Can adjuvant pelvic radiation therapy after local excision or polypectomy for T1 and T2 rectal cancer offer an alternative option to radical surgery?

PURPOSE: To determine outcomes after adjuvant pelvic local radiation therapy (RT) +/- concurrent chemotherapy for T1 and T2 rectal carcinomas treated with local excision or polypectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively identified adult patients with histologically proven T1 and T2 rectal adenocarcinoma, diagnosed incidentally at time of local excision or polypectomy between 01 January 2007 and 31 December 2019, and appropriately staged to confirm N0 M0 status. Patients were excluded if they had recurrent cancer or had received total mesorectal excision (TME): anterior resection (AR) or abdominoperineal resection (APR). Patient, tumour and treatment factors, together with disease and toxicity outcomes were collected from institutional medical records, correspondence and investigation reports. Descriptive statistical analyses were employed. The primary endpoint was loco-regional control and secondary endpoints were treatment-related toxicity, disease free survival, overall survival and rate of surgical salvage for pelvic recurrence. RESULTS: The median age of the 15 eligible patients was 73 (range 49-82 years). There were 9 men (60%) and 6 women (40%). The majority had T1 disease (80%) and most had received endomucosal resection (80%). All patients received 43-52Gy (EQD2) to the primary and 43-48Gy (EQD2) to the pelvis with 46.6% receiving concurrent chemotherapy (infusional 5-FU or oral capecitabine). At median follow up of 51 months, there were no local or regional recurrences. One patient experienced an isolated distant relapse at 48 months without any locoregional recurrence. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate good locoregional disease control with the use of adjuvant pelvic RT for T1 and T2 rectal adenocarcinoma initially treated with polypectomy or local (non-oncological) excision. These findings indicate that adjuvant pelvic RT may provide an alternative to TME surgery in patients with incidentally detected early rectal cancers.

Functional and biochemical changes in the thyroid gland following exposure to therapeutic doses of external beam radiotherapy in the head-and-neck cancer patients.

CONTEXT: Majority of the head-and-neck cancers are locoregionally advanced at the time of diagnosis. Hence, radiotherapy (RT) portals will invariably cover the whole neck and thus, the thyroid gland which may lead to its dysfunction. AIMS: The purpose of this study is to identify the functional and biochemical changes in the thyroid gland following RT to the neck using single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) and thyroid function tests (TFTs). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, 45 patients of the head-and-neck cancer, receiving RT with or without chemotherapy were investigated. Baseline TFTs and thyroid scans (on SPECT-CT) were done, and the same were repeated at the completion of RT, at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: All patients received a minimum of 30 Gy to the whole neck. Baseline TFTs and thyroid scans were normal. None of them developed hypothyroidism clinical or subclinical (C/S) at the completion of RT. Six patients developed hypothyroidism (four subclinical, two clinical) at 3 months of the completion of treatment. At 6 months of follow-up 14 patients (31.1%) developed hypothyroidism (ten subclinical, four clinical) with P≤ 0.01. All patients having clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism had decreased uptake on thyroid scan. Patients having decreased uptake on thyroid scan only, with normal TFTs and no symptoms of hypothyroidism were zero at the completion of RT, 1 at 3 months follow-up, and seven at 6 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Hypothyroidism (C/S) is an under-recognized but significant complication of therapeutic doses of RT to the neck. In our study, we recognized hypothyroidism as early as 3 months following the completion of RT. Hence, tests to evaluate functional and biochemical changes in the thyroid gland should be instituted as early as 3 months following RT.

Immunotherapeutic approach for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA and the seventh leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Most of the patients' presentation is in advanced stages and remains resistant to currently available standard therapies. An in-depth understanding of PDAC's pathogenesis has shown that immunotherapy could bring about a revolution in the treatment response. Immunotherapy in PDAC appears promising in preclinical studies but failed to show benefits in clinical studies. These novel agents' therapeutic failure can be attributed to multiple variables including the tumor microenvironment, early metastasis, tumor heterogeneity and resistance to therapy. There is a need to develop biomarkers for the patient's stratification and provide individualized treatment to improve treatment outcomes.

Lay abstract Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA and the seventh leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. PDAC is a lethal cancer; most patients present at advanced stages with minimal clinical response to the current standard therapies. Immunotherapy treatment in PDAC showed promising results in the preclinical studies. However, the majority of clinical studies on immunotherapy in PDAC did not show clinical benefits. There is a need for research to explore the benefits of immunotherapy in PDAC patients. The development of new treatment strategies and a patient-tailored approach might improve future outcomes.

Redefining Role of 5-Fluorouracil and Exploring the Impact of Taxanes and Cisplatin in Locally Advanced and Recurrent Carcinoma Cervix in Concurrent Setting With Radiotherapy: A Literature Review.

Cervical carcinoma is the fourth most frequent cancer among women worldwide while it is common in rural India. The irony of the situation is that it continues to present in a locally advanced stage with bulky disease posing a significant challenge to the current treatment modalities despite various screening programs. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for locally advanced carcinoma cervix. However, the appropriate dosing schedules, along with the salutation of the chemotherapeutic agent, remain a matter of debate to date. The use of chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting promises to improve progression-free survival and overall survival. The article aims to review various chemotherapy and their regimens in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix.