Neutrophilic superhalide-anion-triggered chalcogen conversion-based Zn batteries, despite latent high-energy merit, usually suffer from a short lifespan caused by dendrite growth and shuttle effect. Here, a superhalide-anion-motivator reforming strategy is initiated to simultaneously manipulate the anode interface and Se conversion intermediates, realizing a bipolar regulation toward longevous energy-type Zn batteries. With ZnF2 chaotropic additives, the original large-radii superhalide zincate anion species in ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes are split into small F-containing species, boosting the formation of robust solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) for Zn dendrite inhibition. Simultaneously, ion radius reduced multiple F-containing Se conversion intermediates form, enhancing the interion interaction of charged products to suppress the shuttle effect. Consequently, Zn||Se batteries deliver a ca. 20-fold prolonged lifespan (2000 cycles) at 1 A g-1 and high energy/power density of 416.7 Wh kgSe-1/1.89 kW kgSe-1, outperforming those in F-free counterparts. Pouch cells with distinct plateaus and durable cyclability further substantiate the practicality of this design.
The Ficus erecta complex, characterized by its morphological diversity and frequent interspecific overlap, shares pollinating fig wasps among several species. This attribute, coupled with its intricate phylogenetic relationships, establishes it as an exemplary model for studying speciation and evolutionary patterns. Extensive researches involving RADseq (Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing), complete chloroplast genome data, and flow cytometry methods were conducted, focusing on phylogenomic analysis, genetic structure, and ploidy detection within the complex. Significantly, the findings exposed a pronounced nuclear-cytoplasmic conflict. This evidence, together with genetic structure analysis, confirmed that hybridization within the complex is a frequent occurrence. The ploidy detection revealed widespread polyploidy, with certain species exhibiting multiple ploidy levels, including 2×, 3×, and 4×. Of particular note, only five species (F. abelii, F. erecta, F. formosana, F. tannoensis and F. vaccinioides) in the complex were proved to be monophyletic. Species such as F. gasparriniana, F. pandurata, and F. stenophylla were found to encompass multiple phylogenetically distinct lineages. This discovery, along with morphological comparisons, suggests a significant underestimation of species diversity within the complex. This study also identified F. tannoensis as an allopolyploid species originating from F. vaccinioide and F. erecta. Considering the integration of morphological, molecular systematics, and cytological evidences, it is proposed that the scope of the F. erecta complex should be expanded to the entire subsect. Frutescentiae. This would redefine the complex as a continuously evolving group comprising at least 33 taxa, characterized by blurred species boundaries, frequent hybridization and polyploidization, and ambiguous genetic differentiation.
Rural ecology is a comprehensive field of study that takes the rural social-ecological-economic systems as the objective object and emphasizes spatial carrier governance. The development of rural ecology in the New Era embodies and implements comprehensively the core concepts of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Cha-racteristics for a New Era, including harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, rural revitalization, green development, and the comprehensive construction of a socialist modernized nation. Under the goal of Chinese-style modernization, rural ecology exhibits characteristics distinct from the past, such as the integration of research objects, the intersectionality of basic theories, the computational feature of technical methods, and the orientation of exporting outcomes. To provide disciplinary support for modernization-oriented science to meet the new demands of country's rural development, effectively narrating the story of sustainable rural development in China and providing fundamental guarantees for the safety of rural systems, a number of issues such as paradigm innovation in research, improvement of data quality, and integration of comprehensive technologies, should be fully considered.
