Genome-Wide Identification of the Rehmannia glutinosa miRNA Family and Exploration of Their Expression Characteristics Caused by the Replant Disease Formation-Related Principal Factor.

Background/Objectives: Rehmannia glutinosa, a highly valuable medicinal plant in China, is encountering severe replant disease. Replant disease represents a complex stress driven by multiple principal factors (RDFs), including allelochemicals, microbes, and their interactions. miRNAs are recognized as key regulators of plant response to stresses; however, their specific roles within RDFs are not entirely clear. Methods: This study builds six RDF treatments, comprising R. glutinosa continuously planted (SP), normally planted (NP), and NP treated with ferulic acid (FA), Fusarium oxysporum (FO), and a combination of FA with FO (FAFO). sRNA-seq technology was used to identify crucial miRNAs in response to diverse RDFs. Results: In total, 30 sRNA datasets were generated from the SP, NP, FA, FO, and FAFO samples. A total of 160 known and 41 novel miRNAs (RgmiRNAs) were identified in the R. glutinosa genome based on the sRNA database. Abundance analysis revealed that RgmiRNAs in SP exhibited a distinct expression profile in comparison with others. Of these, 124, 86, 86, and 90 RgmiRNAs were differentially expressed in SP, FA, FO, and FAFO compared with NP. Target analysis indicated that RgmiRNAs downregulated in both SP and RDFs impede the organism growth of R. glutinosa. RgmiRNAs upregulated in SP can disrupt root formation and nutrient metabolism, in which, two RgmiR398 were uniquely expressed in SP. It was confirmed to target RgCSD genes. The expression patterns of RgmiR398 and RgCSD indicated that replant disease induces the oxidative damage of R. glutinosa through RgmiR398. Conclusions:RgmiRNA profiling under RDFs provides a theoretical basis for the further clarification of RgmiRNA function in replant disease.

The microprotein HDSP promotes gastric cancer progression through activating the MECOM-SPINK1-EGFR signaling axis.

The presence of noncanonical open reading frames within lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) suggests their potential for translation, yielding various functional peptides or proteins. However, the existence and specific roles of these products in gastric cancer remain largely unclear. Here we identify the HOXA10-HOXA9-derived small protein (HDSP) in gastric cancer through comprehensive analysis and experimental validation, including mass spectrometry and western blotting. HDSP exhibits high expression and oncogenic roles in gastric cancer. Mechanistically, HDSP blocks TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination and degradation by interacting with MECOM, leading to MECOM accumulation and enhanced SPINK1 transcription-a gene promoting cancer via the EGFR signaling pathway. Furthermore, MECOM fosters HOXA10-HOXA9 transcription, establishing a feedback loop activating SPINK1-EGFR signaling. HDSP knockdown inhibits tumor growth in a PDX (patient-derived xenograft) model, and infusion of an artificially synthesized HDSP peptide as a neoantigen enhances immune cell-mediated anti-tumor efficacy against gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo. These findings propose HDSP as a potential therapeutic target or neoantigen candidate for gastric cancer treatment.

Fast Screening of Tyrosinase Inhibitors in Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. by Ligand Fishing Based on Paper-Immobilized Tyrosinase.

Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. is an important medicinal plant in traditional Uyghur medicine. The skin-lightening potential of the flower has been recognized recently; however, the active compounds responsible for that are not clear. In this work, tyrosinase, a target protein for regulating melanin synthesis, was immobilized on the Whatman paper for the first time to screen skin-lightening compounds present in the flower. Quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside (1), marein (2), and okanin (3) were found to be the enzyme inhibitors. The IC50 values of quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside (1) and okanin (3) were 79.06 ± 1.08 µM and 30.25 ± 1.11 µM, respectively, which is smaller than 100.21 ± 0.11 µM of the positive control kojic acid. Enzyme kinetic analysis and molecular docking were carried out to investigate their inhibition mechanism. Although marein (2) showed a weak inhibition effect in vitro, it inhibited the intracellular tyrosinase activity and diminished melanin production in melanoma B16 cells as did the other two inhibitors. The paper-based ligand fishing method developed in this work makes it effective to quickly screen tyrosinase inhibitors from natural products. This is the first report on the tyrosinase inhibitory effect of those three compounds, showing the promising potential of Coreopsis tinctoria for the development of herbal skin-lightening products.

