Clinical features and prognostic model for viral encephalitis after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

The objective of this study was to identify independent prognostic factors of viral encephalitis (VE) after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and establish a prognostic model to identify post-transplant VE patients with a greater likelihood of mortality. Among 5380 patients in our centre from 2014 to 2022, 211 patients who developed VE after allo-HSCT were reviewed in this retrospective study. Prognostic factors were selected, and a prognostic model was constructed using Cox regression analysis. The model was subsequently validated and estimated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), a calibration plot and decision curve analysis (DCA). Glasgow Coma Scale score <9, lesions >3 lobes on magnetic resonance imaging and severe thrombocytopenia were identified as independent prognostic risk factors for VE patients who underwent allo-HSCT. The prognostic model GTM (GTM is an abbreviation for a model composed of three risk factors: GCS score <9, severe thrombocytopenia [platelet count <20 000 per microliter], and lesions >3 lobes on MRI) was established according to the regression coefficients. The validated internal AUC was 0.862 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.773-0.950), and the external AUC was 0.815 (95% CI, 0.708-0.922), indicating strong discriminatory ability. Furthermore, we constructed calibration plots that demonstrated good consistency between the predicted outcomes and the observed outcomes. DCA exhibited high accuracy in this system, leading to potential benefits for patients.

Promoting Articular Cartilage Regeneration through Microenvironmental Regulation.

In recent years, as the aging population continues to grow, osteoarthritis (OA) has emerged as a leading cause of disability, with its incidence rising annually. Current treatments of OA include exercise and medications in the early stages and total joint replacement in the late stages. These approaches only relieve pain and reduce inflammation; however, they have significant side effects and high costs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify effective treatment methods that can delay the pathological progression of this condition. The changes in the articular cartilage microenvironment, which are complex and diverse, can aggravate the pathological progression into a vicious cycle, inhibiting the repair and regeneration of articular cartilage. Understanding these intricate changes in the microenvironment is crucial for devising effective treatment modalities. By searching relevant research articles and clinical trials in PubMed according to the keywords of articular cartilage, microenvironment, OA, mechanical force, hypoxia, cytokine, and cell senescence. This study first summarizes the factors affecting articular cartilage regeneration, then proposes corresponding treatment strategies, and finally points out the future research direction. We find that regulating the opening of mechanosensitive ion channels, regulating the expression of HIF-1, delivering growth factors, and clearing senescent cells can promote the formation of articular cartilage regeneration microenvironment. This study provides a new idea for the treatment of OA in the future, which can promote the regeneration of articular cartilage through the regulation of the microenvironment so as to achieve the purpose of treating OA.

The role of BUD31 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: prognostic significance, alternative splicing, and tumor immune environment.

BUD31, a splicing factor, is linked to various cancers. This study examines BUD31's expression, prognostic value, mutation profile, genomic instability, tumor immune environment, and role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), focusing on cell cycle regulation via alternative splicing. BUD31 expression was analyzed using TCGA and GTEx databases across 33 cancers. Techniques included IHC staining, survival analysis, Cox regression, and nomogram construction. Mutation landscape, genomic instability, and tumor immune microenvironment were evaluated. Functional assays on ccRCC cell lines involved BUD31 knockdown, RNA sequencing, and alternative splicing analysis. BUD31 was upregulated in multiple tumors, including ccRCC. High BUD31 expression correlated with worse survival outcomes and was identified as an independent predictor of poor prognosis in ccRCC. High BUD31 expression also correlated with increased genomic instability and a less active immune microenvironment. BUD31 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo. RNA sequencing identified 390 alternative splicing events regulated by BUD31, including 17 cell cycle-related genes. KEGG analysis highlighted pathways involved in cell cycle regulation, indicating BUD31's role in promoting cell cycle progression through alternative splicing. BUD31 is upregulated in various tumors and is associated with poor outcomes, increased genomic instability, and a suppressed immune microenvironment in ccRCC. BUD31 promotes cell cycle progression via alternative splicing, suggesting it as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in ccRCC.

Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits the invasion and migration of colorectal cancer by reversing EMT through the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathway.

The primary cause of mortality in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is tumor metastasis. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) stands out as a crucial factor promoting the metastasis of CRC. Previous findings suggest a potential inhibitory effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on CRC metastasis, but the precise mechanism remains unknown, this study aims to explore this issue. We assessed metastasis and recurrence, all-cause mortality, and cancer-related mortality rates according to DHA intake in independent CRC cohorts (n = 367) by survival analysis. The ability of DHA to block CRC cell migration and invasion was tested using transwell and wound-healing assays. The regulation of EMT marker genes in CRC by DHA was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunoblotting, and the effect of DHA on the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathway was further investigated. These cellular findings were validated using a subcutaneous CRC mouse model. Survival analyses showed that lower DHA intake was associated with a higher risk of CRC metastasis and a poorer prognosis. In vitro experiments showed that DHA inhibits the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathway and regulates downstream transcription factors, thereby reversing the EMT and inhibiting invasion and migration. In the mouse model, dietary DHA supplementation effectively increased blood DHA concentrations and inhibited CRC metastasis. Our study demonstrated that DHA inhibits CRC invasion and metastasis by inhibiting the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathway. Increased intake of DHA among CRC patients may provide additional benefits to the prognosis of colorectal cancer.

Clinicopathological features of hepatoid adenocarcinoma and non-hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach (HAS) is an extremely rare and unique malignant gastric tumor with a significantly worse prognosis than non-hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach (non-HAS). The present study explored the clinicopathological features of HAS and non-HAS patients to provide insights into HAS treatment strategies. METHODS: From December 26, 2023, we performed a comprehensive search of the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase.com databases for relevant studies. Two authors independently screened the studies, evaluated their quality, extracted data, and performed the analyses. This study was registered with PROSPERO on January 2, 2024. RESULTS: Nine retrospective studies were included for analysis after screening 833 articles. A total of 350 and 924 patients were enrolled in the HAS and non-HAS groups, respectively. While no significant differences were observed in age, sex, tumor size, T3 or T4 stage, and N2 or N3 stage between the two groups, the HAS group exhibited higher rates of lymph node metastasis (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.19-3.13, p = 0.007), liver metastasis (OR = 3.45, 95% CI: 2.26-5.28, p < 0.001), and vascular invasion (OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 2.05-3.71, p < 0.001). Additionally, the HAS group had lower 3-year survival rates (HR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.70-3.25, p < 0.001) and 5-year survival rates (HR = 3.63, 95% CI: 1.49-8.88, p = 0.005), but lower rates of lymphatic permeation (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.47-0.99, p = 0.040). CONCLUSION: Based on the current clinical evidence, patients with HAS present distinct clinicopathological features, greater invasiveness, and poorer prognosis than non-HAS patients. Further research is warranted to develop optimal treatment strategies for HAS.

Metagenomic analysis unveiled the response of microbial community and antimicrobial resistome in natural water body to duck farm sewage.

Sewages from duck farms are often recognized as a major source of antimicrobial resistance and pathogenic bacteria discharged to natural water bodies, but few studies depicted the dynamic changes in resistome and microbial communities in the rivers under immense exposure of sewage discharge. In this study, we investigated the ecological and environmental risks of duck sewages to the rivers that geographically near to the duck farms with short-distance (< 1km) using 16S rRNA amplicon and metagenomic sequencing. The results showed that a total of 20 ARG types were identified with abundances ranged from 0.61 to 1.33 cpc. Of note, the genes modulate resistances against aminoglycoside, bacitracin and beta-lactam were the most abundant ARGs. Limnohabitans, Fluviibacter and Cyanobium were the top 3 predominant genera in the microbial community. The alpha diversity of overall microbial community decrease while the abundance of pathogen increase during the input of sewage within 200 meters. Sul1 and bacA were the dominant ARGs brought from duck farm sewage. The community variations of ARGs and microbiome were primarily driven by pH and temperature. Total phosphorus was significantly correlated to alpha diversity and top 30 ARGs subtype. Stochastic processes was the dominated microbial assembly pattern and did not be altered by sewage. We also highlighted the ecological risk caused by blaGES which possibly could be mitigated by Cyanobacteria, and the natural water body can purify partial ARGs as well as microbiome from duck farms sewage. These findings expanded our knowledge regarding the ecological risks by wastes from the livestock farm, and underscoring the necessity to monitor ARGs in farm-surrounding water bodies.

