Evaluation of traditional targeted axillary dissection eligibility criteria for node-positive breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in a prospective multicenter registry.

INTRODUCTION: Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) is performed after neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) to decrease the rate of non-therapeutic axillary dissection (ALND) for patients with node-positive breast cancer. In order to ensure the oncologic safety of TAD, eligibility criteria resulting in a low false negative rate (FNR) have been proposed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of the traditional criteria. METHODS: Data was collected from a prospective multicenter registry. In order to ascertain FNRs, pathologic findings in the sentinel lymph nodes (LN)s, malignant clipped LN, and axillary contents were determined. The FNRs within TAD eligibility criterion groups were compared. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients underwent TAD and ALND, and were therefore eligible for analysis. TAD retained a low FNR in advanced clinical T-N stage compared with earlier disease (T stage: 95% CI 0.00-11.93, p = 0.42; N stage: 95% CI 0.00-8.76, p = 0.31). Presentation with ≥4 abnormal LNs on axillary ultrasound did not predict a high TAD FNR (95% CI 0.00-5.37, p = 0.16). No significant differences were noted in TAD FNR when single was compared with dual tracer (blue dye vs dual tracer 95% CI 0.72-52.49, p = 0.13; radiotracer vs dual tracer 0.04-20.11, p = 0.51). Excision of the clipped LN and only one SLN was as accurate as excision of the clipped LN and ≥2 SLNs (95% CI 0.00-10.61, p = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS: TAD retained a low FNR among patients traditionally considered ineligible for this technique. However, excision of the clipped LN and at least one SLN remained essential to a low FNR.

Recurrence After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation and Investigational Biomarkers of Cardiac Remodeling.

BACKGROUND: Recurrence after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation remains common. We evaluated the association between recurrence and levels of biomarkers of cardiac remodeling, and their ability to improve recurrence prediction when added to a clinical prediction model. METHODS AND RESULTS: Blood samples collected before de novo catheter ablation were analyzed. Levels of bone morphogenetic protein-10, angiopoietin-2, fibroblast growth factor-23, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7, myosin-binding protein C3, growth differentiation factor-15, interleukin-6, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and high-sensitivity troponin T were measured. Recurrence was defined as ≥30 seconds of an atrial arrhythmia 3 to 12 months postablation. Multivariable logistic regression was performed using biomarker levels along with clinical covariates: APPLE score (Age >65 years, Persistent AF, imPaired eGFR [<60 ml/min/1.73m2], LA diameter ≥43 mm, EF <50%; which includes age, left atrial diameter, left ventricular ejection fraction, persistent atrial fibrillation, and estimated glomerular filtration rate), preablation rhythm, sex, height, body mass index, presence of an implanted continuous monitor, year of ablation, and additional linear ablation. A total of 1873 participants were included. A multivariable logistic regression showed an association between recurrence and levels of angiopoietin-2 (odds ratio, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.02-1.15], P=0.007) and interleukin-6 (odds ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.003-1.03]; P=0.02). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of a model that only contained clinical predictors was 0.711. The addition of any of the 9 studied biomarkers to the predictive model did not result in a statistically significant improvement in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. CONCLUSIONS: Higher angiopoietin-2 and interleukin-6 levels were associated with recurrence after atrial fibrillation ablation in multivariable modeling. However, the addition of biomarkers to a clinical prediction model did not significantly improve recurrence prediction.

Other Primary Malignancies in Patients with Breast Cancer Who Undergo Germline Panel Testing.

BACKGROUND: Women with a history of breast cancer (BC) more commonly have a diagnosis of other primary malignancies (OPMs) than the general population. This study sought to evaluate OPMs among patients with BC who underwent germline testing with a hereditary BC gene panel. METHODS: The study identified women 18 years of age or older with a history of unilateral BC who underwent multi-gene panel testing between January 2014 and August 2019 at the authors' institution. Patient, tumor, and treatment factors for BC and OPM diagnoses were collected for descriptive, univariate, and overall survival (OS) analyses. RESULTS: Among 1163 patients, 330 (28.4%) had an OPM. The median follow-up period was 4.1 years from BC diagnosis. Of the 1163 patients, 209 (18%) had a BRCA pathogenic variant (PV), 306 (26.4%) had a non-BRCA PV, and 648 (55.7%) had no PV. Development of an OPM varied according to germline testing result, with an OPM developing for 18.6% (39/209) of the patients with a BRCA PV, 31.8% (204/648) of the patients with no PV, and 28.4% (87/306) of the patients with a non-BRCA PV (p < 0.0001). The most common OPMs were ovarian (n = 60), uterine (n = 44), sarcoma (n = 36), melanoma (n = 27), colorectal (n = 22), and lymphoma (n = 20) malignancies. The 5-year OS was 96%. The patients with an OPM 5 years after BC diagnosis had a shorter OS than those who did not (93.4% vs 97.5%; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: More than 25% of women with BC who underwent germline panel testing had an OPM diagnosed during the short-term follow-up period, and the diagnosis of an OPM was associated with reduced OS. These data have implications for counseling BC patients who undergo germline testing regarding future cancer screening.

