Lights and Shadows of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-exposed and BCG-unresponsive Definitions: A Practical Overview.

According to the current definitions of recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer after bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), patients in the BCG-exposed and late relapse categories might benefit from further instillations. Patients with BCG-unresponsive disease could be included in clinical trials, but otherwise radical cystectomy is the preferred treatment. BCG-intolerant disease still represents an area of debate, with limited evidence regarding the best treatment for these patients.

Follow-up strategies after trimodal treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Optimal follow-up strategies following trimodal treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer play a crucial role in detecting and managing relapse and side-effects. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the patterns and risk factors of relapse, functional outcomes, and follow-up protocols. METHODS: A systematic literature search on PubMed and review of current guidelines and institutional follow-up protocols after trimodal therapy were conducted. RESULTS: Out of 200 identified publications, 43 studies (28 retrospective, 15 prospective) were selected, encompassing 7447 patients (study sizes from 24 to 728 patients). Recurrence rates in the urinary bladder varied between 14-52%; 3-16% were muscle-invasive while 11-36% were non-muscle invasive. Nodal recurrence occurred at 13-16% and distant metastases at 15-35%. After 5 and 10 years of follow-up, around 60-85% and 45-75% of patients could preserve their bladder, respectively. Various prognostic risk factors associated with relapse and inferior survival were proposed, including higher disease stage (> c/pT2), presence of extensive/multifocal carcinoma in situ (CIS), hydronephrosis, multifocality, histological subtypes, incomplete transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and incomplete response to radio-chemotherapy. The analyzed follow-up guidelines varied slightly in terms of the number, timing, and types of investigations, but overall, the recommendations were similar. CONCLUSION: Randomized prospective studies should focus on evaluating the impact of specific follow-up protocols on oncological and functional outcomes following trimodal treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. It is crucial to evaluate personalized adaption of follow-up protocols based on established risk factors, as there is potential for improved patient outcomes and resource allocation.

Observation With or Without Subsequent Salvage Therapy for Pathologically Node-positive Prostate Cancer With Negative Conventional Imaging: Results From a Large Multicenter Cohort.

Background and objective: More than 10% of patients with negative clinical metastatic status (cN0M0) on conventional imaging for prostate cancer (PCa) harbor lymph node involvement (pN+) at final pathology following radical prostatectomy (RP) and lymphadenectomy. Our aim was to assess outcomes of initial observation for cN0M0 pN+ PCa and identify prognostic factors that may help in clinical decision-making. Methods: We performed a retrospective multicenter study of patients with cN0M0 PCa on conventional imaging (computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging, and a bone scan) who were found to have pN+ disease at RP between 2000 and 2021. Biochemical recurrence (BCR) and systemic progression/recurrence were the primary outcomes. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards model were used for survival and multivariate analysis. Key findings and limitations: A total of 469 men were included in this retrospective multicenter trial. Median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 10.1 ng/ml (interquartile range [IQR] 6.6-18.0). Among these patients, 56% had grade group ≥4, 53.7% had stage ≥pT3b, 42.6% had positive margins, and 19.6% had PSA persistence. The median number of positive nodes and of nodes removed were 1 (IQR 1-3) and 20 (14-28), respectively. At median follow-up of 41 mo, 48.5% experienced BCR. The 5-yr BCR-free survival rate was 31.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 26.33-37.1%). Salvage treatments were needed in 211 patients and included radiotherapy (RT; n = 53), RT + androgen deprivation therapy (ADT; n = 88), ADT alone (n = 68), and salvage lymphadenectomy (n = 2). The 5-yr estimated survival rates were 66.3% (95% CI 60.4-72.1) for metastasis-free survival, 97.7% (95% CI 95.5-99.8%) for cancer-specific survival, and 95.3% (95% CI 92.4-98.1%) for overall survival. On multivariable analysis, PSA persistence was an independent predictor of BCR (odds ratio [OR] 51.8, 95% CI 12.2-219.2), exit from observation (OR 8.5, 95% CI 4.4-16.5), and systemic progression (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.771-4.971). Conclusions: Initial observation in the management of pN+ cN0M0 PCa is feasible and has excellent survival rates in the intermediate term. Patients with worse disease features, especially PSA persistence, have a higher likelihood of recurrence and progression and may be candidates for more aggressive upfront management. Patient summary: We investigated the value of initial observation for men with prostate cancer with negative scan findings for metastasis who were then found to have positive lymph nodes after surgery to remove the prostate. Our results show that initial observation is a good option for patients with less aggressive prostate cancer features.

