Chemical constituents from a marine medicinal brown alga-derived Xylaria acuta SC1019.

In this study, a marine medicinal brown alga Sargassum cristaefolium-derived fungal strain Xylaria acuta SC1019 was isolated and identified. Column chromatography of the extracts from liquid- and solid-fermented products of the fungal strain was carried out, and led to the isolation of twenty-one compounds. Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations were further established by single X-ray diffraction analysis or modified Mosher's method as nine previously undescribed compounds, namely xylarilactones A-C (1-3), ent-gedebic acid 8-O-α-D-glucopyranoside (4), 5R-hydroxylmethylmellein 11-O-α-D-glucopyranoside (5), ent-hymatoxin E 16-O-α-D-mannopyranoside (6), 19,20-epoxycytochalasin S (7), 19,20-epoxycytochalasin T (8), and (2R)-butylitaconic acid (9), along with twelve known compounds 10-21. All the isolates were subjected to anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic assays. Compounds 1, 5, 7, 10, and 17 showed moderate nitric oxide production inhibitory activities in lipopolysaccharide-activated BV-2 microglial cells with IC50 values of 19.55 ± 0.35, 16.10 ± 0.57, 15.20 ± 0.87, 11.76 ± 0.49, and 11.30 ± 0.32 µM, respectively, as compared to curcumin (IC50 = 2.69 ± 0.34 µM) without any significant cytotoxicity. Compounds 7, 8, and 21 displayed potent anti-angiogenic activities by suppressing the growth of human endothelial progenitor cells with IC50 values of 0.44 ± 0.01, 0.47 ± 0.03, and 0.53 ± 0.01 µM, respectively, as compared to sorafenib (IC50 = 5.50 ± 1.50 µM).

The combination of detection and simulation for the distribution and sourcing of microplastics in Shing Mun River estuary, Hong Kong.

For the first time, combined detection and simulation was performed on microplastic (MP) debris in surface water, sediment, and oyster samples at ten coastal sites of Shing Mun River estuary, Hong Kong at different tidal conditions. The MP debris were extracted and detected using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and the simulation was conducted using Weather Research & Forecasting Model (WRF) / Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) coupled hydro-dynamic modelling and the subsequent Lagrangian particle tracking. The results demonstrated the majority of polyethylene (with partial chlorine substitution) debris among all the MPs found, and great spatial and tidal variabilities of MP concentrations were observed. The combination of MP observation and simulations referred to the interpretation that a considerable percentage of MPs found in this study originated from South China Sea. Those MPs were probably transported to Tolo Harbour through sea currents and drifted inshore and offshore with tides. This study provided baseline measures of MP concentrations in Shing Mun River estuary and comprehensive understanding for how MPs transport and distribute within a dynamic estuarine system.

Evaluation of the outcomes of biliary-enteric reconstruction in robotic radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a single-center propensity score matching analysis.

Although robotic radical resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) has been reported in some large hepatobiliary centers, biliary-enteric reconstruction (BER) remains a critical step that hampers the operation's success. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and quality of BER in robotic radical resection of HCCA and propose technical recommendations. A retrospective study was conducted on patients with HCCA who underwent minimally invasive radical resection at Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital between January 2016 and July 2023. A 1:2 propensity score matching (PSM), widely used to reduce selection bias, was performed to evaluate the outcomes, especially BER-related data, between the robotic and laparoscopic surgery. Forty-six patients with HCCA were enrolled; ten underwent robotic-assisted resection, while the others underwent laparoscopic surgery. After PSM at a ratio of 1:2, 10 and 20 patients were assigned to the robot-assisted and laparoscopic groups, respectively. The baseline characteristics of both groups were generally well-balanced. The average liver resection time was longer in the robotic group than in the laparoscopic group (139.5 ± 38.8 vs 108.1 ± 35.8 min, P = 0.036). However, the former had less intraoperative blood loss [200 (50-500) vs 310 (100-850) ml], despite no statistical difference (P = 0.109). The number of residual bile ducts was 2.6 ± 1.3 and 2.7 ± 1.2 (P = 0.795), and anastomoses were both 1.6 ± 0.7 in the two groups (P = 0.965). The time of BER was 38.4 ± 13.6 and 59.1 ± 25.5 min (P = 0.024), accounting for 9.9 ± 2.8% and 15.4 ± 4.8% of the total operation time (P = 0.001). Although postoperative bile leakage incidence in laparoscopic group (40%) was higher than that in robotic group (10%), there was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.204); 6.7 ± 4.4 and 12.1 ± 11.7 days were observed for tube drawing (P = 0.019); anastomosis stenosis and calculus rate was 10% and 30% (P = 0.372), 0% and 15% (P = 0.532), respectively. Neither group had hemorrhage- or bile leakage-related deaths. Robotic radical resection for HCCA may offer perioperative outcomes comparable to conventional laparoscopic procedures and tends to be advantageous in terms of anastomosis time and quality. We are optimistic about its wide application in the future with the improvement of surgical techniques and experience.