Ecology , Rural Population , Humans , China , Ecosystem , Socialism , Conservation of Natural Resources
BACKGROUND: Coronary microembolization(CME)is a common complication in acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention, which is closely related to poor prognosis. Pyroptosis, as an inflammatory programmed cell death, has been found to be associated with CME-induced myocardial injury. Colchicine (COL) has potential benefits in coronary artery disease due to its anti-inflammatory effect. However, the role of colchicine in pyroptosis-related CME-induced cardiomyocyte injury is unclear. This study was carried out to explore the effects and mechanisms of colchicine on myocardial pyroptosis induced by CME. METHODS: The CME animal model was constructed by injecting microspheres into the left ventricle with Sprague-Dawley rats, and colchicine (0.3 mg/kg) pretreatment seven days before and on the day of modeling or compound C(CC)co-treatment was given half an hour before modeling. The study was divided into 4 groups: Sham group, CME group, CME + COL group, and CME + COL + CC group (10 rats for each group). Cardiac function, serum myocardial injury markers, myocardial histopathology, and pyroptosis-related indicators were used to evaluate the effects of colchicine. RESULTS: Colchicine pretreatment improved cardiac dysfunction and reduced myocardial injury induced by CME. The main manifestations were the improvement of left ventricular systolic function, the decrease of microinfarction area, and the decrease of mRNA and protein indexes related to pyroptosis. Mechanistically, colchicine increased the phosphorylation level of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), promoted the expression of silent information regulation T1 (SIRT1), and inhibited the expression of NOD-like receptor pyrin containing 3 (NLRP3) to reduce myocardial pyroptosis. However, after CC co-treatment with COL, the effect of colchicine was partially reversed. CONCLUSION: Colchicine improves CME-induced cardiac dysfunction and myocardial injury by inhibiting cardiomyocyte pyroptosis through the AMPK/SIRT1/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
Acute Coronary Syndrome , Heart Injuries , Rats , Animals , Sirtuin 1/genetics , Sirtuin 1/metabolism , AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Pyroptosis , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Heart Injuries/etiology , Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Acute Coronary Syndrome/complications
Mild aqueous Zn batteries (AZBs) generally suffer a low-voltage/energy dilemma, which compromises their competitiveness for large-scale energy storage. Pushing Zn anode potential downshift is an admissible yet underappreciated approach for high-voltage/energy AZBs. Herein, with a mild hybrid electrolyte containing in situ-derived diluted strongly-coordinated Zn2+ -cosolvent pairs, a considerable Zn anode potential downshift is initially achieved for high-voltage Zn-based hybrid batteries. The chosen butylpyridine cosolvent not only strongly coordinates Zn2+ ions but also acts as a hydrogen-bond end-capping agent to inhibit hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The electrolyte environment with hetero-solvation-diluted strongly-coordinated Zn2+ -cosolvent pairs remarkably lowers Zn2+ activity, responsible for the Zn electrode potential downshift (-0.330 V vs Zn), confirming to modified Nernst law (ΔE = R T n F $\frac{{RT}}{{nF}}$ ln[a(Zn2 + )/a(coordinated solvent)]). With the diluted Zn2+ -containing hybrid electrolyte, the Zn//Zn symmetric cell in the hybrid electrolyte shows a long lifespan over 1270 h at a stripping/plating capacity of 0.4 mA h cm-2 . Compared with in common hybrid electrolytes, the as-assembled Zn-MnO2 hybrid battery delivers a ca. 0.278 V enhanced voltage plateau (1.57 V) and a long-term cyclability of over 736 cycles. This work opens a new avenue toward Zn anode potential downshift for high-voltage AZBs, which can extend to other mild metal batteries.