MOSBY enables multi-omic inference and spatial biomarker discovery from whole slide images.

The utility of deep neural nets has been demonstrated for mapping hematoxylin-and-eosin (H&E) stained image features to expression of individual genes. However, these models have not been employed to discover clinically relevant spatial biomarkers. Here we develop MOSBY (Multi-Omic translation of whole slide images for Spatial Biomarker discoverY) that leverages contrastive self-supervised pretraining to extract improved H&E whole slide images features, learns a mapping between image and bulk omic profiles (RNA, DNA, and protein), and utilizes tile-level information to discover spatial biomarkers. We validate MOSBY gene and gene set predictions with spatial transcriptomic and serially-sectioned CD8 IHC image data. We demonstrate that MOSBY-inferred colocalization features have survival-predictive power orthogonal to gene expression, and enable concordance indices highly competitive with survival-trained multimodal networks. We identify and validate (1) an ER stress-associated colocalization feature as a chemotherapy-specific risk factor in lung adenocarcinoma, and (2) the colocalization of T effector cell vs cysteine signatures as a negative prognostic factor in multiple cancer indications. The discovery of clinically relevant biologically interpretable spatial biomarkers showcases the utility of the model in unraveling novel insights in cancer biology as well as informing clinical decision-making.

Colorimetric aptasensor for Listeria monocytogenes detection using dual functional Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) with magnetic separation and oxidase-like activities in food samples.

A novel colorimetric aptasensor assay based on the excellent magnetic responsiveness and oxidase-like activity of Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) was developed. Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) absorbed with aptamer and blocked by BSA served as capture probe for selective isolation and enrichment of Listeria monocytogenes one of the most common and dangerous foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The aptamer absorbed on Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) was further used as signal probe that specifically binds with target bacteria conjugation of capture probe for colorimetric detection of Listeria monocytogenes, taking advantages of its oxidase-like activity. The linear range of the detection of Listeria monocytogenes was from 102 to 107 CFU mL-1, with the limit of detection as low as 14 CFU mL-1. The approach also showed good feasibility for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk and meat samples. The spiked recoveries were in the range 81-114% with relative standard deviations ranging from 1.28 to 5.19%. Thus, this work provides an efficient, convenient, and practical tool for selective isolation and colorimetric detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food.

Effectiveness of surgery combined with photodynamic therapy for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the safety and effectiveness of a new model of surgery combined with Photodynamic therapy for treating Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP). METHODS: Review the case data of patients with RRP who opted for comprehensive surgery combined with Photodynamic therapy at the Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, from January 2021 to May 2023. The efficacy of this program was evaluated by comparing the annual number of surgeries and Derkay scores before and after the surgery. RESULTS: A total of 23 RRP patients were included in the study. After treatment, the recurrence rate was 65.2 % (15/23), with an average recurrence time of 94.3 ± 50.8 days. The average Derkay score at the time of recurrence was significantly lower than the average pre-treatment Derkay score (P < 0.001). The average annual recurrence rate before treatment was 2.2 ± 1.3, compared to 1.5 ± 1.5 after treatment, with no significant difference (P = 0.16). However, subgroup analysis revealed a significant decrease in the annual recurrence rate of adult-onset RRP after treatment (P = 0.01). The most common adverse reaction was mild pharyngeal pain (11/23). There were 3 cases of new-onset vocal cord adhesions. No patients experienced serious respiratory-related adverse reactions, anesthesia-related adverse reactions, or systemic phototoxic reactions. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study indicates that surgery combined with Photodynamic therapy (PDT) might be a safe and effective option for treating RRP, especially in patients with Adult-Onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (AORRP).