Visualization of oxygen vacancies and self-doped ligand holes in La3Ni2O7-δ.

The recent discovery of superconductivity in La3Ni2O7-δ under high pressure with a transition temperature around 80 K (ref. 1) has sparked extensive experimental2-6 and theoretical efforts7-12. Several key questions regarding the pairing mechanism remain to be answered, such as the most relevant atomic orbitals and the role of atomic deficiencies. Here we develop a new, energy-filtered, multislice electron ptychography technique, assisted by electron energy-loss spectroscopy, to address these critical issues. Oxygen vacancies are directly visualized and are found to primarily occupy the inner apical sites, which have been proposed to be crucial to superconductivity13,14. We precisely determine the nanoscale stoichiometry and its correlation to the oxygen K-edge spectra, which reveals a significant inhomogeneity in the oxygen content and electronic structure within the sample. The spectroscopic results also reveal that stoichiometric La3Ni2O7 has strong charge-transfer characteristics, with holes that are self-doped from Ni sites into O sites. The ligand holes mainly reside on the inner apical O and the planar O, whereas the density on the outer apical O is negligible. As the concentration of O vacancies increases, ligand holes on both sites are simultaneously annihilated. These observations will assist in further development and understanding of superconducting nickelate materials. Our imaging technique for quantifying atomic deficiencies can also be widely applied in materials science and condensed-matter physics.

Large-scale greenway exposure reduces sedentary behavior: A natural experiment in China.

As a global public health problem, sedentary behavior has attracted more and more attention. Although numerous studies have demonstrated many benefits of green spaces to health, causal evidence on how green spaces affect people's sedentary behavior is scarce. This study used a natural experiment to evaluate the impact of greenway intervention on sedentary behavior. Two waves of data were collected in 2016 and 2019 (before and after the intervention) at East Lake Greenway (102-km-long) in Wuhan, China, with 1020 participants in 52 neighborhoods. We adopted three major methods to evaluate the impact of greenway intervention on sedentary behavior, including Propensity Score Matching and difference-in-difference (PSM-DID) method (with both individual and neighborhood variables to match samples), continuous treatment DID method (with distance to the greenway as the continuous treatment), and mediation analysis (with moderate to vigorous physical activity or MVPA, and walking time as the mediator). The results revealed that the greenway intervention significantly reduced participants' sedentary time and the intervention has a distance decay effect. The closer to the greenway, the greater decrease in sedentary time after the greenway opening. Furthermore, we found that MVPA and walking time mediate the impact of the greenway intervention on the change in sedentary behavior. The effect of greenway intervention was more beneficial for those under the age of 60, those who were employed, or those who were married. Our findings provided robust evidence that exposure to urban greenways affects sedentary behavior and such green infrastructures help protect public health in high-density urban areas.