The development of the eco-economy has become an important way to promote sustainable development and address climate change worldwide. Implementing eco-economic developmental policy globally or locally requires establishing precise indicators. Currently, there are many studies on eco-economy indicators at the academic level, but the eco-economy indicators researched at the academic level are difficult to be implemented and applied by local governments in China, and there is a knowledge gap between the political sector and the academic sector in the process of cooperation. This mainly stems from the lack of whole-process research and analysis that combines government practice and academic research. We attempt to analyze the differences in the understanding of eco-economic indicators between academics and government decision-makers through the study of the establishment process of China's local eco-economic indicator system. We try to find out the reasons for the knowledge gap between academics and government decision-makers, and to build a knowledge bridge between government practice and academic research. At the same time, China, as the largest developing country and an emerging country in the construction of ecological civilization, is worth studying and learning from its experience in the construction of eco-economic indicators. Therefore, we systematically study the connotation of China's eco-economy and the development process of the indicators. And we combine with the practical experience, describe the method and specific process of constructing eco-economy indicators at the provincial scale of the Chinese government. Meanwhile, we put forward the limitations of the construction of the eco-economy indicator system in Liaoning Province. In addition, we analyze in detail the characteristics and attributes of the ecological economy indicators in Liaoning Province, as well as the relationship of these indicators to the implementation of national strategies and to the SDGs. The discipline contributions and scientific and technological concerns of the indicator system's creation are reviewed, and additional improvement ideas are presented. It is expected that the practice of eco-economic indicators in China will further promote eco-economy development and provide methodological reference for countries to measure the level of eco-economic development.
BACKGROUND: Real-world evidence on immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are relatively insufficient. Herein patterns and outcomes of irAEs after administration of anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its legend 1 (PD-L1) antibodies were investigated. METHODS: Patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs from January 2018 to September 2021 at Huadong Hospital, Fudan University were included. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) was used for irAEs evaluation. The primary endpoints were the clinical description of irAEs. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-one solid tumor patients were included, with lung cancer as the most common tumor type (56%). 187 (77.6%) patients presented any kind of irAEs. The median time to any irAE onset was 28 (95% CI 24-32) days. Skin toxicities are the most common irAEs (46.1%) and the irAEs (36.5%) occurred earliest after immune-checkpoint inhibitors. The most frequently occurred all-grade irAEs were rash (23.7%), myelosuppression (20.7%), and hepatic injury (19.5%). 23 (9.5%) patients died of severe irAEs, which consists of 10 patients with pneumonitis, four colitis, four myocarditis, and one each for gastritis, pulmonary embolism, myelosuppression, hypophysitis, and encephalitis. Patients with any irAE onset had significantly longer progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.013) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.007), respectively, than patients without irAEs. In addition, patients with skin toxicities (p = 0.012) or blood toxicities (p = 0.015) had achieved a longer PFS, than those without corresponding toxitities, respectively. CONCLUSION: Most irAEs are mild and manageable, while some irAEs can present at later time or can be life-threatening, especially pneumonitis as we observed. Patients with any irAE onset may achieve a better prognosis than those without irAEs, and presentation of skin or blood toxicities will indicate a better PFS.
China's concept of "ecological civilization" can be understood as a new system of development and governance based on the perspective of political decision-making. Environmental management, ecological restoration, and green development are its primary principles-distinctly different from industrial and agricultural-oriented civilizations. In this paper, we evaluate the evolution of political connotations of the ecological civilization concept in China over the past 15 years through a textual analysis approach. Additionally, we systematically outline an ecological civilization indicator system and analyze its evolutionary process, applicable scales, and role in guiding the implementation of the ecological civilization concept. Eco-civilization demonstration sites and experiences are also discussed, followed by a review of academic research and policy-making responses. Finally, we propose different perspectives on the outlook for the future of ecological civilization development in China.
Conservation of Natural Resources , Ecosystem , China , Civilization , Agriculture
Peanut growth, development, and eventual production are constrained by biotic and abiotic stresses resulting in serious economic losses. To understand the response and tolerance mechanism of peanut to biotic and abiotic stresses, high-throughput Omics approaches have been applied in peanut research. Integrated Omics approaches are essential for elucidating the temporal and spatial changes that occur in peanut facing different stresses. The integration of functional genomics with other Omics highlights the relationships between peanut genomes and phenotypes under specific stress conditions. In this review, we focus on research on peanut biotic stresses. Here we review the primary types of biotic stresses that threaten sustainable peanut production, the multi-Omics technologies for peanut research and breeding, and the recent advances in various peanut Omics under biotic stresses, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, miRNAomics, epigenomics and phenomics, for identification of biotic stress-related genes, proteins, metabolites and their networks as well as the development of potential traits. We also discuss the challenges, opportunities, and future directions for peanut Omics under biotic stresses, aiming sustainable food production. The Omics knowledge is instrumental for improving peanut tolerance to cope with various biotic stresses and for meeting the food demands of the exponentially growing global population.