Surgical Outcomes of Implant versus Autologous Breast Reconstruction in Patients with Previous Breast-Conserving Surgery and Radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Postmastectomy breast reconstruction in patients with a history of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and radiotherapy is challenging, with a paucity of literature on the outcomes of different breast reconstructive techniques. The authors hypothesized that implant-based breast reconstruction (IBR) would be associated with higher complication rates compared to either IBR combined with latissimus dorsi (LD) or free flap breast reconstruction (FFBR). METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent mastectomy with a history of BCS and radiotherapy between January of 2000 and March of 2016. Surgical and patient-reported outcomes (BREAST-Q) were compared between IBR versus IBR/LD versus FFBR. RESULTS: The authors identified 9473 patients who underwent BCS and radiotherapy. Ninety-nine patients (105 reconstructions) met the authors' inclusion criteria, 29% ( n = 30) of whom underwent IBR, 26% ( n = 27) of whom underwent IBR/LD, and 46% ( n = 48) of whom underwent FFBR. The overall complication rate was not significantly different between the three groups (50% in IBR versus 41% in IBR/LD versus 44% in FFBR; P = 0.77), whereas reconstruction failures were significantly lower in the FFBR group (33% in IBR versus 19% in IBR/LD versus 0% in FFBR; P < 0.0001). The time between the receipt of radiotherapy and reconstruction was not a significant predictor of overall complications and reconstruction failure. No significant differences were identified between the three study cohorts in any of the three studied BREAST-Q domains. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with prior BCS and radiotherapy, FFBR was associated with lower probability of reconstruction failure compared to IBR but no significant difference in overall and major complication rates. The addition of LD flap to IBR did not translate into lower complication rates but may result in decreased reconstruction failures. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.

Current Considerations in Surgical Treatment for Adolescents and Young Women with Breast Cancer.

Adolescents and young women (AYA) with breast cancer represent a unique patient population, compared to the general population with breast cancer. We performed a literature review to evaluate the factors that influenced the surgical outcomes in this patient population. Fifty-two studies were identified, which evaluated breast surgery type, axillary surgery, contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM), surgical timing, psychological factors, disparities, and imaging use. AYA patients had equivalent oncologic outcomes with breast conserving surgery (BCS) or mastectomy. CPM did not improve survival. There are limited data on axillary management in the AYA population, and while more data would be beneficial, this is currently extrapolated from the general breast cancer population. A shorter time to initiate treatment correlated to better outcomes, and disparities need to be overcome for optimal outcomes. AYA patients appreciated involvement in clinical decisions, and shared decision making should be considered whenever possible. Providers must keep these factors in mind when counseling AYA patients, regarding the surgical management of breast cancer.

Connecting workplace attachment and pro-environmental behaviors in zoo and aquarium professionals.

Emerging conservation psychology literature shows that there is a strong link between positive attachment to a workplace and the performance of pro-environmental behaviors by employees at work. The present study explores the validity of a pilot survey based in previous literature that explores these constructs to determine whether a relationship between the two exists among zoo and aquarium professionals. The survey was distributed to employees of the Wildlife Conservation Society's city zoos-Prospect Park, Central Park, and Queens Zoos-during the first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Two of the survey scales used had a high internal consistency and data from these responses informed this case study to show that there is a weak, positive correlation between workplace attachment (WPA) and self-reported frequency of performance of pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) among the respondents. Isolating the responses by department revealed that staff working in Operations departments (1) exhibit lower frequencies of PEB than those in Education and Animal departments and (2) have a very strong, positive correlation between WPA and PEB. The results suggest that zoo and aquarium employees who are positively attached to their workplace are more likely to perform PEBs, especially those working in Operations departments. These findings help support that workplace practices seeking to increase WPA could increase the performance of PEBs at work by all employees.

