CONTEXT: Yebes 40m radio telescope is the main and largest observing instrument at Yebes Observatory and it is devoted to Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and single dish observations since 2010. It has been covering frequency bands between 2 GHz and 90 GHz in discontinuous and narrow windows in most of the cases, to match the current needs of the European VLBI Network (EVN) and the Global Millimeter VLBI Array (GMVA). AIMS: Nanocosmos project, a European Union funded synergy grant, opened the possibility to increase the instantaneous frequency coverage to observe many molecular transitions with single tunnings in single dish mode. This reduces the observing time and maximises the output from the telescope. METHODS: We present the technical specifications of the recently installed 31.5 - 50GHz (Q band) and 72 - 90.5 GHz (W band) receivers along with the main characteristics of the telescope at these frequency ranges. We have observed IRC+10216, CRL 2688 and CRL 618, which harbour a rich molecular chemistry, to demonstrate the capabilities of the new instrumentation for spectral observations in single dish mode. RESULTS: The results show the high sensitivity of the telescope in the Q band. The spectrum of IRC+10126 offers a signal to noise ratio never seen before for this source in this band. On the other hand, the spectrum normalised by the continuum flux towards CRL 618 in the W band demonstrates that the 40 m radio telescope produces comparable results to those from the IRAM 30 m radio telescope, although with a smaller sensitivity. The new receivers fulfil one of the main goals of Nanocosmos and open the possibility to study the spectrum of different astrophysical media with unprecedented sensitivity.
We present a new experimental setup devoted to the study of gas phase molecules and processes using broad band high spectral resolution rotational spectroscopy. A reactor chamber has been equipped with radio receivers similar to those used by radio astronomers to search for molecular emission in space. The whole Q (31.5-50 GHz) and W bands (72-116.5 GHz) are available for rotational spectroscopy observations. The receivers are equipped with 16×2.5 GHz Fast Fourier Transform spectrometers with a spectral resolution of 38.14 kHz allowing the simultaneous observation of the complete Q band and one third of the W band. The whole W band can be observed in three settings in which the Q band is always observed. Species such as CH3CN, OCS, and SO2 are detected, together with many of their isotopologues and vibrationally excited states, in very short observing times. The system permits automatic overnight observations and integration times as long as 2.4×105 seconds have been reached. The chamber is equipped with a radiofrequency source to produce cold plasmas and with four ultraviolet lamps to study photochemical processes. Plasmas of CH4, N2, CH3CN, NH3, O2, and H2, among other species, have been generated and the molecular products easily identified by their rotational spectrum, and mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy. Finally, the rotational spectrum of the lowest energy conformer of CH3CH2NHCHO (N-Ethylformamide), a molecule previously characterized in microwave rotational spectroscopy, has been measured up to 116.5 GHz allowing the accurate determination of its rotational and distortion constants and its search in space.
Several findings revealed the importance of accruing moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) to improve health. Physical education (PE) may play an important role on promoting children's MVPA. However, it remains unknown whether PE might be effective when increasing physical activity (PA) levels in children with lower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess children's PA during PE and during days with and without PE with a special focus on CRF status. One hundred and fifty Spanish children and adolescents from 3rd to 12th grade were recruited. PA levels were assessed with GT3X accelerometers. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ) was estimated using a portable breath by breath Metamax 3B. Participants were classified as healthy aerobic fitness (HAF) and unhealthy aerobic fitness (UHAF) according to standardized cut-off point criteria. During PE, students with HAF accrued more MVPA than those with UHAF (8.7 vs 5.7 min/session; P ≤ 0.001). MVPA was higher on PE days than days without for both UHAF (50.0 vs 42.7 min/day; P ≤ 0.05) and HAF students (56.9 vs 49.4 min/day; P ≤ 0.05). Although less active during PE, students with lower CRF accumulated more MVPA and total PA on PE days than days without PE. An increase in PE days might be a smart policy to raise the recommended PA levels, regardless of CRF status.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness , Exercise , Health Promotion/methods , Physical Education and Training , Adolescent , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Oxygen Consumption , Spain , Young Adult