Aqueous rechargeable Mg batteries (ARMBs) usually fail from severe anode passivation, alternatively, executing quasi-underpotential Mg plating/stripping chemistry (UPMC) on a proper heterogeneous metal substrate is a crucial remedy. Herein, a stable UPMC on Zn substrate is initially achieved in new hydrated eutectic electrolytes (HEEs), delivering an ultralow UPMC overpotential and high energy/voltage plateau of ARMBs. The unique eutectic property remarkably expands the lower limit of electrochemical stability window (ESW) of HEEs and undermines the competition between hydrogen evolution/corrosion reactions and UPMC, enabling a reversible UPMC. The UPMC is carefully revealed by multiple characterizations, which shows a low overpotential of 50â mV at 0.1â mA cm-2 over 550â h. With sulfonic acid-doped polyaniline (SPANI) cathodes, UPMC-based full cells show high energy/power densities of 168.6â Wh kg-1 /2.1â kWh kg-1 and voltage plateau of 1.3â V, far overwhelming conventional aqueous systems.
S. involucratae, an endemic and endangered plant, is a valuable and traditional Chinese medicinal herb. In order to control the flowering time of S. involucratae, we used the well-known stress inducible RD29A promoter to drive Hd3a (a FT ortholog from rice) expression in S. involucratae. Unexpectedly, the majority of regenerated buds in RD29A::Hd3a transgenic lines (S-RH) produced flowers in tissue culture stage under normal growth (25 ± 2 °C) condition. Their flowering time was not further influenced by salt treatment. Hd3a in S-RH was strongly expressed in MS media supplemented with or without 50 mM NaCl. RD29A::GUS transgenic experiments further revealed that RD29A constitutively promoted GUS expression in both S. involucrate and halophyte Thellungiella halophile, in contrast to glycophic plants Oryza sativa L. 'Zhonghua 11', in which its expression was up-regulated by cold, salinity, and drought stress. The results supported the hypothesis that RD29A promoter activity is inducible in stress-sensitive plants, but constitutive in stress-tolerant ones. Importantly, S-RH plants produced pollen grains and seeds under normal conditions. Additionally, we found that OsLEA3-1::Hd3a and HSP18.2::Hd3a could not promote S. involucrate to flower under either normal conditions or abiotic stresses. Taken together, we demonstrated the potential of RD29A::Hd3a might be served as a feasible approach in breeding S. involucrate under normal condition.
Oryza , Saussurea , Oryza/genetics , Oryza/metabolism , Saussurea/genetics , Saussurea/metabolism , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Plant Breeding , Flowers/genetics , Flowers/metabolism
Host-microbiota interactions play critical roles in host development, immunity, metabolism, and behavior. However, information regarding host-microbiota interactions is limited in fishes due to their complex living environment. In the present study, an allodiploid hybrid fish derived from herbivorous Megalobrama amblycephala (â) × carnivorous Culter alburnus (â) was used to investigate the successional changes of the microbial communities and host-microbiota interactions during herbivorous and carnivorous dietary adaptations. The growth level was not significantly different in any developmental stage between the two diet groups of fish. The diversity and composition of the dominant microbial communities showed similar successional patterns in the early developmental stages, but significantly changed during the two dietary adaptations. A large number of bacterial communities coexisted in all developmental stages, whereas the abundance of some genera associated with metabolism, including Acinetobacter, Gemmobacter, Microbacterium, Vibrio, and Aeromonas, was higher in either diet groups of fish. Moreover, the abundance of phylum Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi was positively correlated with the host growth level. In addition, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the differentially expressed homologous genes in the intestine associated with cell growth, immunity, and metabolism were related to the dominant gut microbiota. Our results present evidence that host genetics-gut microbiota interactions contribute to dietary adaptation in hybrid fish, which also provides basic data for understanding the diversity of dietary adaptations and evolution in fish.
Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Microbiota , Animals , Fishes/microbiology , Diet/veterinary , Bacteria/genetics
Coronary microembolization (CME) is an intractable complication results from acute coronary syndrome. CME-induced myocardial apoptosis was associated with progressive cardiac contractile dysfunction. miR-29b-3p has been reported implicated in variety cardiovascular diseases, but its function in CME-induced myocardial injury is yet unknown. Herein, a rat model of CME was established by injecting microspheres into the left ventricle and found that the expression level of miR-29b-3p was markedly decreased in the CME rat heart tissues. By using echocardiography, CD31 immunohistochemistry staining, hematoxylin basic fuchsin picric acid (HBFP) staining, TUNEL staining, and western blotting analysis after CME, it was found that upregulating miR-29b-3p improved cardiac dysfunction, promoted angiogenesis, decreased myocardial microinfarct area, and inhibited myocardial apoptosis. Additionally, miR-29b-3p inhibition can reverse the protective benefits of miR-29b-3p overexpression. Mechanistically, the target genes of miR-29b-3p were identified as glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3ß) and Bcl-2 modifying factor (BMF) by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter experiment. Overall, our findings imply that induction of miR-29b-3p, which negatively regulates GSK-3ß and BMF expression, attenuates CME-induced myocardial injury, suggesting a novel potential therapeutic target for cardioprotective after CME.
MicroRNAs , Rats , Animals , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/genetics , Up-Regulation , MicroRNAs/genetics , Apoptosis/genetics , Myocardium/metabolism , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
Solvent effects on the structures and magnetic properties of single-molecule magnets (SMMs) have been of great interest for modification of the SMMs using chemical modulation. By systematically varying the reaction solvents (MeOH, ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol), we have successfully synthesized a series of DyIII-H4daps complexes (H4daps = N',Nâ´-[(1E,1'E)-pyridine-2,6-diylbis(ethan-1-yl-1-ylidene)]bis(2-hydroxybenzohydrazide), including two binuclear compounds, [Dy2(H2daps)2(MeOH)4(H2O)2](CF3SO3)2·0.5MeOH (1MeOH) and [Dy2(H2daps)3(EtOH)2]·2EtOH·Et2O (2EtOH), and two mononuclear compounds, [Dy(H4daps)2](CF3SO3)3·n-PrOH (3PrOH) and [Dy(H4daps)(CF3SO3)3(n-BuOH)]·0.5Et2O (4BuOH). Using different solvents, the ligand-to-metal ratios can be adjusted from 1:1 in 1MeOH and 4BuOH to 3:2 in 2EtOH and 2:1 in 3PrOH. Through the solvent crossover experiments, the role of the solvents and the conditions to form these complexes were carefully studied. The size of the different alcohols, their coordination ability to the DyIII center, and the solubility of the complexes in these alcohols might affect the assembly process and lead to modification of the structures and magnetic properties of these DyIII-H4daps complexes. Magnetic studies revealed that these four complexes all exhibit slow magnetic relaxation under a zero or an applied direct-current field, with an energy barrier of about 100 K for the binuclear compound 1MeOH. In combination with theoretical calculations, the magnetic-structure relationship of these four compounds has been analyzed. This work demonstrates the crucial role of different solvent molecules in the fine-tuning of the structures and magnetic performances of different lanthanide complexes.