Hydrogen-bond organic-framework-based electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive determination of trace cadmium ions in environmental and e-cigarette samples.

BACKGROUND: The heavy metal ion Cd2+ is acutely toxic, and excessive concentrations can have adverse effects on human production and life, and even lead to significant public health risks and environmental impacts. There are several mature non-electrochemical methods for heavy metal detection, but these methods are characterized by high cost, which makes it difficult to be applied to the field for timely detection. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare a new electrochemical sensor that is environmentally friendly and capable of detecting Cd2+ in the environment quickly, easily and sensitively. RESULTS: In this study, hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal reaction. The prepared materials consisted of only C, N and O and had a thin lamellar structure. The HOFs were integrated into a novel electrochemical sensor to achieve accurate detection of Cd2+ ions in real aqueous environments by square wave anodic dissolution voltammetry. The sensor has a wide linear range and a detection limit as low as 0.13 µg/L. Several real water samples, such as tap water, lake water, and e-cigarette digest, were analyzed to simulate the working environment of the sensor, and the results showed that the recoveries of Cd2+ ranged from 95.75 % to 101.2 %. SIGNIFICANCE: We pioneered the detection of heavy metal ions Cd2+ in e-cigarette digestate samples with the innovative use of HOFs as the sensor material, which demonstrated the potential application in electrochemical sensing with extremely low background current value and high sensitivity, providing new ideas for environmental monitoring and public health control.

Facet-Dependent Evolution of Active Components on Spinel Co3O4 for Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis.

Spinel cobalt oxides (Co3O4) have emerged as a promising class of catalysts for the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (eNO3RR) to ammonia, offering advantages such as low cost, high activity, and selectivity. However, the specific role of crystallographic facets in determining the catalysts' performance remains elusive, impeding the development of efficient catalysts. In this study, we have synthesized various Co3O4 nanostructures with exposed facets of {100}, {111}, {110}, and {112}, aiming to investigate the dependence of the eNO3RR activity on the crystallographic facets. Among the catalysts tested, Co3O4 {111} shows the best performance, achieving an ammonia Faradaic efficiency of 99.1 ± 1.8% with a yield rate of 35.2 ± 0.6 mg h-1 cm-2 at -0.6 V vs RHE. Experimental and theoretical results reveal a transformation process in which the active phases evolve from Co3O4 to Co3O4-x with oxygen vacancy (Ov), followed by a Co3O4-x-Ov/Co(OH)2 hybrid, and finally Co(OH)2. This process is observed for all facets, but the formation of Ov and Co(OH)2 is the most rapid on the (111) surface. The presence of Ov significantly reduces the free energy of the *NH2 intermediate formation from 1.81 to -0.53 eV, and plentiful active sites on the densely reconstructed Co(OH)2 make Co3O4 {111} an ideal catalyst for ammonia synthesis via eNO3RR. This work provides insights into the understanding of the realistic active components, offers a strategy for developing highly efficient Co-based spinel catalysts for ammonia synthesis through tuning the exposed facets, and helps further advance the design and optimization of catalysts in the field of eNO3RR.