BACKGROUND: Self-management may be an option to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy in health systems, but before recommending it, we need to assess patients' ability to take on this task. The purpose of the study was to describe patients' ability to self-manage and associated factors. METHODS: This was a 3-year prospective quasi-experimental study with a control group. Overall, 333 patients on anticoagulant therapy from seven primary care health centres of the Basque Health Service were included in the intervention group and followed up for 6 months after the intervention, assessing their ability to self-test and self-manage. The intervention consisted of a patient training programme, providing detailed information on their condition and its treatment, and practical training in how to use a portable blood coagulation monitor and adjust their anticoagulant dose. Comparisons were made with a control group (333 patients receiving OAT under usual care from the same seven health centres). Outcome variables were ability to self-manage, quality of the outcome (in terms of time in therapeutic range), and quality of life in the intervention group, and general patient characteristics (age and sex), clinical variables (reason for OAT, INR range), and quality of the outcome (in terms of percentage of INR measurements in range and complications) in both groups. RESULTS: Overall, 26.13 % of patients invited to participate in the intervention agreed. Of these, 99 % successfully learned to self-manage their OAT. Just 4.2 % did not complete the follow-up, in all cases for reasons unrelated to self-management, and 4.5 % required additional learning support. Outcomes were better than under usual care in terms of percentage of INR measurements in range (12 %), rate of complications (4 %) and quality of life (9.2 %). LIMITATIONS: Patients were only followed-up period for 6 months and the study was conducted in a single health organization. Though patients eligible to participate were selected randomly, they were not randomly allocated to the groups. This is a potential source of selection bias. Data needed to calculate in-range time were not collected from controls; rather the results for the self-management group were compared with external data from other studies. CONCLUSIONS: Almost all participants achieved competency in self-management, with no differences by age, sex, concurrent illnesses, polypharmacy or educational level. The greatest barrier to self-management was the attitude of patients themselves and those around them. Self-management in primary care is a good alternative to usual care, patients having longer times in therapeutic range and fewer complications, and improving their quality of life. Remote management is a good support tool. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01878539.
Anticoagulants/administration & dosage , Primary Health Care/methods , Quality of Life , Self Care/methods , Thromboembolism/prevention & control , Vitamin K/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Aged , Blood Coagulation , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Patient Satisfaction , Prospective Studies , Thromboembolism/blood , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
La práctica de actividad física (AF) es un elemento muy importante en la promoción de la salud durante la infancia. Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios que profundicen en las características de la AF que desarrollan los niños a lo largo del día. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la distribución de la actividad física de una intensidad determinada en bouts o secuencias de diferente duración y durante tres períodos: lunes a viernes, horario escolar y horario extraescolar. Se seleccionaron 107 alumnos de segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil (3,81±0,87 años; 19,64±4,32 kg, 1,19±0,29 m). Los sujetos llevaron un acelerómetro (Actigraph GT3X) durante 5 días consecutivos. Se calcularon los niveles de actividad física, de acuerdo con los puntos de corte propuestos por Sirard et al. (2005) y se analizó la agrupación de la AF de intensidad moderada y vigorosa (AFMV) en bouts de 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 y 12 min de duración. Los resultados mostraron el predominio de una AF de carácter esporádico, donde alrededor del 90% de la AFMV se realizó en bouts de 1 y 2 min. Se observó un mayor volumen de bouts de 1, 2, 4, 5 y 6 min de duración de lunes a viernes y en horario extraescolar que en el horario escolar (p< 0,001). Se pone de manifiesto que la AF en niños de estas edades tiene un carácter intermitente, realizándose en secuencias o intervalos cortos que oscilan entre 1 y 2 min de duración (AU)