Prostate cancer screening in Switzerland: a literature review and consensus statement from the Swiss Society of Urology.

Over a decade ago, the United States Preventive Services Taskforce (USPSTF) recommended against prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening for prostate cancer in all men, which considerably influenced prostate cancer screening policies worldwide after that. Consequently, the world has seen increasing numbers of advanced stages and prostate cancer deaths, which later led the USPSTF to withdraw its initial statement. Meanwhile, the European Union has elaborated a directive to address the problem of implementing prostate cancer screening in "Europe's Beating Cancer Plan". In Switzerland, concerned urologists formed an open Swiss Prostate Cancer Screening Group to improve the early detection of prostate cancer. On the 20th of September 2023, during the annual general assembly of the Swiss Society of Urology (SGU/SSU) in Lausanne, members positively voted for a stepwise approach to evaluate the feasibility of implementing organised prostate cancer screening programs in Switzerland. The following article will summarise the events and scientific advances in the last decade during which evidence and promising additional modalities to complement PSA-based prostate cancer screening have emerged. It also aims to provide an overview of contemporary strategies and their potential harms and benefits.

Why Do Men Reject Adjuvant Radiotherapy following Radical Prostatectomy? A Systematic Survey.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate non-adherence rates to adjuvant radiotherapy (aRT) after radical prostatectomy (RP) and to obtain patient reported reasons for rejecting aRT despite recommendation by a multidisciplinary team discussion (MTD). METHODS: In a retrospective monocentric analysis, we identified 1,197 prostate cancer patients who underwent RP between 2014 and 2022 at our institution, of which 735 received a postoperative MTD recommendation. Patients with a recommendation for aRT underwent a structured phone interview with predefined standardised qualitative and quantitative questions and were stratified into "adherent" (aRT performed) and "non-adherent" groups (aRT not performed). RESULTS: Of 55 patients receiving a recommendation for aRT (7.5% of all RP patients), 24 (44%) were non-adherent. Baseline tumour characteristics were comparable among the groups. "Fear of radiation damage" was the most common reason for rejection, followed by "lack of information," "feeling that the treating physician does not support the recommendation" and "the impression that aRT is not associated with improved oncological outcome." Salvage radiotherapy was performed in 25% of non-adherent patients. CONCLUSION: High rates of non-adherence to aRT after RP were observed, and reasons for this phenomenon are most likely multifactorial. Multidisciplinary and individualized patient counselling might be a key for increasing adherence rates.

Which Patients with Prostate Cancer and Lymph Node Uptake at Preoperative Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computerized Tomography Scan Are at a Higher Risk of Prostate-specific Antigen Persistence After Radical Prostatectomy? Identifying Indicators of Systemic Disease by Integrating Clinical, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Functional Imaging Parameters.