Infection and biogeographical characteristics of Paragonimus westermani and P. skrjabini in humans and animal hosts in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Paragonimiasis, primarily caused by Paragonimus westermani and P. skrjabini in China, is a common food-borne parasitic zoonosis. However, the national distribution of Paragonimus spp. infection and its associated environmental determinants remain poorly understood. In this paper, we summarize the infection of P. westermani and P. skrjabini and describe key biogeographical characteristics of the endemic areas in China. METHODS: Data on Paragonimus infection in humans and animal hosts were extracted from eight electronic databases, including CNKI, CWFD, Chongqing VIP, SinoMed, Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence. All survey locations were georeferenced and plotted on China map, and scatter plots were used to illustrate the biogeographical characteristics of regions reporting Paragonimus infection. RESULTS: A total of 28,948 cases of human paragonimiasis have been documented, with 2,401 cases reported after 2010. Among the 11,443 cases with reported ages, 88.05% were children or adolescents. The pooled prevalence of P. skrjabini is 0.45% (95% CI: 0.27-0.66%) in snails, 31.10% (95% CI: 24.77-37.80%) in the second intermediate host, and 20.31% (95% CI: 9.69-33.38%) in animal reservoirs. For P. westermani, the pooled prevalence is 0.06% (95% CI: 0.01-0.13%) in snails, 52.07% (95% CI: 43.56-60.52%) in the second intermediate host, and 21.40% (95% CI: 7.82-38.99%) in animal reservoirs. Paragonimus are primarily distributed in regions with low altitude, high temperature, and high precipitation. In northeastern China, only P. westermani infections have been documented, while in more southern areas, infections of both P. westermani and P. skrjabini have been reported. CONCLUSIONS: Paragonimiasis remains prevalent in China, particularly among children and adolescents. Variations exist in the intermediate hosts and geographical distribution of P. westermani and P. skrjabini. Additionally, altitude, temperature, and precipitation may influence the distribution of Paragonimus.

The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations is correlated with birth trauma in patients with postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder.

Postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PP-PTSD) is a severe mental disorder worldwide. In recent years, some studies have reported that PP-PTSD stems from birth trauma. The present study was dedicated in finding ways to predict the occurrence of emergency caesarean section (ECS), trying to analyze the methods to reduce incidence of PP-PTSD on this basis, further exploring the neuroimaging changes in PP-PTSD. A total of 245 primiparas with intention of vaginal delivery were recruited. The internal tocodynamometry measurement was performed during labor for all mothers, and respectively taken at 3-5 cm, 5-8 cm, and 8-10 cm of cervical dilation. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Binary logistic regression analyses were also performed to identify fetal head descending thrust that might help in the prediction of ECS. Resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 26 patients diagnosed with PP-PTSD of 245 mothers, the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) technology was used to observe the spontaneous neural activity of all PP-PTSD patients and correlation analyses were performed. We found that the natural delivery rate of mothers with fetal head descending thrust <16.29 N (5-8 cm), 26.36 N (8-10 cm) were respectively lower than other mothers with fetal head descending thrust ≥16.29 N (5-8 cm), 26.36 N (8-10 cm) (P < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value of thrust (5-8 cm) was 0.896 (95% CI: 0.854-0.938, p < 0.001), AUC of thrust(8-10 cm) was 0.786 (95% CI: 0.714-0.858, p < 0.001), which showed strong potential for predicting ECS. In addition, the Binary logistic regression analysis showed thrust (5-8 cm) and thrust (8-10 cm) were independent correlates of ECS. The resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) results indicated that PP-PTSD group showed decreased ALFF in the bilateral insula cortex (IC), right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and left midcingulate cortex (MCC) compared with healthy postpartum women (HPW) (false discovery rate (FDR) correction q-value < 0.05). The ALFF value of the right ACC was positively correlated with the Perinatal Post-traumatic stress disorder Questionnaire (PPQ) score (r = 0.4046 p = 0.0403) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) score (r = 0.3909 p = 0.0483). The internal tocodynamometry measurement can serve as a predictive tool for ECS, on this basis, the implementation of effective emotional support may help to reduce the incidence of PP-PTSD. Besides, this study has verified the presence of altered ALFF in the brain regions of PP-PTSD patients, mainly involving the bilateral IC, right ACC, and left MCC, that might be associated with emotion, cognition, and memory disorders functions in PP-PTSD patients.

