Gentiopicroside injection promotes the healing of pressure injury wounds by upregulating the expression of bFGFR1.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effect of gentiopicroside, as the main component of Gentianaceae, on wounds in pressure injury (PI) model rats and explore its mechanism. METHOD: Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, model group and gentiopicroside groups (50, 100 and 200 mg·kg-1·d-1 for 9 consecutive days). The mice's skeletal muscle fibroblast line NOR-10 cells were collected after being treated with gentiopicroside (0.2~5.0 M) and basic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (bFGFR1) inhibitor (5.0 M SU5402) for 7 days. RESULTS: Compared to the model group, the gentiopicroside groups showed significantly increased wound healing rates, reduced inflammatory cells in the wound tissues, and significantly increased expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bFGFR1, accompanied by increased proliferation of new myofibroblasts. Gentiopicroside upregulated the mRNA expression of bFGFR1 and PCNA in NOR-10 cells in a dose-dependent manner; however, SU5402 reversed the effect of gentiopicroside. CONCLUSION: Gentiopicroside may promote myofibroblast proliferation by upregulating the expression of bFGFR1 and PCNA and ultimately accelerating the healing of PI wounds.

Preliminary Study on Application of Combined Monitoring of Neuroelectrophysiology-Intracranial Pressure-Cerebral Perfusion Pressure in Craniotomy for Intracranial Aneurysm Clipping: An Anatomical and Clinical Study

SUMMARY: Intracranial aneurysm is a common cerebrovascular disease with high mortality. Neurosurgical clipping for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms can easily lead to serious postoperative complications. Studies have shown that intraoperative monitoring of the degree of cerebral ischemia is extremely important to ensure the safety of operation and improve the prognosis of patients. Aim of this study was to probe the application value of combined monitoring of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM)-intracranial pressure (ICP)-cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) in craniotomy clipping of intracranial aneurysms. From January 2020 to December 2022, 126 patients in our hospital with intracranial aneurysms who underwent neurosurgical clipping were randomly divided into two groups. One group received IONM monitoring during neurosurgical clipping (control group, n=63), and the other group received IONM-ICP-CPP monitoring during neurosurgical clipping (monitoring group, n=63). The aneurysm clipping and new neurological deficits at 1 day after operation were compared between the two groups. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score and national institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS) score were compared before operation, at 1 day and 3 months after operation. Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) and modified Rankin scale (mRS) were compared at 3 months after operation. All aneurysms were clipped completely. Rate of new neurological deficit at 1 day after operation in monitoring group was 3.17 % (2/63), which was markedly lower than that in control group of 11.11 % (7/30) (P0.05). Combined monitoring of IONM-ICP-CPP can monitor the cerebral blood flow of patients in real time during neurosurgical clipping, according to the monitoring results, timely intervention measures can improve the consciousness state of patients in early postoperative period and reduce the occurrence of early postoperative neurological deficits.

El aneurisma intracraneal es una enfermedad cerebrovascular común con alta mortalidad. El clipaje neuroquirúrgico para el tratamiento de aneurismas intracraneales puede provocar complicaciones posoperatorias graves. Los estudios han demostrado que la monitorización intraoperatoria del grado de isquemia cerebral es extremadamente importante para garantizar la seguridad de la operación y mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue probar el valor de la aplicación de la monitorización combinada de la monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria (IONM), la presión intracraneal (PIC) y la presión de perfusión cerebral (CPP) en el clipaje de craneotomía de aneurismas intracraneales. Desde enero de 2020 hasta diciembre de 2022, 126 pacientes de nuestro hospital con aneurismas intracraneales que se sometieron a clipaje neuroquirúrgico se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Un grupo recibió monitorización IONM durante el clipaje neuroquirúrgico (grupo de control, n=63) y el otro grupo recibió monitorización IONM-ICP-CPP durante el clipaje neuroquirúrgico (grupo de monitorización, n=63). Se compararon entre los dos grupos el recorte del aneurisma y los nuevos déficits neurológicos un día después de la operación. La puntuación de la escala de coma de Glasgow (GCS) y la puntuación de la escala de accidentes cerebrovasculares de los institutos nacionales de salud (NIHSS) se compararon antes de la operación, 1 día y 3 meses después de la operación. La escala de resultados de Glasgow (GOS) y la escala de Rankin modificada (mRS) se compararon 3 meses después de la operación. Todos los aneurismas fueron cortados por completo. La tasa de nuevo déficit neurológico 1 día después de la operación en el grupo de seguimiento fue del 3,17 % (2/63), que fue notablemente inferior a la del grupo de control del 11,11 % (7/30) (P 0,05). La monitorización combinada de IONM-ICP-CPP puede controlar el flujo sanguíneo cerebral de los pacientes en tiempo real durante el corte neuroquirúrgico; de acuerdo con los resultados de la monitorización, las medidas de intervención oportunas pueden mejorar el estado de conciencia de los pacientes en el período postoperatorio temprano y reducir la aparición de problemas postoperatorios tempranos y déficits neurológicos.