[Identification and expression analysis of members of R2R3-MYB transcription factors family in Artemisia argyi].

The MYB(v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) family of transcription factors is the largest class of genes among higher plant transcription factors, which can be divided into four subfamilies, with the R2R3-MYB being the most common subfamily type. R2R3-MYB transcription factors are widely involved in the regulation of organ development and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants. To investigate the role of R2R3-MYB family transcription factors in the synthesis of flavonoids and glandular trichome development in Artemisia argyi, this study screened and identified 92 R2R3-MYB transcription factors based on the whole genome data of A. argyi, and predicted their potential functions based on bioinformatics. The results showed that the amino acid lengths of the 92 transcription factors ranged from 168 to 547 aa, with relative molecular weights ranging from 19. 6 to 60. 5 kDa, all of which were hydrophilic proteins. Subcellular localization analysis showed that 89 AaMYB proteins were located in the nucleus, while three proteins were simultaneously located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. According to the classification of Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB family, the 92 A. argyi R2R3-MYB proteins were divided into 26 subfamilies, with similar gene structures within the same subfamily.Cis-acting element prediction results showed that light-responsive elements, methyl jasmonate elements, and abscisic acid elements were widely distributed in the promoter regions of R2R3-MYB genes. Transcriptome expression analysis results showed that the expression of AaMYB60, AaMYB63, and AaMYB86 in leaves was higher than that in stems and roots, indicating that these three transcription factors mainly function in leaves. Additionally, five candidate R2R3-MYB transcription factors involved in A. argyi flavonoid biosynthesis or glandular trichome development were selected through phylogenetic analysis. This study provides important genetic resources for the breeding of superior varieties and germplasm innovation of A. argyi in the future.

A medicine and food homology formula prevents cognitive deficits by inhibiting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress via activating AEA-Trpv1-Nrf2 pathway.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder frequently accompanied by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The medicine and food homology (MFH) has shown potential for treating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. This study aimed to provide a safe and efficient therapy for AD based on MFH. In this study, we develop a MFH formula consisting of egg yolk oil, perilla seed oil, raphani seed oil, cinnamon oil, and noni puree (EPRCN). To evaluate the ameliorative effects of EPRCN on AD-related symptoms, a mouse model of AD was constructed using intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine in ICR mice. Experimental results demonstrated that EPRCN supplement restored behavioral deficits and suppressed neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of scopolamine-induced mice. An in vitro study was then performed using induction of Aß(25-35) in glial (BV-2 and SW-1783) and neuron (SH-SY5Y) cell lines to examine the improvement mechanism of EPRCN on cognitive deficits. Multi-omics and in vitro studies demonstrated that these changes were driven by the anandamide (AEA)-Trpv1-Nrf2 pathway, which was inhibited by AM404 (an AEA inhibitor), AMG9810 (a Trpv1 inhibitor), and BT (an Nrf2 inhibitor). Consequently, EPRCN is an effective therapy on preventing cognitive deficits in mouse models of AD. In contrast to donepezil, EPRCN exhibits a novel modes action for ameliorating neuroinflammation. The mechanism of EPRCN on preventing cognitive deficits is mediated by improving neuroinflammation and oxidative stress via activating the AEA-Trpv1-Nrf2 pathway.

Optical fibre based artificial compound eyes for direct static imaging and ultrafast motion detection.