Pyramiding of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is a powerful approach in breeding super-high-yield varieties. However, the performance of QTLs in improving rice yield varies with specific genetic backgrounds. In a previous study, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target three yield-related genes, gn1a, gs3, and ipa1 in japonica 'Zhonghua 11', mutants of which featured large panicle, big grain, few sterile tillers, and thicker culm, respectively. In this paper, four pyramided lines, including gn1a-gs3, gn1a-ipa1, gs3-ipa1, and gn1a-gs3-ipa1, were further generated by conventional cross-breeding to be tested. Agronomic traits analysis showed that: (1) the stacking lines carried large panicles with an increased spikelet number in the main panicle or panicle; (2) the grain weight of the stacking lines, especially gs3-ipa1 and gn1a-gs3-ipa1, were heavier than those in single mutants; (3) both gn1a-gs3 and gs3-ipa1 produced more grain yield per plant than single mutant lines; (4) pyramided lines were higher than single mutants and transcriptome analysis found improved expression levels of genes related to lipid, amino acid, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism in lines pyramiding three mutant alleles, possibly as a result of complementary and additive effects. Accordingly, the alteration of gene-expression patterns relating to hormone signaling, plant growth, and seed size control was characterized in pyramided lines. The present study not only investigates the effects of pyramiding genes, but also may provide an efficient strategy for breeding super-high-yield rice by reducing the time cost of developing pyramided lines.
Oryza , Oryza/genetics , Plant Breeding , Edible Grain/genetics , Amino Acids , Hormones , Carbohydrates , Lipids
Air space-type variegation is the most diverse among the species of known variegated leaf plants and is caused by conspicuous intercellular spaces between the epidermal and palisade cells and among the palisade cells at non-green areas. Trifolium pratense, a species in Fabaceae with V-shaped air space-type variegation, was selected to explore the application potential of variegated leaf plants and accumulate basic data on the molecular regulatory mechanism and evolutionary history of leaf variegation. We performed comparative transcriptome analysis on young and adult leaflets of variegated and green plants and identified 43 candidate genes related to air space-type variegation formation. Most of the genes were related to cell-wall structure modification (CESA, CSL, EXP, FLA, PG, PGIP, PLL, PME, RGP, SKS, and XTH family genes), followed by photosynthesis (LHCB subfamily, RBCS, GOX, and AGT family genes), redox (2OG and GSH family genes), and nitrogen metabolism (NodGS family genes). Other genes were related to photooxidation, protein interaction, and protease degradation systems. The downregulated expression of light-responsive LHCB subfamily genes and the upregulated expression of the genes involved in cell-wall structure modification were important conditions for air space-type variegation formation in T. pratense. The upregulated expression of the ubiquitin-protein ligase enzyme (E3)-related genes in the protease degradation systems were conducive to air space-type variegation formation. Because these family genes are necessary for plant growth and development, the mechanism of the leaf variegation formation in T. pratense might be a widely existing regulation in air space-type variegation in nature.
Chloroplasts , Trifolium , Chloroplasts/metabolism , Gene Expression Profiling , Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism , Photosynthesis/genetics , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Transcriptome , Trifolium/genetics , Trifolium/metabolism
Despite apparently having completed surgical resection, approximately half of resected early-stage lung cancer patients relapse and die of their disease. Adjuvant chemotherapy reduces this risk by only 5% to 8%. Thus, there is a need for better identifying the drivers of relapse, who benefits from adjuvant therapy, and novel targets in this setting. Although emerging evidence has suggested a strong link between the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and cancer, the role of transketolase (TKT), an enzyme in the nonoxidative branch of the PPP that connects PPP and glycolysis, remains obscure in Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). In this study, TKT expression was first identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and then validated with our database. TKT was upregulated at protein levels in cancer compared with normal tissues (P <0.05), and high TKT expression was associated with advanced tumor stage in our cohorts. Besides, TKT inhibitor promotes tumor cell apoptosis and cell cycle blockade. Clearly, TKT plays a critical role in LUAD progression and prognosis and could be a potential biomarker for prediction of recurrence after lung cancer resection.