Gentiopicroside injection promotes the healing of pressure injury wounds by upregulating the expression of bFGFR1 / A injeção de gentiopicrosídeo promove a cicatrização de feridas de lesão por pressão pela suprarregulação da expressão de bFGFR1 / La inyección de gentiopicrósido promueve la cicatrización de heridas de lesión por presión al aumentar la expresión de bFGFR1

ABSTRACT Objective: To observe the therapeutic effect of gentiopicroside, as the main component of Gentianaceae, on wounds in pressure injury (PI) model rats and explore its mechanism. Method: Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, model group and gentiopicroside groups (50, 100 and 200 mg·kg-1·d-1 for 9 consecutive days). The mice's skeletal muscle fibroblast line NOR-10 cells were collected after being treated with gentiopicroside (0.2~5.0 M) and basic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (bFGFR1) inhibitor (5.0 M SU5402) for 7 days. Results: Compared to the model group, the gentiopicroside groups showed significantly increased wound healing rates, reduced inflammatory cells in the wound tissues, and significantly increased expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bFGFR1, accompanied by increased proliferation of new myofibroblasts. Gentiopicroside upregulated the mRNA expression of bFGFR1 and PCNA in NOR-10 cells in a dose-dependent manner; however, SU5402 reversed the effect of gentiopicroside. Conclusion: Gentiopicroside may promote myofibroblast proliferation by upregulating the expression of bFGFR1 and PCNA and ultimately accelerating the healing of PI wounds.

RESUMO Objetivo: Observar o efeito terapêutico do gentiopicrosídeo como principal componente das Gentianáceas em feridas de lesão por pressão (LP) em modelos de ratos e explorar seu mecanismo. Métodos: Ratos Sprague Dawley machos foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo controle, grupo modelo e grupos gentiopicrosídeo (50, 100 e 200 mg·kg-1·d-1 por 9 dias consecutivos). As células NOR-10 da linha de fibroblastos do músculo esquelético de camundongos foram coletadas após serem tratadas com gentiopicrosídeo (0,2~5,0 μM) e inibidor do receptor 1 do fator de crescimento fibroblástico básico (bFGFR1) (5.0 μM SU5402) por 7 dias. Resultados: Em comparação com o grupo modelo, os grupos gentiopicrosídeo apresentaram taxas de cicatrização de feridas significativamente maiores, menos células inflamatórias nos tecidos da ferida e níveis de expressão de antígeno nuclear de proliferação celular (PCNA) e bFGFR1 significativamente maiores, acompanhados por aumento da proliferação de novos miofibroblastos. O gentiopicrosídeo regulou positivamente a expressão de mRNA de bFGFR1 e PCNA em células NOR-10 de maneira dependente da dose, enquanto o SU5402 reverteu o efeito do gentiopicrosídeo. Conclusão: O gentiopicrosídeo pode promover a proliferação de miofibroblastos, suprarregulando a expressão de bFGFR1 e PCNA e, em última análise, acelerando a cicatrização de feridas de LP.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Observar el efecto terapéutico del gentiopicrósido como componente principal de la Gentianaceae en heridas por lesión por presión (LP) en modelos de ratas y explorar su mecanismo. Método: Se dividieron aleatoriamente ratas macho Sprague Dawley en grupo control, grupo modelo y grupos gentiopicrósido (50, 100 y 200 mg·kg-1·d-1 durante 9 días consecutivos). Se recogieron células NOR-10 de la línea de fibroblastos de músculo esquelético de ratón después de ser tratadas con gentiopicrósido (0.2~5.0 μM) y un inhibidor del receptor 1 del factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos básico (bFGFR1) (5.0 μM SU5402) durante 7 días. Resultados: En comparación con el grupo modelo, los grupos de gentiopicrósido mostraron tasas de curación de heridas significativamente más altas, menos células inflamatorias en los tejidos de la herida y niveles de expresión significativamente mayores del antígeno nuclear de proliferación celular (PCNA) y bFGFR1, acompañados de una mayor proliferación de nuevos miofibroblastos. El gentiopicrósido podría regular positivamente la expresión de ARNm de bFGFR1 y PCNA en células NOR-10 de manera dependiente de la dosis, sin embargo, SU5402 revirtió el efecto del gentiopicrósido. Conclusión: El gentiopicrósido puede promover la proliferación de miofibroblastos al aumentar la expresión de bFGFR1 y PCNA y, en última instancia, acelerar la cicatrización de las heridas de LP.

Evaluation of sonic, ultrasonic, and laser irrigation activation systems to eliminate bacteria from the dentinal tubules of the root canal system.