Natural selection has driven arthropods to evolve fantastic natural compound eyes (NCEs) with a unique anatomical structure, providing a promising blueprint for artificial compound eyes (ACEs) to achieve static and dynamic perceptions in complex environments. Specifically, each NCE utilises an array of ommatidia, the imaging units, distributed on a curved surface to enable abundant merits. This has inspired the development of many ACEs using various microlens arrays, but the reported ACEs have limited performances in static imaging and motion detection. Particularly, it is challenging to mimic the apposition modality to effectively transmit light rays collected by many microlenses on a curved surface to a flat imaging sensor chip while preserving their spatial relationships without interference. In this study, we integrate 271 lensed polymer optical fibres into a dome-like structure to faithfully mimic the structure of NCE. Our ACE has several parameters comparable to the NCEs: 271 ommatidia versus 272 for bark beetles, and 180o field of view (FOV) versus 150-180o FOV for most arthropods. In addition, our ACE outperforms the typical NCEs by ~100 times in dynamic response: 31.3 kHz versus 205 Hz for Glossina morsitans. Compared with other reported ACEs, our ACE enables real-time, 180o panoramic direct imaging and depth estimation within its nearly infinite depth of field. Moreover, our ACE can respond to an angular motion up to 5.6×106 deg/s with the ability to identify translation and rotation, making it suitable for applications to capture high-speed objects, such as surveillance, unmanned aerial/ground vehicles, and virtual reality.

Integrated analyses of 5 mC, 5hmC methylation and gene expression reveal pathology-associated AKT3 gene and potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease.

AIMS: 5 mC methylation and hydroxymethylation (5hmC) are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, previous studies were limited by the absence of a 5hmC calculation. This study aims to find AD associated predictors and potential therapeutic chemicals using bioinformatics approach integrating 5 mC, 5hmC, and expression changes, and an AD mouse model. METHODS: Gene expression microarray and 5 mC and 5hmC sequencing datasets were downloaded from GEO repository. 142 AD and 52 normal entorhinal cortex specimens were enrolled. Data from oxidative bisulfite sequencing (oxBS)-treated samples, which represent only 5 mC, were used to calculate 5hmC level. Functional analyses, random forest supervised classification and methylation validation were applied. Potential chemicals were predicted by CMap. Morris water maze, Y maze and novel object recognition behavior tests were performed using FAD4T AD mice model. Cortex and hippocampus tissues were isolated for immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: C1QTNF5, UBD, ZFP106, NEDD1, AKT3, and MBP genes involving 13 promoter CpG sites with 5mc, 5hmC methylation and expression difference were identified. AKT3 and MBP were down-regulated in both patients and mouse model. Three CpG sites in AKT3 and MBP showed significant methylation difference on validation. FAD4T AD mice showed recession in brain functions and lower AKT3 expression in both cortex and hippocampus. Ten chemicals were predicted as potential treatments for AD. CONCLUSIONS: AKT3 and MBP may be associated with AD pathology and could serve as biomarkers. The ten predicted chemicals might offer new therapeutic approaches. Our findings could contribute to identifying novel markers and advancing the understanding of AD mechanisms.

Advance in Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma. polysaccharides: Isolation, structural characterization, bioactivities and application: A review.

Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma (CD), is mainly distributed in the regions of China (Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Gansu), Mongolia, Iran and India. Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide (CDPs), as one of the main components and a crucial bioactive substance of CD, has a variety of pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-aging, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, intestinal flora regulatory effects. Many polysaccharides have been successfully obtained in the last three decades from CD. However, there is currently no comprehensive review available concerning CDPs. Considering the importance of CDPs for biological study and drug discovery, the present review aims to systematically summarize the recent major studies on extraction and purification methods of polysaccharides from CD, as well as the characterization of their chemical structure, biological activity, structure-activity relationship, and the application of CDPs in pharmaceutical field. Meanwhile, the shortcomings of CDPs research are further discussed in detail, and new valuable insights for future CDPs research as therapeutic agents and functional foods are proposed.