BACKGROUND: The role of local therapies including radical prostatectomy (RP) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients with clinical lymphadenopathies on prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) has scarcely been explored. Limited data are available to identify men who would benefit from RP; on the contrary, those more likely to benefit already have systemic disease. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the predictors of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) persistence in surgically managed PCa patients with lymphadenopathies on a PSMA PET/CT scan by integrating clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and PSMA PET/CT parameters. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We identified 519 patients treated with RP and extended lymph node dissection, and who received preoperative PSMA PET between 2017 and 2022 in nine referral centers. Among them, we selected 88 patients with nodal uptake at preoperative PSMA PET (miTxN1M0). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The outcome was PSA persistence, defined as a PSA value of ≥0.1 ng/ml at the first measurement after surgery. Multivariable logistic regression models tested the predictors of PSA persistence. Covariates consisted of biopsy International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade group, clinical stage at MRI, and number of positive spots at a PET/CT scan. A regression tree analysis stratified patients into risk groups based on preoperative characteristics. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Overall, lymph node invasion (LNI) was detected in 63 patients (72%) and 32 (36%) experienced PSA persistence after RP. At multivariable analyses, having more than two lymph nodal positive findings at PSMA PET, seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) at MRI, and ISUP grade group >3 at biopsy were independent predictors of PSA persistence (all p < 0.05). At the regression tree analysis, patients were stratified in four risk groups according to biopsy ISUP grade, number of positive findings at PET/CT, and clinical stage at MRI. The model depicted good discrimination at internal validation (area under the curve 78%). CONCLUSIONS: One out of three miN1M0 patients showed PSA persistence after surgery. Patients with ISUP grade 2-3, as well as patients with organ-confined disease at MRI and a single or two positive nodal findings at PET are those in whom RP may achieve the best oncological outcomes in the context of a multimodal approach. Conversely, patients with a high ISUP grade and extracapsular extension or SVI or more than two spots at PSMA PET should be considered as potentially affected by systemic disease upfront. PATIENT SUMMARY: Our novel and straightforward risk classification integrates currently available preoperative risk tools and should, therefore, assist physician in preoperative counseling of men candidates for radical treatment for prostate cancer with positive lymph node uptake at prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography.

The Prognostic Role of Preoperative PSMA PET/CT in cN0M0 pN+ Prostate Cancer: A Multicenter Study.

CONTEXT: Despite negative preoperative conventional imaging, up to 10% of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) harbor lymph-node involvement (LNI) at radical prostatectomy (RP). The advent of more accurate imaging modalities such as PET/CT improved the detection of LNI. However, their clinical impact and prognostic value are still unclear. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of preoperative PET/CT in patients node positive (pN+) at RP. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We retrospectively identified cN0M0 patients at conventional imaging (CT and/or MRI, and bone scan) who had pN+ PCa at RP at 17 referral centers. Patients with cN+ at PSMA/Choline PET/CT but cN0M0 at conventional imaging were also included. Systemic progression/recurrence was the primary outcome; Cox proportional hazards models were used for multivariate analysis. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We included 1163 pN+ men out of whom 95 and 100 had preoperative PSMA and/or Choline PET/CT, respectively. ISUP grade ≥4 was detected in 66.6%. Overall, 42% of patients had postoperative PSA persistence (≥0.1 ng/mL). Postoperative management included initial observation (34%), ADT (22.7%) and adjuvant RT+/-ADT (42.8%). Median follow-up was 42 months. Patients with cN+ on PSMA PET/CT had an increased risk of systemic progression (52.9% vs. 13.6% cN0 PSMA PET/CT vs. 21.5% cN0 at conventional imaging; P < .01). This held true at multivariable analysis: (HR 6.184, 95% CI: 3.386-11-295; P < .001) whilst no significant results were highlighted for Choline PET/CT. No significant associations for both PET types were found for local progression, BCR, and overall mortality (all P > .05). Observation as an initial management strategy instead of adjuvant treatments was related with an increased risk of metastases (HR 1.808; 95% CI: 1.069-3.058; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: PSMA PET/CT cN+ patients with negative conventional imaging have an increased risk of systemic progression after RP compared to their counterparts with cN0M0 disease both at conventional and/or molecular imaging.

Prevalence of reported penicillin allergy and associations with perioperative complications, length of stay, and cost in patients undergoing elective cancer surgery.