INTRODUCTION: Aiming to kill bacteria in dentin tubules of infected dental pulp cavities, we evaluated the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution agitated by different irrigation protocols, i.e., conventional needle irrigation (CNI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), the EDDY tip, and the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum perovskite (Nd:YAP) laser. The EDDY achieved good antibacterial effects as passive ultrasonic irrigation in the coronal and middle thirds. Nd:YAP laser irradiation and PUI were effective in the apical third of the root canal. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the ability of NaOCl agitated by high-frequency sonic irrigation-EDDY, PUI, and Nd:YAP laser-to kill bacteria in infected root canal walls and if the associated temperature increases at the root surface during application. METHODOLOGY: Infected root canal models were established, and roots were randomly divided into six groups: negative control, positive control, CNI, PUI, sonic agitation with EDDY, and Nd:YAP laser groups. After irrigation, the teeth were split and stained using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit. Dead bacteria depth was evaluated by a confocal laser scanning microscopy and the temperature at the root surface was assessed using a thermal imaging camera during the irrigation process. RESULTS: In the coronal and middle thirds of the root canal, PUI and EDDY had stronger antibacterial effects than CNI (p<0.05); in the apical third, the antibacterial effects of PUI and Nd:YAP laser-activated irrigation were better than CNI (p<0.05). The maximum change in temperature was significantly greater during continuous Nd:YAP laser application compared with the other methods, but intermittent irrigation helped lessening this trend. CONCLUSIONS: NaOCl agitated by EDDY tip and PUI exhibited a similar bacteria elimination effect in the coronal and middle root canal. Nd:YAP laser was effective in the apical third and intermittent irrigation reduced its thermal impact.

Efficacy of nimodipine in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an uncommon and serious subtype of stroke, which leads to the loss of the patient's ability to produce and live for many years. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of nimodipine in the treatment of SAH. METHODS: Electronic databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, SinoMed, China Master's Theses Full-text Database (CMFD), China Doctoral Dissertations Full-text Database (CDFD), Cochrane Library, PubMed and Embase were searched from 2010 and 2021. All randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of nimodipine in the treatment of SAH were included in our meta-analysis. The patients were divided into control group and treatment group. Meta-analysis was performed with Stata16.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies were included. Compared with the control group, the treatment group had higher effective rate (OR = 3.21, 95% CI: 2.25, 4.58; p < 0.001), and lower incidence of adverse reactions (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.67; p = 0.001). Before treatment, no significant differences were identified in middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score between the two groups. However, after treatment, the middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (SMD = -1.36, 95% CI: -2.28, -0.49; p = 0.002) and GCS score (SMD = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.89; p < 0.001) in the treatment group were significantly better than those in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Nimodipine is effective in the treatment of SAH, lowering incidence of adverse reactions and therefore improving the prognosis of patients.

ANTECEDENTES: Hemorragia subaracnóidea (SAH) é um subtipo raro e grave de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), o que leva à perda da capacidade do paciente de produzir e viver por muitos anos. OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito clínico da nimodipina no tratamento da SAH. MéTODOS: As bases de dados eletrônicas, incluindo a China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, SinoMed, Masters Theses Full-text Database (CMFD), China Doctoral Dissertations Full-text Database (CDFD), Cochrane Library, PubMed e Embase foram pesquisadas no período de 2010 a 2021. Todos os ensaios controlados aleatorizados que avaliam a eficácia da nimodipina no tratamento da SAH foram incluídos na nossa meta-análise. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupo controle e grupo de tratamento. Meta-análise foi realizada com o software Stata 16.0. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos um total de dez estudos. Em comparação com o grupo controle, o grupo de tratamento tinha uma taxa mais elevada (OR = 3,21, 95% CI: 2,25, 4,58; p < 0,001), e menor incidência de reações adversas (OR = 0,35, 95% CI: 0,19, 0,67; p = 0,001). Antes do tratamento, não foram identificadas diferenças significativas na velocidade média do fluxo sanguíneo da artéria cerebral e na pontuação de Glasgow coma scale (GCS) entre os dois grupos. No entanto, após o tratamento, a velocidade média do fluxo sanguíneo da artéria cerebral (SMD = −1,36, 95% CI: −2,28, 0,49; p = 0,002) e a pontuação do GCS (SMD = 1,24, 95% CI: 0,58, 1,89; p < 0,001) no grupo de tratamento foram significativamente melhores do que os do grupo controle. CONCLUSõES: A nimodipina é eficaz no tratamento da SAH, diminuindo a incidência de reações adversas e, consequentemente, melhorando o prognóstico dos doentes.