Physical relaxation for occupational stress in healthcare workers: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: Work related stress is a major occupational health problem that is associated with adverse effects on physical and mental health. Healthcare workers are particularly vulnerable in the era of COVID-19. Physical methods of stress relief such as yoga and massage therapy may reduce occupational stress. The objective of this systematic review and network meta-analysis is to determine the effects of yoga, massage therapy, progressive muscle relaxation, and stretching on alleviating stress and improving physical and mental health in healthcare workers. METHODS: Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials on the use of physical relaxation methods for occupational stress in healthcare workers with any duration of follow-up. Meta-analysis was performed for standard mean differences in stress measures from baseline between subjects undergoing relaxation vs non-intervention controls. Network meta-analysis was conducted to determine the best relaxation method. RESULTS: Fifteen trials representing 688 healthcare workers were identified. Random-effects meta-analysis shows that physical relaxation methods overall reduced measures of occupational stress at the longest duration of follow-up vs baseline compared to non-intervention controls (SMD -0.53; 95% CI [-0.74 to -0.33]; p < .00001). On network meta-analysis, only yoga alone (SMD -0.71; 95% CI [-1.01 to -0.41]) and massage therapy alone (SMD -0.43; 95% CI [-0.72 to -0.14]) were more effective than control, with yoga identified as the best method (p-score = .89). CONCLUSION: Physical relaxation may help reduce occupational stress in healthcare workers. Yoga is particularly effective and offers the convenience of online delivery. Employers should consider implementing these methods into workplace wellness programs.

Impact of the early COVID-19 pandemic on Breast Surgical Oncology fellow education.

INTRODUCTION: The early COVID-19 pandemic rapidly transformed healthcare and medical education. We sought to evaluate the professional and personal impact of the pandemic on 2019-2020 Breast Surgical Oncology (BSO) fellows in Society of Surgical Oncology approved programs to capture the experience and direct future changes. METHODS: From July 15, 2020 to August 4, 2020 a survey was administered to the American Society of Breast Surgeons' fellow members. The survey assessed the impact of the pandemic on clinical experience, education/research opportunities, personal health/well-being, and future career. Responses were collected and aggregated to quantify the collective experience of respondents. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of fifty-seven (54%) eligible fellows responded. Twenty-one (75%) indicated the clinical experience changed. Twenty-seven (96%) reported less time spent caring for ambulatory breast patients and sixteen (57%) reported the same/more time spent in the operating room. Fourteen (50%) stated their future job was impacted and eight (29%) delayed general surgery board examinations. Stress was increased in 26 (93%). Personal health was unaffected in 20 (71%), and 3 (10%) quarantined for COVID-19 exposure/infection. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic altered the clinical experience of BSO fellows; however, the operative experience was generally unaffected. The creation of frameworks and support mechanisms to mitigate potential challenges for fellows and fellowship programs in the ongoing pandemic and other times of national crisis should be considered.

Sentinel Lymph Node Removal After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Clinically Node-Negative Patients: When to Stop?

BACKGROUND: The maximum number of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) to be resected to accurately stage the axilla in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for the treatment of clinically node-negative (cN0) breast cancer has not been determined. We sought to determine the sequence of removal of the positive SLNs in this patient population. METHODS: All patients aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with cN0 invasive breast cancer who received NAC and underwent SLN surgery at Mayo Clinic Rochester between September 2008 and September 2018 were identified. Univariate analysis was performed to compare factors associated with positive nodes and where the first positive node was in the sequence of removal of the SLNs. RESULTS: We identified 446 cancers among 440 patients with a median age of 51 (IQR: 43, 61) years. At surgery, 381 (85.4%) cancers were pathologically node (ypN) negative and 65 (14.6%) were pN + . The number of nodes removed was similar for both patients with ypN0 and ypN + disease, with a median number of SLNs removed of 2.0 (IQR: 2.0, 3.0). Of all patients with a positive node, the first positive node was most commonly the 1st node removed (75.4%), and was identified by the 3rd SLN removed in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Among cN0 patients treated with NAC, if a positive SLN is present, it is most commonly identified as the 1st sentinel node removed by the surgeon, and was identified by the 3rd sentinel node in our series. This suggests that once 3 SLNs have been resected, removal of additional sentinel lymph nodes does not add diagnostic value.