A prática da actividade física (PA) é muito importante na promoção da saúde no elemento infância. No entanto, alguns estudos para aprofundar as características das crianças que desenvolvem FA durante o dia. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a distribuição de atividade física de uma determinada intensidade de ataques ou seqüências de diferentes durações e durante três períodos: de segunda a sexta-feira, o horário escolar e horário escolar. 107 upperclassmen Educação Infantil (19,64 ± 4,32 kg, 1,19 ± 0,29 m 3,81 ± 0,87 anos) foram selecionados. Os assuntos tomaram um acelerômetro (Actigraph GT3X) durante 5 dias consecutivos. Níveis de atividade física, de acordo com os pontos de corte propostos pela Sirard et al foram calculados. (2005) eo agrupamento do AF de intensidade moderada a vigorosa (AFMV), em crises de 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 e 12 min de duração foi analisado. Os resultados mostraram que a prevalência de FA esporádica, onde cerca de 90% do MVPA foi realizada em ataques 1 e 2 min. Um maior volume de acessos de 1, 2, 4, 5 e 6 minutos durante a semana e fora do horário escolar foi observado que, em horário escolar (p< 0,001). Isso mostra que o AF em crianças desta idade tem um caráter intermitente, atuando em sequências ou curtos intervalos de tempo variando de 1 a 2 min de duração (AU)
The practice of physical activity (PA) is very important element of promoting health during childhood. However, little information is available with regards to PA patterns of children during a day. The aim of this study was to describe the bouts patterns of different lengths of time among three periods of daily life in nursery school students. 107 children (3.81±0.87 years; 19,64±4,32 kg, 1,19±0,29 m) were selected. The subjects wore an accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X) during 5 consecutive days. The level of PA was calculated using the cut-points proposed by Sirard et al. (2005) in order to analyze moderate-intensity bout patterns of 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 min during three periods Monday to Friday, school hours and extracurricular time. Results showed that students accumulated 90% of their PA intermittently, corresponding to bouts of 1 to 2 min (p< 0.001). Based on these findings, it was concluded that that children in nursery school accumulated high intermittent PA, consisted of 1 to 2 min bouts, and this information should be used to promote strategies during school timetable in order to increase PA in school (AU)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Physical Education and Training/organization & administration , Accelerometry/methods , Motor Activity/physiology , Exercise , Physical Exertion/physiology , 35172
The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor CaSR is expressed in blood vessels where its role is not completely understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the CaSR expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is directly involved in regulation of blood pressure and blood vessel tone. Mice with targeted CaSR gene ablation from vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were generated by breeding exon 7 LoxP-CaSR mice with animals in which Cre recombinase is driven by a SM22α promoter (SM22α-Cre). Wire myography performed on Cre-negative [wild-type (WT)] and Cre-positive (SM22α)CaSR(Δflox/Δflox) [knockout (KO)] mice showed an endothelium-independent reduction in aorta and mesenteric artery contractility of KO compared with WT mice in response to KCl and to phenylephrine. Increasing extracellular calcium ion (Ca(2+)) concentrations (1-5 mM) evoked contraction in WT but only relaxation in KO aortas. Accordingly, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures of KO animals were significantly reduced compared with WT, as measured by both tail cuff and radiotelemetry. This hypotension was mostly pronounced during the animals' active phase and was not rescued by either nitric oxide-synthase inhibition with nitro-l-arginine methyl ester or by a high-salt-supplemented diet. KO animals also exhibited cardiac remodeling, bradycardia, and reduced spontaneous activity in isolated hearts and cardiomyocyte-like cells. Our findings demonstrate a role for CaSR in the cardiovascular system and suggest that physiologically relevant changes in extracellular Ca(2+) concentrations could contribute to setting blood vessel tone levels and heart rate by directly acting on the cardiovascular CaSR.