Efficacy of nimodipine in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis / Eficácia da nimodipina no tratamento da hemorragia subaracnoidea: uma metanálise

Abstract Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an uncommon and serious subtype of stroke, which leads to the loss of the patient's ability to produce and live for many years. Objective To investigate the clinical effect of nimodipine in the treatment of SAH. Methods Electronic databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, SinoMed, China Master's Theses Full-text Database (CMFD), China Doctoral Dissertations Full-text Database (CDFD), Cochrane Library, PubMed and Embase were searched from 2010 and 2021. All randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of nimodipine in the treatment of SAH were included in our meta-analysis. The patients were divided into control group and treatment group. Meta-analysis was performed with Stata16.0 software. Results A total of 10 studies were included. Compared with the control group, the treatment group had higher effective rate (OR = 3.21, 95% CI: 2.25, 4.58; p < 0.001), and lower incidence of adverse reactions (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.67; p = 0.001). Before treatment, no significant differences were identified in middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score between the two groups. However, after treatment, the middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (SMD = — 1.36, 95% CI: —2.28, —0.49; p = 0.002) and GCS score (SMD = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.89; p < 0.001) in the treatment group were significantly better than those in the control group. Conclusions Nimodipine is effective in the treatment of SAH, lowering incidence of adverse reactions and therefore improving the prognosis of patients.

Resumo Antecedentes Hemorragia subaracnóidea (SAH) é um subtipo raro e grave de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), o que leva à perda da capacidade do paciente de produzir e viver por muitos anos. Objetivo Investigar o efeito clínico da nimodipina no tratamento da SAH. Métodos As bases de dados eletrônicas, incluindo a China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, SinoMed, Masters Theses Full-text Database (CMFD), China Doctoral Dissertations Full-text Database (CDFD), Cochrane Library, PubMed e Embase foram pesquisadas no período de 2010 a 2021. Todos os ensaios controlados aleatorizados que avaliam a eficácia da nimodipina no tratamento da SAH foram incluídos na nossa meta-análise. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupo controle e grupo de tratamento. Meta-análise foi realizada com o software Stata 16.0. Resultados Foram incluídos um total de dez estudos. Em comparação com o grupo controle, o grupo de tratamento tinha uma taxa mais elevada (OR = 3,21, 95% CI: 2,25, 4,58; p < 0,001), e menor incidência de reações adversas (OR = 0,35, 95% CI: 0,19, 0,67; p = 0,001). Antes do tratamento, não foram identificadas diferenças significativas na velocidade média do fluxo sanguíneo da artéria cerebral e na pontuação de Glasgow coma scale (GCS) entre os dois grupos. No entanto, após o tratamento, a velocidade média do fluxo sanguíneo da artéria cerebral (SMD = −1,36, 95% CI: −2,28, 0,49; p = 0,002) e a pontuação do GCS (SMD = 1,24, 95% CI: 0,58, 1,89; p < 0,001) no grupo de tratamento foram significativamente melhores do que os do grupo controle. Conclusões A nimodipina é eficaz no tratamento da SAH, diminuindo a incidência de reações adversas e, consequentemente, melhorando o prognóstico dos doentes.

Evaluation of sonic, ultrasonic, and laser irrigation activation systems to eliminate bacteria from the dentinal tubules of the root canal system

Abstract Aiming to kill bacteria in dentin tubules of infected dental pulp cavities, we evaluated the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution agitated by different irrigation protocols, i.e., conventional needle irrigation (CNI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), the EDDY tip, and the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum perovskite (Nd:YAP) laser. The EDDY achieved good antibacterial effects as passive ultrasonic irrigation in the coronal and middle thirds. Nd:YAP laser irradiation and PUI were effective in the apical third of the root canal. Objectives: To evaluate the ability of NaOCl agitated by high-frequency sonic irrigation-EDDY, PUI, and Nd:YAP laser-to kill bacteria in infected root canal walls and if the associated temperature increases at the root surface during application. Methodology: Infected root canal models were established, and roots were randomly divided into six groups: negative control, positive control, CNI, PUI, sonic agitation with EDDY, and Nd:YAP laser groups. After irrigation, the teeth were split and stained using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit. Dead bacteria depth was evaluated by a confocal laser scanning microscopy and the temperature at the root surface was assessed using a thermal imaging camera during the irrigation process. Results: In the coronal and middle thirds of the root canal, PUI and EDDY had stronger antibacterial effects than CNI (p<0.05); in the apical third, the antibacterial effects of PUI and Nd:YAP laser-activated irrigation were better than CNI (p<0.05). The maximum change in temperature was significantly greater during continuous Nd:YAP laser application compared with the other methods, but intermittent irrigation helped lessening this trend. Conclusions: NaOCl agitated by EDDY tip and PUI exhibited a similar bacteria elimination effect in the coronal and middle root canal. Nd:YAP laser was effective in the apical third and intermittent irrigation reduced its thermal impact.