Hybrid Integrated Wearable Patch for Brain EEG-fNIRS Monitoring.

Synchronous monitoring electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) have received significant attention in brain science research for their provision of more information on neuro-loop interactions. There is a need for an integrated hybrid EEG-fNIRS patch to synchronously monitor surface EEG and deep brain fNIRS signals. Here, we developed a hybrid EEG-fNIRS patch capable of acquiring high-quality, co-located EEG and fNIRS signals. This patch is wearable and provides easy cognition and emotion detection, while reducing the spatial interference and signal crosstalk by integration, which leads to high spatial-temporal correspondence and signal quality. The modular design of the EEG-fNIRS acquisition unit and optimized mechanical design enables the patch to obtain EEG and fNIRS signals at the same location and eliminates spatial interference. The EEG pre-amplifier on the electrode side effectively improves the acquisition of weak EEG signals and significantly reduces input noise to 0.9 µVrms, amplitude distortion to less than 2%, and frequency distortion to less than 1%. Detrending, motion correction algorithms, and band-pass filtering were used to remove physiological noise, baseline drift, and motion artifacts from the fNIRS signal. A high fNIRS source switching frequency configuration above 100 Hz improves crosstalk suppression between fNIRS and EEG signals. The Stroop task was carried out to verify its performance; the patch can acquire event-related potentials and hemodynamic information associated with cognition in the prefrontal area.

The overview of the BioRED (Biomedical Relation Extraction Dataset) track at BioCreative VIII.

The BioRED track at BioCreative VIII calls for a community effort to identify, semantically categorize, and highlight the novelty factor of the relationships between biomedical entities in unstructured text. Relation extraction is crucial for many biomedical natural language processing (NLP) applications, from drug discovery to custom medical solutions. The BioRED track simulates a real-world application of biomedical relationship extraction, and as such, considers multiple biomedical entity types, normalized to their specific corresponding database identifiers, as well as defines relationships between them in the documents. The challenge consisted of two subtasks: (i) in Subtask 1, participants were given the article text and human expert annotated entities, and were asked to extract the relation pairs, identify their semantic type and the novelty factor, and (ii) in Subtask 2, participants were given only the article text, and were asked to build an end-to-end system that could identify and categorize the relationships and their novelty. We received a total of 94 submissions from 14 teams worldwide. The highest F-score performances achieved for the Subtask 1 were: 77.17% for relation pair identification, 58.95% for relation type identification, 59.22% for novelty identification, and 44.55% when evaluating all of the above aspects of the comprehensive relation extraction. The highest F-score performances achieved for the Subtask 2 were: 55.84% for relation pair, 43.03% for relation type, 42.74% for novelty, and 32.75% for comprehensive relation extraction. The entire BioRED track dataset and other challenge materials are available at https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/lu/BC8-BioRED-track/ and https://codalab.lisn.upsaclay.fr/competitions/13377 and https://codalab.lisn.upsaclay.fr/competitions/13378. Database URL: https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/lu/BC8-BioRED-track/https://codalab.lisn.upsaclay.fr/competitions/13377https://codalab.lisn.upsaclay.fr/competitions/13378.