Scinderin is a potential prognostic biomarker and correlated with immunological regulation: from pan-cancer analysis to liver hepatocellular carcinoma.

Aim: This study aimed to systematically dissect the role of Scinderin (SCIN) in tumorigenesis. Methods: Bioinformatics techniques were employed based on cancer data from TCGA, ENCORI, HPA, GEPIA2, UALCAN, Kaplan-Meier plotter, TIMER, TISIDB, cBioPortal, HCCDB, GeneMANIA and LinkedOmics database. Experiments in vitro and in vivo were conducted to dissect the role of SCIN in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). Results: Significantly differential expression of SCIN was found in nine types of cancers, including LIHC. Through pan-cancer analysis, the correlations between SCIN expression with prognosis and immune cell infiltration were proven, especially in LIHC, ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma. The highest frequency of alteration in SCIN (6.81%) was seen in patients with uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma, in which "mutation" was the predominant type, with a frequency of about 5.29%; meanwhile, S673F and S381Y were the two most frequent mutation sites. Furthermore, the abnormal expression of SCIN exhibited a strong relationship with immune cell subtypes, immune checkpoint genes, tumor mutation burden, microsatellite instability, neoantigen, molecular subtypes, mismatch repair signatures and DNA methyl-transferase in different cancer types. Through comparative analysis, we discovered that SCIN was dramatically up-regulated in LIHC, and associated with poor survival. Experiments in vitro and in vivo suggested the knockdown of SCIN could suppress tumor cell proliferation and improve the survival rate partly in animal models. Conclusion: This study reveals SCIN may be a promising biomarker for prognosis and treatment in certain cancers, especially in LIHC.

3D Morphological Feature Quantification and Analysis of Corn Leaves.

Marked variations in the 3-dimensional (3D) shape of corn leaves can be discerned as a function of various influences, including genetics, environmental factors, and the management of cultivation processes. However, the causes of these variations remain unclear, primarily due to the absence of quantitative methods to describe the 3D spatial morphology of leaves. To address this issue, this study acquired 3D digitized data of ear-position leaves from 478 corn inbred lines during the grain-filling stage. We propose quantitative calculation methods for 13 3D leaf shape features, such as the leaf length, 3D leaf area, leaf inclination angle, blade-included angle, blade self-twisting, blade planarity, and margin amplitude. Correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and heritability analysis were conducted among the 13 leaf traits. Leaf morphology differences among subpopulations of the inbred lines were also analyzed. The results revealed that the 3D leaf traits are capable of revealing the morphological differences among different leaf surfaces, and the genetic analysis revealed that 84.62% of the 3D phenotypic traits of ear-position leaves had a heritability greater than 0.3. However, the majority of 3D leaf shape traits were strongly affected by environmental conditions. Overall, this study quantitatively investigated 3D leaf shape in corn, providing a reliable basis for further research on the genetic regulation of corn leaf morphology and advancing the understanding of the complex interplay among crop genetics, phenotypes, and the environment.

Quantitative assessment of The Group of Seven's collaboration in sustainable development goals.

Strengthening international collaboration is essential to achieving the United Nations' SDGs. The Group of Seven (G7) is recognized for acting and enhancing cooperation to achieve the SDGs. However, the current understanding of G7's cooperation is rather subjective without quantitative measurements. Here we show a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of G7's cooperation with regards to the economic and environmental SDGs over the period of 2000-2020. The results suggest that G7 countries have all contributed positively to economic indicators thanks to their closely binding relationship. By contrast, significant discrepancies and uncooperative performances in environmental indicators have been revealed. Particularly, Canada and Germany have shown considerable negative synergy contributions to environmental indicators, which might offset the positive contributions brought by France and Italy and lead to an overall negative synergy. Our results highlight the need for further collaboration among G7 to tackle emerging environmental issues, such as climate change and shrinking biodiversity.