Rehabilitation of neuromuscular function by physical exercise / Reabilitação da função neuromuscular por meio de exercícios físicos / Rehabilitación de la función neuromuscular mediante ejercicio físico

ABSTRACT Introduction In long-term sports, especially in explosive sports such as accelerated starting, athletes are prone to rupture the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It is the ultimate goal of ACL reconstruction for athletes to restore the stability (static and dynamic) and mechanical structure of the knee joint through reconstruction surgery. Object This article uses ACL reconstruction to repair patients' ACL and explores the effect of athletes' nerve recovery after sports. Methods We collected 35 ACL reconstruction athletes and randomly divided them into two groups (experimental group, 18; control group, 17). After reconstruction, the athletes in the experimental group were treated with sports rehabilitation. Results The experimental and control groups had great differences in knee joint exercise indexes and nerve function recovery. Conclusion Sports rehabilitation training can effectively improve the nerve function of the knee joint after ACL reconstruction. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução Em esportes de longa duração, especialmente em esportes explosivos, como partidas aceleradas, os atletas têm tendência a romper o ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). O objetivo final da reconstrução do LCA para atletas é restaurar a estabilidade (estática e dinâmica) e a estrutura mecânica da articulação do joelho por meio da cirurgia de reconstrução. Objetivo Este artigo considera a reconstrução do reparo do LCA em pacientes e explora o efeito da recuperação nervosa em atletas após a prática de esportes. Métodos Foram coletados 35 atletas de reconstrução do LCA e os dividimos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (grupo experimental, 18; grupo controle, 17). Após a reconstrução, os atletas do grupo experimental foram tratados com reabilitação esportiva. Resultados Os grupos experimental e controle tiveram grandes diferenças nos índices de exercício da articulação do joelho e recuperação da função nervosa. Conclusão O treinamento de reabilitação esportiva pode efetivamente melhorar a função nervosa da articulação do joelho após a reconstrução do LCA. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos: investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción En deportes de larga duración, especialmente en deportes explosivos como la partida acelerada, los deportistas son propensos a romperse el ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). El objetivo final de la reconstrucción del LCA para los atletas es restaurar la estabilidad (estática y dinámica) y la estructura mecánica de la articulación de la rodilla mediante la cirugía de reconstrucción. Objeto Este artículo considera la reconstrucción para reparar el LCA de los pacientes y explora el efecto de la recuperación nerviosa de los atletas después de los deportes. Métodos Recogimos 35 deportistas de reconstrucción del LCA y los dividimos aleatoriamente en dos grupos (grupo experimental, 18; grupo de control, 17). Después de la reconstrucción, los atletas del grupo experimental fueron tratados con rehabilitación deportiva. Resultados Los grupos experimental y de control tuvieron grandes diferencias en los índices de ejercicio de la articulación de la rodilla y la recuperación de la función nerviosa. Conclusión el entrenamiento de rehabilitación deportiva puede mejorar eficazmente la función nerviosa de la articulación de la rodilla después de la reconstrucción del LCA. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Taxonomic study of Spilomena (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) with a new species and five new records from China

A new species, Spilomena capatrata Bashir & Ma, sp. nov. is described from Palearctic and Oriental China. Additionally, eleven species are reported, of which five are new records from China: S. beata Blüthgen, S. hainesi N. Smith, S. menkei R. Bohart, S. punctatissima Blüthgen, and S. valkeilai Vikberg. A key to Chinese species of Spilomena Shuckard is also provided.

Taxonomic study of Spilomena (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) with a new species and five new records from China

ABSTRACT A new species, Spilomena capatrata Bashir & Ma, sp. nov. is described from Palearctic and Oriental China. Additionally, eleven species are reported, of which five are new records from China: S. beata Blüthgen, S. hainesi N. Smith, S. menkei R. Bohart, S. punctatissima Blüthgen, and S. valkeilai Vikberg. A key to Chinese species of Spilomena Shuckard is also provided.

Taxonomic study of Spilomena (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) with a new species and five new records from China

A new species, Spilomena capatrata Bashir & Ma, sp. nov. is described from Palearctic and Oriental China. Additionally, eleven species are reported, of which five are new records from China: S. beata Blüthgen, S. hainesi N. Smith, S. menkei R. Bohart, S. punctatissima Blüthgen, and S. valkeilai Vikberg. A key to Chinese species of Spilomena Shuckard is also provided.(AU)

Fate of nitrogen in agriculture and environment: agronomic, eco-physiological and molecular approaches to improve nitrogen use efficiency.

Nitrogen is the main limiting nutrient after carbon, hydrogen and oxygen for photosynthetic process, phyto-hormonal, proteomic changes and growth-development of plants to complete its lifecycle. Excessive and inefficient use of N fertilizer results in enhanced crop production costs and atmospheric pollution. Atmospheric nitrogen (71%) in the molecular form is not available for the plants. For world's sustainable food production and atmospheric benefits, there is an urgent need to up-grade nitrogen use efficiency in agricultural farming system. The nitrogen use efficiency is the product of nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency, it varies from 30.2 to 53.2%. Nitrogen losses are too high, due to excess amount, low plant population, poor application methods etc., which can go up to 70% of total available nitrogen. These losses can be minimized up to 15-30% by adopting improved agronomic approaches such as optimal dosage of nitrogen, application of N by using canopy sensors, maintaining plant population, drip fertigation and legume based intercropping. A few transgenic studies have shown improvement in nitrogen uptake and even increase in biomass. Nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase and asparagine synthetase enzyme have a great role in nitrogen metabolism. However, further studies on carbon-nitrogen metabolism and molecular changes at omic levels are required by using "whole genome sequencing technology" to improve nitrogen use efficiency. This review focus on nitrogen use efficiency that is the major concern of modern days to save economic resources without sacrificing farm yield as well as safety of global environment, i.e. greenhouse gas emissions, ammonium volatilization and nitrate leaching.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in detoxification systems of snake venom-induced toxicity.

