The median maintenance dosage of BRV monotherapy was 150 (100-200) mg/day at 6 months and 125 (100-200) mg/day in subjects with 12-month follow-up. Adverse events were recorded in 6/44 (13.6%) participants and led to BRV discontinuation in 2/44 (4.5%) cases. The reported AEs were somnolence (n = 3), fatigue (n = 2), and irritability (n = 1); no serious AEs were experienced. In 21/44 (47.7%) participants, BRV monotherapy resulted from the direct switch from levetiracetam. The rates of treatment retention and seizure freedom at 6 and 12 months were higher among people who switched from levetiracetam to BRV monotherapy. CONCLUSION: Brivaracetam may be a valuable treatment of focal seizures in people who converted to monotherapy in a real-life setting.

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and early seizures after ischemic stroke: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Early post-stroke seizures (EPSS) are associated with an increased risk of mortality and post-stroke epilepsy. This study aimed to identify potential risk factors for EPSS, focusing on blood parameters, such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which is a biomarker for inflammation. METHODS: Patients treated for ischemic stroke between 2017 and 2019 were retrospectively identified. 44 of them had a first epileptic seizure within 7 days after the stroke. They were matched 1:2 for age and sex with controls who had a stroke but no EPSS. Information on demographics, stroke characteristics, and blood parameters were collected on admission. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with EPSS and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) to estimate their predictive accuracy. RESULTS: The NLR value (p = 0.035), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (p = 0.016) and cortical localization of stroke (p = 0.03) were significantly correlated with the occurrence of EPSS in univariate logistic regression. In multivariable logistic regression, after adjusting for age, sex, baseline NIHSS, and stroke localization, the NLR values [adjusted odds ratio 1.097, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.005-1.197; p = 0.038] were independently associated with the occurrence of EPSS. The AUROC for NLR was 0.639 (95% CI: 0.517-0.761) with 2.98 as the best predictive cut-off value. There was a significant positive relationship between NLR and NIHSS, rS(87) = 0.383, p = <0.001. CONCLUSION: Higher NLR values were associated with increased risk of EPSS. This biomarker appears useful to assess the risk of developing EPSS.

Remote seizures and drug-resistant epilepsy after a first status epilepticus in adults.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Long-term consequences after status epilepticus (SE) represent an unsettled issue. We investigated the incidence of remote unprovoked seizures (RS) and drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) in a cohort of first-ever SE survivors. METHODS: A retrospective, observational, and monocentric study was conducted on adult patients (age ≥ 14 years) with first SE who were consecutively admitted to the Modena Academic Hospital, Italy (September 2013-March 2022). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were used to calculate the probability of seizure freedom following the index event, whereas Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to identify outcome predictors. RESULTS: A total of 279 patients were included, 57 of whom (20.4%) developed RS (mean follow-up = 32.4 months). Cumulative probability of seizure freedom was 85%, 78%, and 68% respectively at 12 months, 2 years, and 5 years. In 45 of 57 patients (81%), the first relapse occurred within 2 years after SE. The risk of RS was higher in the case of structural brain damage (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-4.01), progressive symptomatic etiology (HR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.44-5.16), and occurrence of nonconvulsive evolution in the semiological sequence of SE (HR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.37-6.37). Eighteen of 57 patients (32%) developed DRE; the risk was higher in the case of super-refractory (p = 0.006) and non-convulsive SE evolution (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The overall risk of RS was moderate, temporally confined within 2 years after the index event, and driven by specific etiologies and SE semiology. Treatment super-refractoriness and non-convulsive SE evolution were associated with DRE development.