Comparative efficacy and safety of CDK4/6 inhibitors combined with endocrine therapies for HR+/HER2-breast cancer: Systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Background: In recent years, the combination of targeted drugs, such as Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors, with endocrine therapy (ET), has emerged as a new research focus in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive (HR+) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2-) breast cancer. This network meta-analysis aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of CDK4/6 inhibitors combined with ET for HR+/HER2-breast cancer. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and GeenMedical databases to identify randomized controlled trials investigating the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy for the treatment of HR+/HER2-breast cancer. The search period spanned from the inception of each database up to February 29, 2024. Data analysis was conducted using Stata 14.0 and R 4.1.0 software. Results: A total of 20 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this study, investigating the effectiveness of four CDK4/6 inhibitors-Abemaciclib, Dalpiciclib, Ribociclib, and Palbociclib-when combined with ET for the treatment of HR+/HER2-breast cancer. The results indicated that Abemaciclib + ET, Dalpiciclib + ET, Palbociclib + ET, and Ribociclib + ET exhibited similar therapeutic effects in terms of improving objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and reducing the occurrence of fatigue, all of which were superior to ET alone. However, in terms of prolonging progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), Dalpiciclib + ET significantly improved PFS compared to Ribociclib + ET, Palbociclib + ET, Abemaciclib and Palbociclib. Ribociclib + ET significantly improved OS compared to Palbociclib + ET. Regarding overall adverse reaction events (AREs), Dalpiciclib + ET had a higher incidence compared to Ribociclib + ET. The incidence of neutropenia caused by Dalpiciclib + ET was significantly higher compared to Palbociclib + ET, Ribociclib + ET, Abemaciclib, and Palbociclib. Abemaciclib + ET demonstrated the worst safety profile concerning diarrhea. Conclusion: Abemaciclib + ET likely represents the most effective option in terms of therapeutic effects, but it is prone to causing diarrhea and fatigue. On the other hand, Dalpiciclib + ET likely demonstrates the best efficacy in terms of PFS but exhibits the poorest safety profile, particularly in relation to neutropenia. Therefore, clinicians should exercise increased vigilance in monitoring and managing adverse effects when prescribing Abemaciclib + ET and Dalpiciclib + ET.

Fairer AI in ophthalmology via implicit fairness learning for mitigating sexism and ageism.

The transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in various fields highlights the need for it to be both accurate and fair. Biased medical AI systems pose significant potential risks to achieving fair and equitable healthcare. Here, we show an implicit fairness learning approach to build a fairer ophthalmology AI (called FairerOPTH) that mitigates sex (biological attribute) and age biases in AI diagnosis of eye diseases. Specifically, FairerOPTH incorporates the causal relationship between fundus features and eye diseases, which is relatively independent of sensitive attributes such as race, sex, and age. We demonstrate on a large and diverse collected dataset that FairerOPTH significantly outperforms several state-of-the-art approaches in terms of diagnostic accuracy and fairness for 38 eye diseases in ultra-widefield imaging and 16 eye diseases in narrow-angle imaging. This work demonstrates the significant potential of implicit fairness learning in promoting equitable treatment for patients regardless of their sex or age.

Strategies for the Preparation of Single-Atom Catalysts Using Low-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks.

As single-atom catalysts are important energy materials, their preparation and synthesis methods have become particularly important. The unique structures of low-dimensional metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives provide various strategies for preparing single-atom catalysts. This paper summarizes various strategies for the preparation of single-atom catalysts based on low-dimensional metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives.

Biofabrication with microbial cellulose: from bioadaptive designs to living materials.

Nanocellulose is not only a renewable material but also brings functions that are opening new technological opportunities. Here we discuss a special subset of this material, in its fibrillated form, which is produced by aerobic microorganisms, namely, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). BNC offers distinct advantages over plant-derived counterparts, including high purity and high degree of polymerization as well as crystallinity, strength, and water-holding capacity, among others. More remarkably, beyond classical fermentative protocols, it is possible to grow BNC on non-planar interfaces, opening new possibilities in the assembly of advanced bottom-up structures. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the area of BNC-based biofabrication of three-dimensional (3D) designs by following solid- and soft-material templating. These methods are shown as suitable platforms to achieve bioadaptive constructs comprising highly interlocked biofilms that can be tailored with precise control over nanoscale morphological features. BNC-based biofabrication opens applications that are not possible by using traditional manufacturing routes, including direct ink writing of hydrogels. This review emphasizes the critical contributions of microbiology, colloid and surface science, as well as additive manufacturing in achieving bioadaptive designs from living matter. The future impact of BNC biofabrication is expected to take advantage of material and energy integration, residue utilization, circularity and social latitudes. Leveraging existing infrastructure, the scaleup of biofabrication routes will contribute to a new generation of advanced materials rooted in exciting synergies that combine biology, chemistry, engineering and material sciences.