Functional activities of three Rehmannia glutinosa enzymes: Elucidation of the Rehmannia glutinosa salidroside biosynthesis pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Rehmannia glutinosa produces many phenylethanoid glycoside (PhG) compounds, including salidroside, which not only possesses various biological activities but also is a core precursor of some medicinal PhGs, so it is very important to elucidate the species' salidroside biosynthesis pathway to enhance the production of salidroside and its derivations. Although some plant copper-containing amine oxidases (CuAOs), phenylacetaldehyde reductases (PARs) and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferases (UGTs) are thought to be vital catalytic enzymes involved in the downstream salidroside biosynthesis pathways, to date, none of these proteins or the associated genes in R. glutinosa have been characterized. To verify a postulated R. glutinosa salidroside biosynthetic pathway starting from tyrosine, this study identified and characterized a set of R. glutinosa genes encoding RgCuAO, RgPAR and RgUGT enzymes for salidroside biosynthesis. The functional activities of these proteins were tested in vitro by heterologous expression of these genes in Escherichia coli, confirming these catalytic abilities in these corresponding reaction steps of the biosynthetic pathway. Importantly, four enzyme-encoding genes (including the previously reported RgTyDC2 encoding tyrosine decarboxylase and the RgCuAO1, RgPAR1 and RgUGT2 genes) were cointegrated into Saccharomyces cerevisiae to reconstitute the R. glutinosa salidroside biosynthetic pathway, achieving an engineered strain that produced salidroside and validating these enzymes' catalytic functions. This study elucidates the complete R. glutinosa salidroside biosynthesis pathway from tyrosine metabolism in S. cerevisiae, establishing a basic platform for the efficient production of salidroside and its derivatives.

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance of α-Fe2O3 photoanodes through Co-modification with Co single atoms and g-C3N4.

The practical application of α-Fe2O3 in water splitting is hindered by significant charge recombination and slow water oxidation. To address this issue, a CoSAs-g-C3N4/Fe2O3 (CoSAs: cobalt single atoms) photoanode was fabricated in this study through the co-modification of CoSAs and g-C3N4 to enhance photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The coupling between g-C3N4 and α-Fe2O3 resulted in the formation of a heterojunction, which provided a strong built-in electric field and an additional driving force to mitigate charge recombination. Moreover, g-C3N4 served as a suitable carrier for single atoms, which effectively anchored CoSAs through N/C coordination. The highly dispersed CoSAs provided abundant active sites, which further promoted surface holes extraction and oxidation kinetics, resulting in higher PEC performance and photostability. This study indicates the benefits of these collaborative strategies and provides more efficient designs for solar energy conversion in PEC systems.

Genomic Analysis of a Novel Torradovirus "Rehmannia Torradovirus Virus": Two Distinct Variants Infecting Rehmannia glutinosa.

Rehmannia glutinosa, a crucial medicinal plant native to China, is extensively cultivated across East Asia. We used high-throughput sequencing to identify viruses infecting R. glutinosa with mosaic, leaf yellowing, and necrotic symptoms. A novel Torradovirus, which we tentatively named "Rehmannia torradovirus virus" (ReTV), was identified. The complete sequences were obtained through reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and Sanger sequencing. The amino acid sequence alignment between the ReTV-52 isolate and known Torradovirus species in the Pro-Pol and coat protein regions were 51.3-73.3% and 37.1-68.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the amino acid sequence alignment between the ReTV-8 isolate and known Torradovirus species in the Pro-Pol and coat protein regions were 52.7-72.8% and 36.8-67.5%, respectively. The sequence analysis classified ten ReTV strains into two variants. The ReTV-52 genome has two RNA segments of 6939 and 4569 nucleotides, while that of ReTV-8 consists of two RNA segments containing 6889 and 4662 nucleotides. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis showed ReTV strains clustered within the Torradovirus, exhibiting the closet relation to the squash chlorotic leaf spot virus. The RT-PCR results showed a 100% ReTV detection rate in all 60 R. glutinosa samples. Therefore, ReTV should be classified as a novel Torradovirus species. ReTV is potentially dangerous to R. glutinosa, and necessitating monitoring this virus in the field.

ASPG and DAD1 are potential placental-derived biomarkers for ASD-like symptom severity levels in male/female offspring.