Blood Pressure , Calcium Signaling , Calcium/metabolism , Hypotension/metabolism , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Vasoconstriction , Vasodilation , Animals , Aorta/metabolism , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Blood Pressure/genetics , Bradycardia/genetics , Bradycardia/metabolism , Bradycardia/physiopathology , Calcium Signaling/drug effects , Calcium Signaling/genetics , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Heart Rate , Hypotension/genetics , Hypotension/physiopathology , Mesenteric Arteries/metabolism , Mice, 129 Strain , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology , Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism , Phenotype , Receptors, Calcium-Sensing , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics , Vasoconstriction/drug effects , Vasoconstriction/genetics , Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology , Vasodilation/drug effects , Vasodilation/genetics , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology , Ventricular Remodeling
Cyanogen (NCCN) is the simplest member of the series of dicyanopolyynes. It has been hypothesized that this family of molecules can be important constituents of interstellar and circumstellar media, although the lack of a permanent electric dipole moment prevents its detection through radioastronomical techniques. Here we present the first solid evidence of the presence of cyanogen in interstellar clouds through the detection of its protonated form toward the cold dark clouds TMC-1 and L483. Protonated cyanogen (NCCNH+) has been identified through the J = 5 - 4 and J = 10 - 9 rotational transitions using the 40m radiotelescope of Yebes and the IRAM 30m telescope. We derive beam averaged column densities for NCCNH+ of (8.6 ± 4.4) × 1010 cm-2 in TMC-1 and (3.9 ± 1.8) × 1010 cm-2 in L483, which translate to fairly low fractional abundances relative to H2, in the range (1-10) × 10-12. The chemistry of protonated molecules in dark clouds is discussed, and it is found that, in general terms, the abundance ratio between the protonated and non protonated forms of a molecule increases with increasing proton affinity. Our chemical model predicts an abundance ratio NCCNH+/NCCN of ~ 10-4, which implies that the abundance of cyanogen in dark clouds could be as high as (1-10) × 10-8 relative to H2, i.e., comparable to that of other abundant nitriles such as HCN, HNC, and HC3N.
Objetivos: Analizar el tratamiento que actualmente se está dando a los temas relacionados con la enfermedad mental (EM) y violencia en los medios de comunicación escritos y valorar su influencia sobre la estigmatización pública de la enfermedad. Métodos: Se analizaron las noticias relacionadas con la EM (332) que aparecieron en los tres diarios de mayor difusión en España durante un periodo de tres meses en 2005. Resultados: Un 23.19% de las noticias hacía referencia a la violencia, apareciendo el enfermo mental como agresor en un76%. Las noticias con componente violento se relacionaban con más frecuencia con trastornos psicóticos, con un mayor cuestionario de la seguridad pública y con una mayor referencia al contexto sociofamiliar del individuo. Conclusiones: El porcentaje de noticias que relacionan enfermedad mental y violencia sigue siendo importante; la forma en que la EM es presentada puede contribuir a la perpetuación de la estigmatización de estos pacientes
Objectives: To analyse the treatment currently given in the written media to topics related to mental illness and violence, and to assess its influence on public stigma towards the disease. Methods: News reports related to mental illness in the three main Spanish newspapers were analysed during a three month period in 2005. A total of 332 references were collected. Results: 23.19% of the articles analysed referred to violence, and in 76% of them the mentally ill subject was presented as an aggressor. The news reports with an element of violence were most many concerns about public safety, and with very notable reference to the social and family context of the subject. Conclusions: The number of articles in newspapers about mental illness and violence continues to be significant. The way mental illness is presented could contribute to the continued stigma towards these patients
Humans , Female , Adult , Violence/psychology , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Stereotyping , Mental Health/classification , Mental Health/history , Social Behavior