Mild Iron-Catalyzed Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Quinoxalinones with Indoles.

Utilizing iron chloride as a Lewis acid catalyst, we developed a straightforward and mild oxidative cross-coupling reaction between quinoxalinones and indoles, yielding a series of versatile 3-(indol-3-yl)quinoxalin-2-one derivatives. This approach allows for the incorporation of a wide array of functional groups into the final products, demonstrating its synthetic versatility. Notably, the method was successfully scaled up to gram-scale reactions while maintaining high yields. Our mechanistic investigation indicates that iron chloride serves as a catalyst to facilitate the formation of key intermediates which subsequently undergo oxidation to afford the desired products. The merits of this protocol include its cost effectiveness, operational simplicity, and the ease of product isolation via filtration.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease may causally associate with the increased atrial fibrillation risk: evidence from two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses.

Background: The risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) is increased in individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), according to observational research. The causal significance of this association is still unclear. This study sought to assess GERD's role as a potential contributing factor in AF. Methods: With the use of a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) technique, we assessed the causal relationship between GERD and AF. The association of genetic variants with GERD was examined using data from a recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) that included 602,604 people. Data on the association between genetic variations and AF was obtained from a second GWAS with 1,030,836 participants. The effect sizes were examined based on the inverse-variance weighted method. Additional statistical techniques, including MR-Egger, simple mode, weighted mode, MR Pleiotropy Residual Sum, outlier, and weighted median were used in the sensitivity analysis. Results: MR analyses in inverse-variance weighted models, using 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as markers, revealed a relationship between genetically predicted GERD and a greater AF incidence [odds ratio (OR): 1.165, 95% CI 1.102-1.231; P = 7.637 × 10-8]. According to MR-Egger, there was no evidence of gene pleiotropy that could be found (intercept = 0.003, P = 0.581). The findings of the sensitivity study, which used several MR methods, were found to be reliable. Conclusion: The MR analysis revealed a correlation between GERD and increased AF incidence, supporting the idea that treating patients with GERD as early as possible might reduce their chance of developing AF.

Causes and consequences of major depressive disorder: An encompassing Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating disorder that has been associated with a range of risk factors and outcomes. Causal pathways between MDD and other traits can be studied using genetic variants as instrumental variables. Methods: A literature review was conducted to identify 201 MDD-associated traits. For 115 traits, there were well-powered genome-wide association study (GWAS) results available that could be used to assess the genetic correlation with MDD. Of these, there were 89 meeting criteria for investigating causal associations in both directions using two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR). Of the traits that were not captured by GWAS, 43 could be included as outcomes of MDD using one-sample MR (OSMR). A range of methods and sensitivity tests was applied to gauge robustness of results, together with statistical power analyses to aid interpretation. Outcomes: Moderate to strong genetic overlap was found between MDD and most traits. Support for causal effects of MDD liability were found for circadian, cognitive, diet, medical disease, endocrine, functional, inflammatory, metabolic, mortality, physical activity, reproduction, risk behavior, social, socioeconomic, and suicide outcomes. Most associations were bidirectional, although there was less evidence for diet, disease, and endocrine traits causing MDD risk. Results were robust across sensitivity analyses. Interpretation: This study provides a systematic overview of traits putatively causally related to MDD, confirming previous findings as well as identifying new associations. Our results highlight the importance of MDD as a risk factor cross-cutting across medical, functional, and psychosocial domains and emphasize the need for concerted efforts at reducing this highly prevalent disorder.

A national survey of pandemic fear and cyberchondria after ending zero-COVID policy: The chain mediating role of alexithymia and psychological distress.