Objective: Up to 10% of patients report penicillin allergy (PA), although only 1% are truly affected by Ig-E-mediated allergies. PA has been associated with worse postoperative outcomes, but studies on the impact of reported PA in cancer patients are lacking, and especially in these multimorbid patients, a non-complicated course is of utmost importance. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing elective oncological surgery at a tertiary reference center. Data on surgical site infections (SSI), postoperative complications (measured by Clavien-Dindo classification and Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI)), hospitalization duration, and treatment costs were collected. Results: Between 09/2019 and 03/2020, 152 patients were identified. 16/152 patients (11%) reported PA, while 136/152 (89%) did not. There were no differences in age, BMI, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and smoking status between groups (p > 0.4). Perioperative beta-lactam antibiotics were used in 122 (89.7%) and 15 (93.8%) patients without and with reported PA, respectively. SSI and mean numbers of infections occurred non-significantly more often in patients with PA (p = 0.2 and p = 0.47). The median CCI was significantly higher in PA group (26 vs. 51; p = 0.035). The median hospitalization duration and treatment costs were similar between non-PA and PA groups (4 vs 3 days, p = 0.8; 16'818 vs 17'444 CHF, p = 0.4). Conclusions: In patients undergoing cancer surgery, reported PA is common. Failure to question the unproven PA may impair perioperative outcomes. For this reason, patient and provider education on which reactions constitute a true allergy would also assist in allergy de-labeling. In addition, skin testing and oral antibiotic challenges can be performed to identify the safe antibiotics and to de-label appropriate patients.

Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Prostate Treated with Frozen-Section Supported Robot-Assisted Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) of the prostate are extremely rare. We report on a 60-year-old man who was diagnosed with prostatic SFT through transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate, and we provide a narrative literature review to put the case into perspective. We looked into multiple databases for articles published before June 2022. CASE REPORT: A 60-year-old man without comorbidities presented with acute urinary retention and significant macrohematuria. Due to recurrent bladder tamponades and relevant blood loss despite irrigation, an emergency endoscopic transurethral evaluation was initiated. Intraoperatively, diffuse venous hemorrhage from prostatic vessels around the bladder neck was detected, as well as significant hemorrhage from a grossly enlarged and tumor-suspicious prostate middle lobe. Within the framework of extensive bipolar coagulation, parts of the suspicious middle lobe were removed via TUR. The final histopathology report showed incompletely resected SFT of the prostate. Due to the extremely rare SFT diagnosis, the case was discussed in an interdisciplinary tumor board and further diagnostic workup, including thoracoabdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis, was performed, which revealed no secondary tumors or signs of metastasis. According to the tumor board recommendation, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) with bilateral nerve sparing was performed, supported by intraoperative frozen section. The final histopathology confirmed the SFT that had developed from the transition zone. The SFT was resected with negative frozen section result and negative surgical margins (R0). No intra- and perioperative complications occurred, and in the short-term follow-up, the patient presented in excellent general status with full continence. From 1997 to June 2022, we identified a total of 12 publications reporting on treatment for prostatic SFT (11 case reports and 2 patient series), with none performing bilateral nerve sparing, frozen section, or robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. No common survival endpoints were accessible. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the exceedingly rare case of SFT of the prostate, which has been described in the literature in only 23 men worldwide. Here, we were the first to demonstrate the feasibility of bilateral nerve-sparing RARP supported by frozen section. A systematic review was not possible due to the lack of common endpoints.

Identification of the Optimal Candidates for Nodal Staging with Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection Among Prostate Cancer Patients Who Underwent Preoperative Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography. External Validation of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Briganti Nomograms and Development of a Novel Tool.