INTRODUCTION: An early evaluating system for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) severity is crucial. Questionnaire survey is challenging for accurately assessing the severity levels for ASD in children. METHODS: Offspring with ASD-like phenotypes were induced by treating pregnant mice with Poly (I:C) at GD12.5 and the placentae corresponding to the offspring were obtained by caesarean. The autism severity composite score (ASCS) for offspring was calculated through behavioral tests. HE staining and immunohistochemistry were used to observe the morphology of placenta. Candidate biomarkers were identified by weighted protein co-expression network analysis (WPCNA) combined with machine learning and further validated by ELISA. Sperman's was used to analyze the correlation between biomarkers and metabolome. RESULTS: The placental weight and mean vascular area of male offspring with ASD-like phenotypes were significantly decreased compared with typical mice. According to the WPCNA, four modules were identified and significantly correlated with ASCS of offspring. Two biomarkers (ASPG and DAD1) with high correlation with ASCS in offspring were identified. DISCUSSION: VEGF pathway may contribute to sexual dimorphism in placental morphology within mice with ASD-like phenotypes in term. The placental ASPG and DAD1 levels could reflect ASD-like symptom severity levels in male/female mice offspring.

High-Detectivity All-Polymer Photodiode Empowers Smart Vitality Surveillance and Computational Imaging Rivaling Silicon Diodes.

Near-infrared (NIR) organic photodetectors (OPDs), particularly all-polymer-based ones, hold substantial commercial promise in the healthcare and imaging sectors. However, the process of optimizing their active layer composition to achieve highly competitive figures of merit lacks a clear direction and methodology. In this work, celebrity polymer acceptor PY-IT into a more NIR absorbing host system PBDB-T:PZF-V, to significantly enhance the photodetection competence, is introduced. The refined all-polymer ternary broadband photodetector demonstrates superior performance metrics, including experimentally measured noise current as low as 6 fA Hz-1/2, specific detectivity reaching 8 × 1012 Jones, linear dynamic range (LDR) of 145 dB, and swift response speed surpassing 200 kHz, striking a fair balance between sensitivity and response speed. Comprehensive morphological and photophysical characterizations elucidate the mechanisms behind the observed performance enhancements in this study, which include reduced trap density, enhanced charge transport, diminished charge recombination, and balanced electron/hole mobilities. Moreover, the practical deployment potential of the proof-of-concept device in self-powered mode is demonstrated through their application in a machine learning-based cuffless blood pressure (BP) estimation system and in high-resolution computational imaging across complex environments, where they are found to quantitatively rival commercial silicon diodes.

Ultrafast Electron-Transfer Via Hybrid States at Perovskite/Fullerene Interface.

Interfacial charge-transfer between perovskite and charge-transport layers plays a key role in determining performance of perovskite solar cells. The conventional viewpoint emphases the necessity of favorable energy-level alignment of the two components. In recent reports, efficient electron-transfer is observed from perovskite to fullerene-based electron-transport layers even when there are unfavorable energy-level alignments, but the mechanism is still unclear. Here, using an ultrafast in situ two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy, real-time observations of electron-transfer processes at CsPbI3/C60 interface in both temporal and energetic dimensions are reported. Due to strong electronic coupling, a large amount of interfacial hybrid states is generated at the interfaces, aiding fast photoinduced electron-transfer in ≈124 fs. This process is further verified by nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations and transient absorption experiments. The short timescale explains why electron-transfer can overcome unfavorable energy-level alignments, providing a guideline for device design.

Screening of monoamine oxidase B inhibitors in Tibetan strawberry by ligand fishing based on enzyme functionalized cellulose filter paper.

Tibetan strawberry (Fragaria nubicola) is a wild medicinal and edible plant in Tibet possessing various health benefits such as neuroprotection and anti-oxidation. However, there has been little study reported on its chemical constituents. To investigate the inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) in Tibetan strawberry, we immobilized the enzyme onto cellulose filter paper for the first time to develop a new screening method. Two known glycosides (compounds 1 and 2) and one new iridoid glucoside (Compound 3) were fished out by this method, which was found to effectively inhibit MAO-B with IC50 values of 16.95 ± 0.93, 24.69 ± 0.20, and 46.77 ± 0.78 µM, respectively. Molecular docking and kinetic analysis were performed to reveal the inhibition mechanism of these compounds. Furthermore, compound 1 exhibited neuroprotective effects against 6-OHDA-induced injury on PC12 cells. The developed method exhibits the advantages of rapidness and effectiveness in screening of MAO-B inhibitors from complex herbal extracts.