BACKGROUND: More than half the domestic population in China were infected with COVID-19 in two months after ending "zero-infection policy", which severely overwhelmed frontline healthcare providers with stress and fear. However, there is no study to date investigating the associations between nurses' fear of pandemic and cyberchondria. This study aimed to 1) investigate the correlations between fear pandemic and cyberchondria among frontline nurses, and 2) discover its potential mechanism. METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of frontline nurses (N = 8161) was recruited from 98 hospitals across China in February 2023. Participants were invited to complete an online, self-rated standardized questionnaire focused on pandemic fear, alexithymia, psychological distress, and cyberchondria. Environmental, clinical and socioeconomic information were collected for adjustment while conducting chain mediation analysis. RESULTS: When other covariates were controlled, it was found that fear of the pandemic significantly contributed to cyberchondria (b = 0.58, 95%CI [0.56, 0.60], p < .001). The chain mediation model suggested that both alexithymia and psychological distress were mediating factors between pandemic fear and cyberchondria. CONCLUSIONS: The higher the perceived fear, the greater the cyberchondria, which suggests that reducing fear about the pandemic and providing adequate support could reduce the incidence of cyberchondria. As alexithymia and psychological distress may be transdiagnostic mechanisms between fear and cyberchondria, targeted interventions focused on expression dysregulation and emotional identification could be useful.

Efficacy of rituximab-containing regimens used as first-line and rescue therapy for giant cell hepatitis with autoimmune hemolytic anemia a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of rituximab (RTX)-containing therapy as first-line as well as rescue treatment for giant cell hepatitis with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (GCH-AHA). METHODS: This retrospective study recruited patients diagnosed with GCH-AHA and treated with conventional immunosuppressor regimens consisting of prednisone or RTX-containing regimes consisting of RTX and prednisone, with or without another immunosuppressor. The primary outcomes were the complete remission (CR) rate and time-period required for CR. The secondary outcomes included relapses and adverse events. RESULTS: Twenty patients (8 females and 12 males; age range 1-26 months), 15 receiving conventional regimens and 5 receiving RTX-containing regimens, were included. The CR rates were 73.3 % (11/15) and 100 % (5/5) in the conventional and RTX-containing groups, respectively. The time-period required for CR was significantly shorter in the RTX-containing group than in the conventional group (6 (3-8) versus 14 (5-25) months, P = 0.015). Relapses occurred in 30.8 % (4/13) of patients in the conventional group; all achieved CR after adding RTX. Relapses occurred in 40.0 % (2/5) of patients in the RTX-containing group; both achieved CR after adding intravenous immune globulins or tacrolimus. Transient low immunoglobulin and infections were recorded in both groups. Treatment withdrawal was achieved in 73.3 % (11/15) and 60.0 % (3/5) of patients receiving conventional and RTX-containing regimens after 36 (2-101) and 22 (4-41) months, respectively. Two patients in conventional group died of disease progression and infection. CONCLUSIONS: RTX-containing first-line therapy achieves CR of GCH-AHA more quickly than the conventional therapy. RTX is efficacious when added to rescue therapy.

Expression characteristics of lipid metabolism-related genes and correlative immune infiltration landscape in acute myocardial infarction.

Lipid metabolism is an important part of the heart's energy supply. The expression pattern and molecular mechanism of lipid metabolism-related genes (LMRGs) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are still unclear, and the link between lipid metabolism and immunity is far from being elucidated. In this study, 23 Common differentially expressed LMRGs were discovered in the AMI-related mRNA microarray datasets GSE61144 and GSE60993. These genes were mainly related to "leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response", "lipoxygenase pathway", "metabolic pathways", and "regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes" pathways. 12 LMRGs (ACSL1, ADCY4, ALOX5, ALOX5AP, CCL5, CEBPB, CEBPD, CREB5, GAB2, PISD, RARRES3, and ZNF467) were significantly differentially expressed in the validation dataset GSE62646 with their AUC > 0.7 except for ALOX5AP (AUC = 0.699). Immune infiltration analysis and Pearson correlation analysis explored the immune characteristics of AMI, as well as the relationship between these identified LMRGs and immune response. Lastly, the up-regulation of ACSL1, ALOX5AP, CEBPB, and GAB2 was confirmed in the mouse AMI model. Taken together, LMRGs ACSL1, ALOX5AP, CEBPB, and GAB2 are significantly upregulated in AMI patients' blood, peripheral blood of AMI mice, myocardial tissue of AMI mice, and therefore might be new potential biomarkers for AMI.

Habitual coffee and tea consumption and risk of cataract: A prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank.