BACKGROUND: Although the therapeutic role of extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) is still under debate, this procedure is recommended for staging purposes in selected cases. Nomograms for predicting lymph node invasion (LNI) do not account for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, which is characterized by a high negative predictive value for nodal metastases. OBJECTIVE: To externally validate models predicting LNI in patients with miN0M0 PCa at PSMA PET and to develop a novel tool in this setting. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Overall, 458 patients with miN0M0 disease undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) and ePLND at 12 centers between 2017 and 2022 were identified. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Available tools were externally validated using calibration plots, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and decision curve analyses to assess calibration, discrimination, and the net benefit. A novel coefficient-based model was developed, internally validated, and compared with available tools. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Overall, 53 patients (12%) had LNI. The AUC was 69% for the Briganti 2012, 64% for the Briganti 2017, 73% for the Briganti 2019, and 66% for the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center nomogram. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging stage, biopsy grade group 5, the diameter of the index lesion, and the percentage of positive cores at systematic biopsy were independent predictors of LNI (all p ≤ 0.04). Internal cross-validation confirmed a coefficient-based model with AUC of 78%, better calibration, and a higher net benefit in comparison to the other nomograms assessed. Use of a 5% cutoff would have spared 47% ePLND procedures (vs 13% for the Briganti 2019 nomogram) at the cost of missing only 2.1% LNI cases . The lack of central review of imaging and pathology represents the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS: Tools for predicting LNI are associated with suboptimal performance for men with miN0M0 PCa. We propose a novel model for predicting LNI that outperforms available tools in this population. PATIENT SUMMARY: Tools currently used to predict lymph node invasion (LNI) in prostate cancer are not optimal for men with negative node findings on PET (positron emission tomography) scans, leading to a high number of unnecessary extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) procedures. A novel tool should be used in clinical practice to identify candidates for ePLND to reduce the risk of unnecessary procedures without missing LNI cases.

Anterior Sphincter-sparing Suturing of the Vesicourethral Anastomosis During Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy.

Background: Continence is an important functional outcome after robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP), and modifications of the surgical technique may improve outcomes. Objective: To illustrate a novel RARP technique and to describe the observed continence outcomes. Design setting and participants: A retrospective study of men treated with RARP between 2017 and 2021 was conducted. Surgical procedure: During RARP, periprostatic structures are preserved, the intraprostatic urethra is partially spared, and the anterior anastomosis stitches involve the plexus structures but not the anterior urethra. Measurements: A descriptive analysis of the pathological, functional, and short-term oncological outcomes was performed. Results and limitations: Of 640 men, 448 (70%) with at least 1 yr of follow-up and a median age of 66 yr were included. The median operative time was 270 min and the prostatic volume 52 ml. The transurethral catheter was removed after a median of 3 d, and leakage of urine in the first 24 h after catheter removal was observed in 66/448 patients (15%). Positive surgical margins were reported in 104/448 (23%). Prostate-specific antigen persistence after prostatectomy was observed in 26/448 (6%). During a median follow-up of 2 yr (interquartile range 1-3 yr), the biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy was observed in 19/448 patients (4%). One year after prostatectomy, 406/448 patients (91%) were continent and required no pad at all, while 42/448 (9%) required at least one pad per day. Conclusions: Not stitching the anterior urethra is a novel technical modification and may improve continence outcomes. Patient summary: We describe a novel way to stitch the bladder neck to the urethra after removal of the prostate using a surgical robotic system. Our technique appeared safe, with promising urinary continence results.

Health-related quality of life in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer treated with androgen receptor signaling inhibitors: the role of combination treatment therapy.

BACKGROUND: While the addition of androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSIs) to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) results in better of overall survival in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), information regarding health related quality of life (HR-QoL) is sparse. We aimed at summarizing current evidence on the impact of ARSIs on HR-QoL. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the published literature on PubMed/EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and the Cochrane libraries between January 2011 and April 2022. We included only phase III randomized controlled trials (RCT), which were selected according to the PRISMA guidelines. We aimed at evaluating differences in HR-QoL, assessed by validated patient reported outcomes instruments. We analyzed global scores and sub-domains such as sexual functioning, urinary symptoms, bowel symptoms, pain/fatigue, emotional and social/family wellbeing. We reported data descriptively. RESULTS: Six RCTs were included: two used enzalutamide with ADT as intervention arms (ARCHES, ENZAMET); one used apalutamide with ADT (TITAN); two abiraterone acetate and prednisone (AAP) with ADT (STAMPEDE, LATITUDE); and one darolutamide with ADT (ARASENS). Enzalutamide or AAP with ADT increase overall HR-QoL in comparison with ADT alone, ADT with first generation nonsteroideal anti-androgens or ADT with docetaxel, whereas apalutamide and darolutamide with ADT maintain HR-QoL similarly to ADT alone or ADT with docetaxel, respectively. Time to first deterioration of pain was longer with combination therapy with enzalutamide, AAP or darolutamide, but not with apalutamide. No worsening of emotional wellbeing was reported from the addition of ARSIs to ADT than ADT alone. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of ARSIs to ADT in mHSPC tends to increase overall HR-QoL and prolong time to first deterioration of pain/fatigue compared with ADT alone, ADT with first generation nonsteroideal anti-androgens, and ADT with docetaxel. ARSIs show a complex interaction with remaining HR-QoL domains. We advocate a standardization of HR-QoL measurement and reporting to allow further comparisons.