BACKGROUND: Snakebites remain a major life-threatening event worldwide. It is still difficult to make a positive identification of snake species by clinicians in both Western medicine and Chinese medicine. The main reason for this is a shortage of diagnostic biomarkers and lack of knowledge about pathways of venom-induced toxicity. In traditional Chinese medicine, snakebites are considered to be treated with wind, fire, and wind-fire toxin, but additional studies are required. METHODS: Cases of snakebite seen at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were grouped as follows: fire toxin - including four cases of bites by Agkistrodon acutus and three bites by Trimeresurus stejnegeri - and wind-fire toxin - four cases of bites by vipers and three bites by cobras. Serum protein quantification was performed using LC-MS/MS. Differential abundance proteins (DAPs) were identified from comparison of snakebites of each snake species and healthy controls. The protein interaction network was constructed using STITCH database. RESULTS: Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering of 474 unique proteins exhibited protein expression profiles of wind-fire toxins that are distinct from that of fire toxins. Ninety-three DAPs were identified in each snakebite subgroup as compared with healthy control, of which 38 proteins were found to have significantly different expression levels and 55 proteins displayed no expression in one subgroup, by subgroup comparison. GO analysis revealed that the DAPs participated in bicarbonate/oxygen transport and hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, and affected carbon-oxygen lyase activity and heme binding. Thirty DAPs directly or indirectly acted on hydrogen peroxide in the interaction network of proteins and drug compounds. The network was clustered into four groups: lipid metabolism and transport; IGF-mediated growth; oxygen transport; and innate immunity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the pathways of snake venom-induced toxicity may form a protein network of antioxidant defense by regulating oxidative stress through interaction with hydrogen peroxide.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in detoxification systems of snake venom-induced toxicity

Snakebites remain a major life-threatening event worldwide. It is still difficult to make a positive identification of snake species by clinicians in both Western medicine and Chinese medicine. The main reason for this is a shortage of diagnostic biomarkers and lack of knowledge about pathways of venom-induced toxicity. In traditional Chinese medicine, snakebites are considered to be treated with wind, fire, and wind-fire toxin, but additional studies are required. Methods: Cases of snakebite seen at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were grouped as follows: fire toxin - including four cases of bites by Agkistrodon acutus and three bites by Trimeresurus stejnegeri - and wind-fire toxin - four cases of bites by vipers and three bites by cobras. Serum protein quantification was performed using LC-MS/MS. Differential abundance proteins (DAPs) were identified from comparison of snakebites of each snake species and healthy controls. The protein interaction network was constructed using STITCH database. Results: Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering of 474 unique proteins exhibited protein expression profiles of wind-fire toxins that are distinct from that of fire toxins. Ninety-three DAPs were identified in each snakebite subgroup as compared with healthy control, of which 38 proteins were found to have significantly different expression levels and 55 proteins displayed no expression in one subgroup, by subgroup comparison. GO analysis revealed that the DAPs participated in bicarbonate/oxygen transport and hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, and affected carbon-oxygen lyase activity and heme binding. Thirty DAPs directly or indirectly acted on hydrogen peroxide in the interaction network of proteins and drug compounds. The network was clustered into four groups: lipid metabolism and transport; IGF-mediated growth; oxygen transport; and innate immunity. Conclusions: Our results show that the pathways of snake venom-induced toxicity may form a protein network of antioxidant defense by regulating oxidative stress through interaction with hydrogen peroxide.(AU)

Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in detoxification systems of snake venom-induced toxicity

Snakebites remain a major life-threatening event worldwide. It is still difficult to make a positive identification of snake species by clinicians in both Western medicine and Chinese medicine. The main reason for this is a shortage of diagnostic biomarkers and lack of knowledge about pathways of venom-induced toxicity. In traditional Chinese medicine, snakebites are considered to be treated with wind, fire, and wind-fire toxin, but additional studies are required. Methods: Cases of snakebite seen at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were grouped as follows: fire toxin - including four cases of bites by Agkistrodon acutus and three bites by Trimeresurus stejnegeri - and wind-fire toxin - four cases of bites by vipers and three bites by cobras. Serum protein quantification was performed using LC-MS/MS. Differential abundance proteins (DAPs) were identified from comparison of snakebites of each snake species and healthy controls. The protein interaction network was constructed using STITCH database. Results: Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering of 474 unique proteins exhibited protein expression profiles of wind-fire toxins that are distinct from that of fire toxins. Ninety-three DAPs were identified in each snakebite subgroup as compared with healthy control, of which 38 proteins were found to have significantly different expression levels and 55 proteins displayed no expression in one subgroup, by subgroup comparison. GO analysis revealed that the DAPs participated in bicarbonate/oxygen transport and hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, and affected carbon-oxygen lyase activity and heme binding. Thirty DAPs directly or indirectly acted on hydrogen peroxide in the interaction network of proteins and drug compounds. The network was clustered into four groups: lipid metabolism and transport; IGF-mediated growth; oxygen transport; and innate immunity. Conclusions: Our results show that the pathways of snake venom-induced toxicity may form a protein network of antioxidant defense by regulating oxidative stress through interaction with hydrogen peroxide.(AU)