How to make lunar soil suitable for cultivation? - A review.

The investigation of lunar soil encompasses extensive periods, employs many improvement methods, and has generated several simulants. The improvement of lunar soil has recently garnered growing interest as an aspect of In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) for regolith. It is crucial to clarify the challenges of utilizing lunar soil as a planting substrate to develop more effective techniques. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of research on improving lunar soil properties, highlights the disparities in mineral composition between real lunar soil (also called regolith) and simulated lunar soil, then details their deficiencies as planting substrates. Following an investigation of existing improvement methods, a dilemma of metals、salt precipitation and high pH caused by adding organic matter alone was noted, while the function of microbes (bacteria, algae, and lichens) in improvement processes was assessed. Finally, we present a perspective on future the lunar soil plantable research development based on the Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS). This review aims to promote the engineering application of lunar soil improvements and sustainable development. We hope that one day, regolith will enable plants to flourish on the Moon.

Exploration of the mechanism of levofloxacin removal by N-doped-induced interfacial micro-electric field-activated persulfate.

The defects formed by N doping always coexist with pyrrole nitrogen (Po) and pyridine nitrogen (Pd), and the synergistic mechanisms of H2O2 production and PMS activation between the different Po: Pd are unknown. This paper synthesized MOF-derived carbon materials with different nitrogen-type ratios as cathode materials in an electro-Fenton system using precursors with different nitrogen-containing functional groups. Several catalysts with different Po: Pd ratios (0:4, 1:3, 2:2, 3:1, 4:0) were prepared, and the best catalyst for LEV degradation was FC-CN (Po: Pd=3:1). X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the introduction of nitrogen creates an interfacial micro-electric field (IMEF) in the carbon layer and the metal, accelerates the electron transfer from the carbon layer to the Co atoms, and promotes cycling between the Fe3+/Co2+ redox pairs, with the electron transfer reaching a maximum at Po: Pd = 3:1. FC-CN (Po: Pd=3:1) achieved more than 95 % LEV degradation in 90 min at pH = 3-9, with a lower energy consumption of 0.11 kWh m-3 order-1. and the energy consumption of the catalyst for LEV degradation is lower than that of those catalysts reported. In addition, the degradation pathway of LEV was proposed based on UPLC-MS and Fukui function. This study offers some valuable information for the application of MOF derivatives.

Anti-photoaging effect and the mechanism of Coreopsis tinctoria okanin against UVB-induced skin damage in mice.

Long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation may cause photoaging of skin tissues. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. riches a variety of flavonoids with strong antioxidant activities. In the present study, the main antioxidant flavonoid was isolated from C. tinctoria and identified as okanin by Mass spectrum and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Okanin was found to effectively reduce the malondialdehyde content, increase various intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities, relieve epidermal hyperplasia and dermal damage caused by UVB irradiation, and increase the collagen fibers' content in the dorsal skin tissue of mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that okanin effectively counteracted the photoaging effect of UVB-induced by down-regulating IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2, and up-regulating COL-1, COL-3, and HYP expression. In addition, okanin can inhibit skin photoaging by regulating TNF-ß/Smad2-3, MAPK, P13K/AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways. In particular, the three key markers of photoaging, MMP (MMP-1/-3/-9), were down-regulated and five collagen synthesis genes (COL1A1, COL3A1, COL5A2, COL6A1, and COL7A1) were up-regulated, underlines the direct anti-photoaging mechanism of okanin in preventing collagen degradation and promoting collagen synthesis. The current investigation provides new insights into the great potential of okanin in alleviating skin photoaging and lays theoretical references for the development ofanti-photoaging products.