Treatment Outcomes for Men with Clinical Stage II Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumours Treated with Primary Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection: A Systematic Review.

CONTEXT: Guidelines recommend primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) as a treatment option for tumour marker-negative stage II nonseminomatous germ cell tumour (NSGCT). OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on oncological outcomes for men with stage II NSGCT treated with RPLND. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review of studies describing clinicopathological outcomes following primary RPLND in stage II NSGCT was conducted in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement. Baseline data, perioperative and postoperative parameters, and oncological outcomes were collected. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: In total, 12 of 4387 studies were included, from which we collected data for 835 men. Among men with clinical stage II NSGCT, pathological stage II was confirmed in 615 of 790 patients (78%). Most studies administered adjuvant chemotherapy in cases with large lymph nodes, multiple affected lymph nodes, or persistently elevated tumour markers. Recurrence was observed in 12-40% of patients without adjuvant chemotherapy and 0-4% of patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The literature describing RPLND in clinical stage II NSGCT is heterogeneous and no meta-analysis was possible, but RPLND can provide accurate staging and may be curative in selected patients. PATIENT SUMMARY: We reviewed the literature to summarise results after surgical removal of enlarged lymph nodes in the back of the abdomen in men with testis cancer. This procedure provides accurate information on how far the cancer has spread and may provide a cure in selected patients.

Assessment of the Anastomosis after Radical Prostatectomy: A Review of Available Diagnostic Methods.

INTRODUCTION: After radical prostatectomy, many institutions perform cystography to exclude vesicourethral anastomotic leakage before removing a urethral catheter. We reviewed diagnostic methods to exclude leakage compared to the reference standard cystography. METHODS: We performed systematic literature review to summarize the published options and outcomes for assessment of vesicourethral anastomotic leakage after radical prostatectomy. RESULTS: Of 2,137 publications, 45 full-text manuscripts underwent full-text screening, of which 9 studies contributing 919 patients were included. Seven studies described ultrasound-guided assessment (four transrectal, two transabdominal, one transperineal). Two further studies described the use of computerized tomography. Ultrasound-guided assessment of the anastomosis after radical prostatectomy shows promising agreement with cystography. Computerized tomography-aided assessment of vesicourethral anastomosis detects more leakages; however, clinical consequences are not defined. CONCLUSION: Further studies are warranted to (1) identify men at risk of anastomotic leakage who should undergo assessment before trial without a catheter and (2) provide prospective comparisons of different ultrasound-guided approaches.

Selecting the Best Candidates for Cisplatin-based Adjuvant Chemotherapy After Radical Cystectomy Among Patients with pN+ Bladder Cancer.