Transient Fanconi Syndrome After Treatment with Firocoxib, Cefadroxil, Tramadol, and Famotidine in a Maltese.

Fanconi syndrome is a renal proximal tubulopathy characterized by excessive urinary loss of glucose, amino acids, several electrolytes, and bicarbonate. Here, we report the case of transient Fanconi syndrome in a dog following administration of firocoxib, cefadroxil, tramadol, and famotidine. A 10 mo old Maltese was presented with lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, and weight loss. Transient Fanconi syndrome without azotemia was associated with firocoxib, cefadroxil, tramadol, and famotidine treatment. The dog received supportive care including IV fluids, gastroprotectants, and oral nutritional supplements. Two months after initial diagnosis and treatment, the dog showed complete resolution of glucosuria and aminoaciduria. The unique features of Fanconi syndrome in this case emphasize the potential renal tubular toxicity of this widely used multiple-drug combination.

Intensive blood pressure reduction with intravenous thrombolysis therapy for acute ischaemic stroke (ENCHANTED): an international, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Systolic blood pressure of more than 185 mm Hg is a contraindication to thrombolytic treatment with intravenous alteplase in patients with acute ischaemic stroke, but the target systolic blood pressure for optimal outcome is uncertain. We assessed intensive blood pressure lowering compared with guideline-recommended blood pressure lowering in patients treated with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke. METHODS: We did an international, partial-factorial, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial of thrombolysis-eligible patients (age ≥18 years) with acute ischaemic stroke and systolic blood pressure 150 mm Hg or more, who were screened at 110 sites in 15 countries. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1, by means of a central, web-based program) within 6 h of stroke onset to receive intensive (target systolic blood pressure 130-140 mm Hg within 1 h) or guideline (target systolic blood pressure <180 mm Hg) blood pressure lowering treatment over 72 h. The primary outcome was functional status at 90 days measured by shift in modified Rankin scale scores, analysed with unadjusted ordinal logistic regression. The key safety outcome was any intracranial haemorrhage. Primary and safety outcome assessments were done in a blinded manner. Analyses were done on intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01422616. FINDINGS: Between March 3, 2012, and April 30, 2018, 2227 patients were randomly allocated to treatment groups. After exclusion of 31 patients because of missing consent or mistaken or duplicate randomisation, 2196 alteplase-eligible patients with acute ischaemic stroke were included: 1081 in the intensive group and 1115 in the guideline group, with 1466 (67·4%) administered a standard dose among the 2175 actually given intravenous alteplase. Median time from stroke onset to randomisation was 3·3 h (IQR 2·6-4·1). Mean systolic blood pressure over 24 h was 144·3 mm Hg (SD 10·2) in the intensive group and 149·8 mm Hg (12·0) in the guideline group (p<0·0001). Primary outcome data were available for 1072 patients in the intensive group and 1108 in the guideline group. Functional status (mRS score distribution) at 90 days did not differ between groups (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 1·01, 95% CI 0·87-1·17, p=0·8702). Fewer patients in the intensive group (160 [14·8%] of 1081) than in the guideline group (209 [18·7%] of 1115) had any intracranial haemorrhage (OR 0·75, 0·60-0·94, p=0·0137). The number of patients with any serious adverse event did not differ significantly between the intensive group (210 [19·4%] of 1081) and the guideline group (245 [22·0%] of 1115; OR 0·86, 0·70-1·05, p=0·1412). There was no evidence of an interaction of intensive blood pressure lowering with dose (low vs standard) of alteplase with regard to the primary outcome. INTERPRETATION: Although intensive blood pressure lowering is safe, the observed reduction in intracranial haemorrhage did not lead to improved clinical outcome compared with guideline treatment. These results might not support a major shift towards this treatment being applied in those receiving alteplase for mild-to-moderate acute ischaemic stroke. Further research is required to define the underlying mechanisms of benefit and harm resulting from early intensive blood pressure lowering in this patient group. FUNDING: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; UK Stroke Association; Ministry of Health and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil; Ministry for Health, Welfare, and Family Affairs of South Korea; Takeda.

Are the Same Health Warnings Effective Across Different Countries? An Experimental Study in Seven Countries.

