ABSTRACT
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. There may be more than a million instances of hepatocellular carcinoma by 2025, making it a persistent concern for global health. The most common form of hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for more than 90% of cases. There is no known cure for hepatocellular carcinoma, which is usually detected late in life. Unlike most other common malignancies, such as lung, prostate, and breast cancers, where mortality rates are declining, rates of death are rising by around 2-3% every year. It is extremely difficult to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma in its early stages. Alpha-fetoprotein serology studies and ultrasonography (US) monitoring were historically the primary methods for early detection of hepatocellular cancer. However, the sensitivity or specificity of ultrasonography/alpha-fetoprotein (US/AFP) is not high enough to detect hepatocellular carcinoma in its early stages. Alpha-fetoprotein, or AFP, is an amino acid that is normally produced by the liver or yolk sac of an embryonic baby. In adults, AFP levels are typically modest. Adults with high levels of AFP have been associated with several illnesses, the most well-known of which are certain types of cancer. It is still possible to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma early because of current technological advancements. We address the advancements in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in this article, with a focus on new imaging techniques and diagnostic markers for early-stage tumor identification.
ABSTRACT
Neuropathy is a terrible disorder that has a wide range of etiologies. Drug-induced neuropathy, which happens whenever a chemical agent damages the peripheral nerve system, has been linked here to the iatrogenic creation of some drugs. It is potentially permanent and causes sensory impairments and paresthesia that typically affects the hands, feet, and stockings; motor participation is uncommon. It might appear suddenly or over time, and the long-term outlook varies. The wide range of chronic pain conditions experienced by people has been one of the main obstacles to developing new, more effective medications for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Animal models can be used to examine various neuropathic pain etiologies and symptoms. Several models investigate the peripheral processes of neuropathic pain, whereas some even investigate the central mechanisms, such as drug induce models like vincristine, cisplatin, bortezomib, or thalidomide, etc., and surgical models like sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI), sciatic nerve ligation through spinal nerve ligation (SNL), sciatic nerve damage caused by a laser, SNI (spared nerve injury), etc. The more popular animal models relying on peripheral nerve ligatures are explained. In contrast to chronic sciatic nerve contraction, which results in behavioral symptoms of less reliable stressful neuropathies, (SNI) spared nerve injury generates behavioral irregularities that are more feasible over a longer period. This review summarizes the latest methods models as well as clinical ideas concerning this mechanism. Every strongest current information on neuropathy is discussed, along with several popular laboratory models for causing neuropathy.