Contralateral Risk-Reducing Mastectomy in Breast Cancer Patients Who Undergo Multigene Panel Testing.

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of breast cancer patients are undergoing expanded genetic testing and are being identified as germline mutation carriers. We sought to determine rates of contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy (CRRM) in patients with various germline mutations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All women ≥ 18 years of age with unilateral breast cancer who underwent multigene panel testing between January 1, 2014 and August 1, 2019 at our academic institution were identified. Demographic, tumor, and treatment variables were identified from the medical record. Multivariable analyses were performed to compare factors associated with performance of CRRM. RESULTS: We identified 1613 patients, of whom 28.1% had a pathogenic variant and 40.1% had variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Overall, 420 patients (26.0%) underwent a CRRM. On multivariable analysis, factors associated with CRRM included age < 50 years (OR 3.8, 95% CI 3.0, 5.0), race (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3, 0.7 and OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2, 0.7 for Black and Asian women, respectively, versus White women), and the presence of any germline mutation or VUS (OR 13.2, 95% CI 8.7, 20.2 for BRCA1/2; OR 3.9, 95% CI 2.7, 5.8 for non-BRCA germline mutation; and OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3, 2.6 for VUS). CONCLUSIONS: In breast cancer patients who undergo multigene panel testing, a sizeable number of women with pathogenic non-BRCA germline findings are opting for CRRM. Given that the risk of contralateral breast cancer in women with most pathogenic mutations other than BRCA1/2 remains poorly characterized, these data have implications for risk counseling and for ascertaining the true risks of contralateral breast cancer in this population.

Adolescents and Young Adults with Breast Cancer have More Aggressive Disease and Treatment Than Patients in Their Forties.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents and young adults (AYAs; age < 40 years) account for less than 2% of breast cancer patients. Therefore, little is known about the tumor characteristics and care provided to AYA patients. This study sought to describe demographic, tumor, and treatment variables among AYA patients. METHODS: The study identified patients ages 15 to 49 years with breast cancer between 2010 and 2015 from the National Cancer Database. Patient and tumor factors were compared using Chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model the effect of age group on treatment while adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS: The study identified 46,265 AYA patients with stages 0 to 3 breast cancer and compared them with 169,423 breast cancer patients ages 40 to 49 years. A greater proportion of the AYA patients presented with clinical stage 2 or 3 disease than the adult patients 40 to 49 years old (stage 2 disease: 44.3% vs 29.9%, respectively; stage 3 disease: 14.0% vs 7.7%, respectively; both p < 0.001). A greater proportion of the AYA patients had triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) cancer than the adult patients (TNBC: 21.2% vs 13.8%, respectively; HER2+: 26.0% vs 18.6%, respectively; both p < 0.001). Among the AYA patients, the very young (ages 15-29 years) had more advanced disease and TNBC or HER2+ disease than the older youth (ages 30 to 39 years). The multivariable analysis showed that the AYA patients were more likely to undergo mastectomy (odds ratio [OR] 2.1) and receive chemotherapy (OR 1.9) than patients in their forties (both p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A greater proportion of the AYA breast cancer patients had more advanced disease and TNBC and HER2+ disease. The AYA patients had higher rates of mastectomy and use of chemotherapy than the adult breast cancer patients, reflecting that more aggressive therapy is recommended or chosen for women in this age group.

Pain and opioid prescriptions vary by procedure after breast surgery.

BACKGROUND: With the opioid epidemic in the United States, evaluating opioid prescribing patterns is essential. We evaluated opioids prescribed at discharge following breast surgery and their association with patient factors and pain scores. METHODS: We retrospectively identified adult patients who underwent a mastectomy for cancer at Mayo Clinic sites from January 2010 to December 2016. Pain scores and prescription data were compared across operations and patient factors by univariate and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: Of 4021 patients, 3782 (94.1%) received an opioid prescription. Median oral milligram morphine equivalents (MME) were similar across all site-specific procedure groups (medians ranging from 225 to 375) while pain scores ranged from 1 to 4. Patients undergoing bilateral mastectomy (BM) and immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) reported the greatest pain scores. Pain scores did not vary with age or diagnosis for patients undergoing unilateral mastectomy or BM with lymph node surgery and IBR procedures. On multivariable analysis, variables associated with a MME discharge prescription >Q4 values included age, body mass index, site, year, inpatient status, and pain before discharge >3. CONCLUSION: Patient-reported pain following breast surgery varied by procedure, while MMEs prescribed remained similar. This suggests current opioid prescribing does not reflect intensity of pain and requires further research to optimize discharge opioid prescribing practices.