INTRODUCTION: More than 100 countries have implemented pictorial health warnings on cigarette packages. However, few studies have compared how consumers from different geographic and cultural contexts respond to health warning content. The current study compares perceptions of warnings among adult smokers and youth in seven countries, to examine the efficacy of different health warning themes and images. METHODS: Between 2010 and 2012, online and face-to-face surveys were conducted with ~500 adult smokers and ~500 youth (age 16-18) smokers and nonsmokers in each of Mexico, United States, China, Germany, India, Bangladesh, and Republic of Korea (total N = 8182). Respondents were randomized to view and rate sets of 5-7 health warnings (each set for a different health effect); each set included a text-only warning and various types (ie, themes) of pictorial warnings, including graphic health effects, "lived experience," symbolic images, and personal testimonials. Mixed-effects models were utilized to examine perceived effectiveness of warning themes, and between-country differences in responses. RESULTS: Overall, pictorial warnings were rated as more effective than text-only warnings (p < .001). Among pictorial themes, "graphic" health effects were rated as more effective than warnings depicting "lived experience" (p < .001) or "symbolic" images (p < .001). Pictorial warnings with personal testimonials were rated as more effective than the same images with didactic text (p < .001). While the magnitude of differences between warning themes varied across countries, the pattern of findings was generally consistent. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the efficacy of graphic pictorial warnings across diverse geographic and cultural contexts, and support sharing health warning images across jurisdictions. IMPLICATIONS: Although over 100 countries have implemented pictorial health warnings on cigarette packages, there is little research on the most effective types of message content across geographic and cultural contexts. The current study examined perceived effectiveness of text and pictorial health warnings featuring different message content-graphic health effects, "lived experience," personal testimonials, and symbolic imagery-among more than 8000 adults and youth in Mexico, United States, China, Germany, India, Bangladesh, and Korea. Across countries, "graphic" pictorial messages were rated as most effective. Consistencies across countries in rating message content suggests there may be "globally effective" themes and styles for designing effective health warnings.

Production optimization, purification, expression, and characterization of a novel α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Paenibacillus polymyxa

Background: α-L-Arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal α-L-1,2-, -1,3-, and -1,5- arabinofuranosyl residues in arabinose-containing polymers, and hence, it plays an important role in hemicellulose degradation. Herein, the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa, which secretes arabinofuranosidase with high activity, was selected for enzyme production, purification, and characterization. Results: Medium components and cultural conditions were optimized by the response surface method using shake flask cultures. Arabinofuranosidase production reached 25.2 U/mL under optimized conditions, which were pH 7.5, 28°C, and a basic medium supplemented with 1.5 g/L mannitol and 3.5 g/L soymeal. Furthermore, the arabinofuranosidase secreted by P. polymyxa, named as PpAFase-1, was partially purified from the supernatant using a DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column and a hydroxyapatite column. The approximate molecular mass of the purified PpAFase-1 was determined as 56.8 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Protein identification by mass spectrometry analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequence had significant similarity to the glycosyl hydrolase family 51. The deduced gene of 1515 bp was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Purified recombinant PpAFase-1 was active toward p-nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinofuranoside (pNPAraf). The Km and kcat values toward pNPAraf were 0.81 mM and 53.2 s−1 , respectively. When wheat arabinoxylan and oat spelt xylan were used as substrates, PpAFase-1 showed poor efficiency. However, a synergistic effect was observed when PpAFase-1 was combined with xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus. Conclusion: A novel GH51 enzyme PpAFase-1 was cloned from the genome of P. polymyxa and expressed in E. coli. This enzyme may be suitable for hemicellulose degradation on an industrial scale.

Association between genotype and drug resistance profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains circulating in China in a national drug resistance survey.

We describe the population structure of a representative collection of 3,133 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, collected within the framework of a national resistance survey from 2007 in China. Genotyping data indicate that the epidemic strains in China can be divided into seven major complexes, of which 92% belonged to the East Asian (mainly Beijing strains) or the Euro-American lineage. The epidemic Beijing strains in China are closely related to the Beijing B0/W148 strain earlier described in Russia and a large cluster of these strains has spread national wide. The density of Beijing strains is high in the whole of China (average 70%), but the highest prevalence was found North of the Yellow river. The Euro-American lineage consists of three sublineages (sublineage_1, 2, and 3) and is more prevalent in the South. Beijing lineage showed the highest cluster rate of 48% and a significantly higher level of resistance to rifampicin (14%, p<0.001), ethambutol (9%, p = 0.001), and ofloxacin (5%, p = 0.011). Within the Euro-American Lineage, sublineage_3 revealed the highest cluster rate (28%) and presented a significantly elevated level of resistance to streptomycin (44%, p<0.001). Our findings suggest that standardised treatment in this region may have contributed to the successful spread of certain strains: sublineage_3 in the Euro-American lineage may have thrived when streptomycin was used without rifampicin for treatment, while later under DOTS based treatment, in which rifampicin plays a key role, Beijing lineage appears to be spreading.