BACKGROUND: To study the association of habitual coffee and tea consumption with the risk of cataract. METHODS: This prospective cohort study enrolled UK Biobank participants between 2006 and 2010, and prospectively followed them up for cataract diagnosis. We examined the associations of self-reported intake of tea and coffee and the calculated combined caffeine intake, with the risk of incident cataract. Cox proportional hazards models were analyzed after adjusting for age, sex, race, diabetes, Townsend Index, income, education, smoking and alcohol status. RESULTS: A total of 444,787 UK Biobank participants aged from 37 to 73 years old who had no cataract at baseline were included. Coffee intake of 2-3 cups/day (HR 0.973, 95% CI 0.949-0.998) or tea intake of 4-6 cups/day (HR 0.962, 95% CI 0.934-0.990) or combination caffeine intake of 160.0-235.0 mg/day (HR 0.950, 95% CI 0.925-0.976) were linked with the lowest risk of incident cataract. Cox models with restricted cubic splines showed J-shaped associations of coffee, tea, and combined caffeine intake with the risk of cataract (all p for nonlinear <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate habitual consumption of coffee and tea is associated with a lower risk of cataract. To maximize the protective effect against cataract, it is advisable to control total caffeine intake from coffee and tea within a range of 160.0-235.0 mg/day.

Quantifying the relative importance of genetics and environment on the comorbidity between mental and cardiometabolic disorders using 17 million Scandinavians.

Mental disorders are leading causes of disability and premature death worldwide, partly due to high comorbidity with cardiometabolic disorders. Reasons for this comorbidity are still poorly understood. We leverage nation-wide health records and near-complete genealogies of Denmark and Sweden (n = 17 million) to reveal the genetic and environmental contributions underlying the observed comorbidity between six mental disorders and 15 cardiometabolic disorders. Genetic factors contributed about 50% to the comorbidity of schizophrenia, affective disorders, and autism spectrum disorder with cardiometabolic disorders, whereas the comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anorexia with cardiometabolic disorders was mainly or fully driven by environmental factors. In this work we provide causal insight to guide clinical and scientific initiatives directed at achieving mechanistic understanding as well as preventing and alleviating the consequences of these disorders.

Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging and Vibrometry Using a Comb-Calibrated Coherent Sensor.

Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging has the ability to reconstruct hidden objects, allowing a wide range of applications. Existing NLOS systems rely on pulsed lasers and time-resolved single-photon detectors to capture the information encoded in the time of flight of scattered photons. Despite remarkable advances, the pulsed time-of-flight LIDAR approach has limited temporal resolution and struggles to detect the frequency-associated information directly. Here, we propose and demonstrate the coherent scheme-frequency-modulated continuous wave calibrated by optical frequency comb-for high-resolution NLOS imaging, velocimetry, and vibrometry. Our comb-calibrated coherent sensor presents a system temporal resolution at subpicosecond and its superior signal-to-noise ratio permits NLOS imaging of complex scenes under strong ambient light. We show the capability of NLOS localization and 3D imaging at submillimeter scale and demonstrate NLOS vibrometry sensing at an accuracy of dozen Hertz. Our approach unlocks the coherent LIDAR techniques for widespread use in imaging science and optical sensing.

Distinct biological signature and modifiable risk factors underlie the comorbidity between major depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are often comorbid, resulting in excess morbidity and mortality. Here we show that CVDs share most of their genetic risk factors with MDD. Multivariate genome-wide association analysis of shared genetic liability between MDD and atherosclerotic CVD revealed seven loci and distinct patterns of tissue and brain cell-type enrichments, suggesting the involvement of the thalamus. Part of the genetic overlap was explained by shared inflammatory, metabolic and psychosocial or lifestyle risk factors. Our data indicated causal effects of genetic liability to MDD on CVD risk, but not from most CVDs to MDD, and showed that the causal effects were partly explained by metabolic and psychosocial or lifestyle factors. The distinct signature of MDD-atherosclerotic CVD comorbidity suggests an immunometabolic subtype of MDD that is more strongly associated with CVD than overall MDD. In summary, we identified biological mechanisms underlying MDD-CVD comorbidity and modifiable risk factors for prevention of CVD in individuals with MDD.