A trend towards greater benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) in pN+ bladder cancer (BCa) has been observed in multiple randomized controlled trials. However, it is still unclear which patients might benefit the most from this approach. We retrospectively analyzed a multicenter cohort of 1381 patients with pTany pN1-3 cM0 R0 urothelial BCa treated with radical cystectomy (RC) with or without cisplatin-based ACT. The main endpoint was overall survival (OS) after RC. We performed 1:1 propensity score matching to adjust for baseline characteristics and conducted a classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to assess postoperative risk groups and Cox regression analyses to predict OS. Overall, 391 patients (28%) received cisplatin-based ACT. After matching, two cohorts of 281 patients with pN+ BCa were obtained. CART analysis stratified patients into three risk groups: favorable prognosis (≤pT2 and positive lymph node [PLN] count ≤2; odds ratio [OR] 0.43), intermediate prognosis (≥pT3 and PLN count ≤2; OR 0.92), and poor prognosis (pTany and PLN count ≥3; OR 1.36). Only patients with poor prognosis benefitted from ACT in terms of OS (HR 0.51; p < 0.001). We created the first algorithm that stratifies patients with pN+ BCa into prognostic classes and identified patients with pTany BCa with PLN ≥3 as the most suitable candidates for cisplatin-based ACT. PATIENT SUMMARY: We found that overall survival among patients with bladder cancer and evidence of lymph node involvement depends on cancer stage and the number of positive lymph nodes. Patients with more than three nodes affected by metastases seem to experience the greatest overall survival benefit from cisplatin-based chemotherapy after bladder removal. Our study suggests that patients with the highest risk should be prioritized for cisplatin-based chemotherapy after bladder removal.

Comparative Outcomes of Primary Versus Recurrent High-risk Non-muscle-invasive and Primary Versus Secondary Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer After Radical Cystectomy: Results from a Retrospective Multicenter Study.

Background: Radical cystectomy (RC) is indicated in primary or secondary muscle-invasive bladder cancer (primMIBC, secMIBC) and in primary or recurrent high- or very high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (primHR-NMIBC, recHR-NMIBC). The optimal timing for RC along the disease spectrum of nonmetastatic urothelial carcinoma remains unclear. Objective: To compare outcomes after RC between patients with primHR-NMIBC, recHR-NMIBC, primMIBC, and secMIBC. Design setting and participants: This retrospective, multicenter study included patients with clinically nonmetastatic bladder cancer (BC) treated with RC. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: We assessed oncological outcomes for patients who underwent RC according to the natural history of their BC. primHR-NMIBC and primMIBC were defined as no prior history of BC, and recHR-NMIBC and secMIBC as previously treated NMIBC that recurred or progressed to MIBC, respectively. Log-rank analysis was used to compare survival outcomes, and univariable and multivariable Cox and logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors for survival. Results and limitations: Among the 908 patients included, 211 (23%) had primHR-NMIBC, 125 (14%) had recHR-NMIBC, 404 (44%) had primMIBC, and 168 (19%) had secMIBC. Lymph node involvement and pathological upstaging were more frequent in the secMIBC group than in the other groups (p < 0.001). The median follow-up was 37 mo. The 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) were 77.9%, 83.2%, and 72.7% in primHR-NMIBC, 60.0%, 59%, and 48.9% in recHR-NMIBC, 60.9%, 64.5%, and 54.8% in primMIBC, and 41.3%, 46.5%, and 39% in secMIBC, respectively, with statistically significant differences across all survival outcomes except between recHR-NMIBC and primMIBC. On multivariable Cox regression, recHR-NMIBC was independently associated with shorter RFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.64; p = 0.03), CSS (HR 1.79; p = 0.01), and OS (HR 1.45; p = 0.03), and secMIBC was associated with shorter CSS (HR 1.77; p = 0.01) and OS (HR 1.57; p = 0.006). Limitations include the biases inherent to the retrospective study design. Conclusions: Patients with recHR-NMIBC and primHR-MIBC had similar survival outcomes, while those with sec-MIBC had the worst outcomes. Therefore, early radical intervention may be indicated in selected patients, and potentially neoadjuvant systemic therapies in some patients with recHR-NMIBC. Patient summary: We compared cancer outcomes in different bladder cancer scenarios in a large, multinational series of patients who underwent removal of the bladder with curative intent. We found that patients who experienced recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) had similar survival outcomes to those with initial muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), while patients who experienced progression of NMIBC to MIBC had the worst outcomes. Selected patients with non-muscle-invasive disease may benefit from early radical surgery or from perioperative chemotherapy or immunotherapy.