99mTc-Tilmanocept Versus 99mTc-Sulfur Colloid in Lymphoscintigraphy: Sentinel Lymph Node Identification and Patient-Reported Pain.

Lymphoscintigraphy plays a vital role in sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification in oncologic breast surgery. The effectiveness of SLN localization and the degree of patient pain were compared between filtered 99mTc-sulfur colloid (99mTc-SC) and 99mTc-tilmanocept. Methods: A retrospective review of patients undergoing lymphoscintigraphy for breast cancer using 99mTc-SC (June 1, 2010, to December 31, 2011) or 99mTc-tilmanocept (June 1, 2013, to January 31, 2014) was performed. SLN appearance time and uptake, SLN pathology, proportion of positive SLNs removed, and pain scores were compared for each radiopharmaceutical using the χ2 test, Fisher exact test, and unequal variance t test, as appropriate. Results: In total, 76 patients, with 86 evaluated axillae, underwent lymphoscintigraphy: 29 with 99mTc-SC and 47 with 99mTc-tilmanocept. The mean SLN appearance time was 11.0 min for 99mTc-SC and 19.3 min for 99mTc-tilmanocept (P = 0.003). There was no difference in the mean transit uptake percentage: 2.2% for 99mTc-SC and 1.9% for 99mTc-tilmanocept (P = 0.55). 99mTc-tilmanocept identified a greater proportion of intraoperative blue nodes than did 99mTc-SC (P = 0.03). There was no significant difference between 99mTc-SC and 99mTc-tilmanocept in the number of SLNs removed, number of patients with positive SLNs, or pain score. Conclusion: 99mTc-SC use in lymphoscintigraphy is an acceptable alternative to 99mTc-tilmanocept for SLN detection in breast cancer, on the basis of the similarity in intraoperative SLN identification and pain scores.

Returns to the operating room after breast surgery at a tertiary care medical center.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of returns to the operating room (RORs) may spur practice modifications to improve patient outcomes and hospital practices. We determined the frequency and indications for RORs after breast operations. METHODS: We identified patients ≥18 years who underwent a breast operation at our institution 1/1/14-1/13/17 and assessed ROR within 45-days. RORs were categorized as unplanned/planned, staged/unstaged, or unrelated procedures. Univariate and multivariable analyses compared variables between patients who did and did not have an ROR. RESULTS: 2,914 patients underwent a breast operation of whom 117 (4.0%) had 121 RORs. Planned staged procedures accounted for 48 RORs (39.7%), while unplanned complications accounted for 65 (53.7%). On multivariable analysis, ROR was more common among patients undergoing total, skin-sparing, or nipple-sparing mastectomy (versus lumpectomy) all p < 0.03, while immediate breast reconstruction did not increase RORs. CONCLUSIONS: RORs following breast operations occurred in 4% of patients, with approximately one-third for a staged oncologic procedure. Implementation of ROR documentation tools should be encouraged, as these data provide benchmarks for clinical practice improvement initiatives to improve the quality of patient care.

Cannabis Oil Use by Adolescents and Young Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to describe use of oral or sublingual cannabis oil (CO) by adolescent and young adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: A descriptive study of IBD patients 13 to 23 years of age seen between January 2015 through December 2017 at Children's Hospital Colorado. Information obtained included chart abstraction, electronic and interview self-report, and serum cannabinoid levels. We compared CO users and cannabis non-users for clinical characteristics and perceptions of risk. Users of CO provided information on routes, patterns, motivations, and perceived benefits and problems with use. RESULTS: The 15 users and 67 non-users were similar for clinical characteristics and pain and appetite scores. 9 of 15 (60%) CO users had used in the past 30 days, an average of 22 ±â€Š9 times; and 4 used daily. A variety of strengths and CBD:THC ratios were reported. Most common perceived effect of use was on sleep quality, nausea, and increase in appetite. Of the 15 users, 6 used only CO and no additional forms of cannabis. Of these 6 CO only users, 5 reported a medical reason for use, most commonly to relieve pain. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent and young adults with IBD used oral CO and many used other cannabis products as well. Users perceived some medical benefit. Care teams should strive for open communication about use until further information on safety and efficacy becomes available.