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a major postoperative complication. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) exerts a neuroprotective function against neuro-inflammatory responses. The present study investigated the role of TREM2 in anesthesia and surgery-induced cognitive impairment and the potential related mechanism. Our results revealed that TREM2 was downregulated, coupled with activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent IL-1ß expression on postoperative day 3. A corresponding decline in PSD-95 and BDNF was found at the same time point. The key regulator of mitophagy PINK1 and Parkin protein levels were significantly decreased following surgery and anesthesia. TREM2 overexpression partially reversed postoperative cognitive impairment and enhanced PSD-95 and BDNF expression. TREM2 overexpression also improved mitophagy function and inhibited activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and associated production of IL-1ß. Our findings demonstrate that TREM2 rescues anesthesia and surgery-induced spatial learning and memory impairment and neuro-inflammation in aged C57/BL6 mice, which may be at least partially mediated through the activation of mitophagy and subsequent inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Anesthesia , Cognitive Dysfunction , Anesthesia/adverse effects , Animals , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor , Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Inflammasomes/metabolism , Membrane Glycoproteins , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mitophagy , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism , Receptors, Immunologic
The obligate pollination mutualism between figs (Ficus, Moraceae) and pollinator wasps (Agaonidae, Hymenoptera) is a classic example of cospeciation. However, examples of phylogenetic incongruencies between figs and their pollinators suggest that pollinators may speciate by host shifting. To investigate the mechanism of speciation by host shifting, we examined the phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structures of six closely related fig species and their pollinators from southern China and Taiwan-Ryukyu islands using various molecular markers. The results revealed 1) an extraordinary case of pollinator sharing, in which five distinct fig species share a single pollinator species in southern China; 2) two types of copollination, namely, sympatric copollination by pollinator duplication or pollinator migration, and allopatric copollination by host migration and new pollinator acquisition; 3) fig species from southern China have colonized Taiwan repeatedly and one of these events has been followed by host shifting, reestablishment of host specificity, and pollinator speciation, in order. Based on our results, we propose a model for pollinator speciation by host shifting in which the reestablishment of host-specificity plays a central role in the speciation process. These findings provide important insights into understanding the mechanisms underlying pollinator speciation and host specificity in obligate pollination mutualism.
Ficus , Wasps , Animals , Ficus/genetics , Phylogeny , Pollination , Symbiosis , Wasps/genetics
INTRODUCTION: Patients who undergo video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) frequently experience moderate to severe postoperative pain. Serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) is a relatively novel technique that can block the lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves as well as the long thoracic nerve. AIM: To evaluate the analgesic efficiency of deep serratus plane block (DSPB) and superficial serratus anterior plane block (SSPB) as well as paravertebral nerve block (PVB) in patients undergoing VATS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 74 patients aged 16-80 undergoing VATS were randomized to receive either DSPB or SSPB as well as PVB. Ultrasound (US) guided DSPB or SSPB as well as PVB was performed preoperatively on the patients according to their groups. All patients were provided with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) for postoperative analgesia. The primary outcomes were the levels of postoperative pain at rest and on coughing evaluated by the visual analog scale (VAS), and intraoperative and postoperative opioid consumption. The secondary outcomes included PCIA pressing times, side effects and satisfaction with analgesia, duration of nerve block, intraoperative hemodynamic changes and vasoactive drug dosage. RESULTS: No significant differences of VAS score were found. During the operation, PVB reduced consumption of opioids (27.23 ±5.10 mg) compared to DSPB (31.20 ±3.80 mg) and SSPB (32.61 ±5.28 mg). The effective pressing times of PCIA in the SSPB group (0.18 ±0.65) were significantly lower compared to the PVB group (1.09 ±1.50) at 12 h postoperatively. Accordingly, SSPB also reduced the dosage of PCIA (26.55 ±4.72 ml) compared to PVB (31.45 ±7.60 ml). Time of the PVB procedure was longer (11.14 ±1.66 min) than DSPB (5.68 ±1.10 min) and SSPB (4.77 ±1.04 min). CONCLUSIONS: DSPB and SSPB are easy to perform and can serve as a promising alternative technique to PVB that may offer comparable analgesic effectiveness for patients undergoing VATS.