Introducción: La detección precoz de la hipoacusia tieneimportancia para instaurar rehabilitación auditiva tempranay conseguir el desarrollo normal del lenguaje. Por estemotivo se han desarrollado programas de screening auditivoen neonatos, que se iniciaron en pacientes con factores deriesgo de hipoacusia. El estudio neurofisiológico de potencialesevocados auditivos del troncocerebral (PEATC) constituyeun método objetivo de detección precoz de trastornosde la audición y evaluación funcional de la vía auditiva.Objetivos: Estudiar la incidencia de hipoacusia en neonatosy niños con factores de riesgo en nuestra área asistencialasí como hacer una revisión de los métodos de screeningde hipoacusia con análisis coste-efectividad.Métodos: Se realizó PEATC, años 2001 y 2002, a todoslos neonatos y niños que presentaron algún factor de riesgo audiológico o neurológico, basándose en los criterios de la Comisión Española para la Detección Precoz de Hipoacusia. El estudio incluyó 157 niños con edades desde el nacimiento hasta los 5 años. Conclusiones: El resultado muestra en niños con factoresde riesgo una incidencia de 7,6% de hipoacusia neurosensorial y 2,5% de hipoacusia neurosensorial profunda bilateral. El realizar este programa de screening permitió disminuir la edad de detección de la hipoacusia en los neonatos antes de los 6 meses de edad. Los PEATC convencionales son el método más sensible de valoración de la audición en niños; sin embargo, son demasiado costosos y en tiempo empleado como método inicial de screening. El uso de equipamientos automatizados de screening universal, puede reducir el coste e incrementar el coste-efectividad
Male , Female , Child , Humans , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis , Infant, Premature, Diseases/therapy , Infant, Premature , Betamethasone/administration & dosage , Betamethasone/adverse effects , Betamethasone/chemistry , Betamethasone/classification , Betamethasone
OBJECTIVE: To check the association between souche family and the incidence of mental illness. DESIGN: A case-control study. SETTING: Health Rural Zone (Tineo-Asturias-Spain). CASE: every person with a new diagnosis of mental illness who has been compiled (CIE-9-CM) the clinical records of the Mental Health Centre. Field-work from 1-1-1996 until 31-12-1997; they could be dead or alive and of fourteen or more years of age, including suicide and suicide attempts without clinical records in the mental health centre and excluding organic psychosis, mental illness caused by organic damage lesion and mentally handicapped (n = 162). CONTROL: living people of fourteen or more years of age, with diagnosis of current mental illness, after more than one year since their discharge from a mental illness. They will mark five or less than five in the GHQ-28 scale. A systematic random sample was done among all patients registered by computer from the health centre (n = 378). We compiled information about: age, sex, family and personal backgrounds of mental illness, rural or urban context, marital status, education level, family structure and GHQ-28. We carried out univariant and bivariant analysis also we adjusted a logistic regression model (SPSSW7.1). MAIN RESULTS: In the souche family we obtained a odds ratio equal 3.29 (95% CI, 1.69-6.43). CONCLUSIONS: The souche family is a risk of mental illness. Research into dynamics and performance should be done.
Catchment Area, Health , Family , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Mental Disorders/etiology , Adolescent , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Risk Factors , Rural Health , Spain
Objetivos. Comprobar la asociación entrefamilia extensa troncal (FET) e incidencia de enfermedad mental (EM). Diseño. Estudio de casos y controles. Emplazamiento. Zona Básica de Salud Tineo-Navelgas. Pacientes. Caso: todo individuo con diagnóstico nuevo de EM recogido en historia clínica (HC) del centro de salud mental (CSM) de referencia, criterios CIE-9-CM, desde el 1-1-1996 al 31-12-1997, vivo o muerto, >= 14 años; se incluyeron suicidios e intentos de suicidio sin HC en CSM y se excluyeron diagnósticos de psicosis orgánica, trastorno mental por lesión orgánica específica y retraso mental (n = 162). Control:individuo vivo, >= 14 años, sin diagnóstico de EM actual, que habiendo pasado más de un año del alta de una EM, puntuara 5 o menos de 5 en la escala GHQ-28. Se extrajo una muestra aleatoria sistemática del registro de usuarios de la ZBS (n = 378). Variables a estudio: edad, sexo, antecedentes familiares (AF) y personales (AP) de EM, hábitat, estado civil, nivel de formación (NF) y número de miembros y generaciones de la familia. Se realizó un análisis univariante (características casos/controles), bivariante (test ji-cuadrado y odds ratio bruta), y se ajustó un modelo de regresión logística (odds ratio ajustada), mediante el paquete estadístico SPSSW7.1. Resultados principales. Para la FET resultó una OR de 3,29 (1,69-6,43). Conclusiones. La FET es factor de riesgo de EM. Se deberían realizar estudios sobre la dinámica y funcionalidad de este tipo de estructura familiar (AU)
Adult , Adolescent , Male , Female , Humans , Family , Catchment Area, Health , Spain , Risk Factors , Rural Health , Incidence , Case-Control Studies , Mental Disorders
