Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Latinos: A cross-sectional study.

Vaccination against COVID-19 can prevent severe illness and reduce hospitalizations and deaths. Understanding and addressing determinants contributing to vaccine uptake among high-risk groups, such as Latinos, are pivotal in ensuring equitable vaccine distribution, promoting health equity, and fostering community engagement to bridge the gap in vaccine acceptance and ultimately enhance public health. This study aimed to examine factors influencing vaccine uptake among Latinos. We conducted a cross-sectional study using an online platform (n = 242). The survey was administered using a multimodal approach. Strategies for recruitment included community outreach, social media, and targeting community networks serving Latinos. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, and multivariable analysis were performed. Overall, 81.4% of respondents had received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, with 77.0% recommending it and 70.6% believing it to be safe, 66.7% believing in its efficacy, 62.3% able to find trustful information in Spanish or Portuguese, and almost 40% who relied on health organizations as their primary resource for COVID-19 vaccine information. Factors significantly associated with vaccine uptake included higher education level (p<0.001), English level (p = 0.023), living in an urban area (p = 0.048), having insurance (p<0.001), and having a healthcare provider (p = 0.007). Furthermore, belief in vaccine safety and efficacy, trust in public health authorities, concerns about COVID-19, the ability to determine true/false vaccine information during the pandemic, and the availability of trustworthy information in Spanish/Portuguese had statistically significant associations (p<0.05) with COVID-19 vaccine uptake. COVID-19 vaccine uptake differed based on sociodemographic and other modifiable factors. Our findings emphasize the importance of implementing targeted interventions and culturally sensitive communication strategies to improve vaccination uptake among the Latino community in the United States.

Allostasis, health, and development in Latin America.

The lifespan is influenced by adverse childhood experiences that create predispositions to poor health outcomes. Here we propose an allostatic framework of childhood experiences and their impact on health across the lifespan, focusing on Latin American and Caribbean countries. This region is marked by significant social and health inequalities nested in environmental and social stressors, such as exposure to pollution, violence, and nutritional deficiencies, which critically influence current and later-life health outcomes. We review several manifestations across cognition, behavior, and the body, observed at the psychological (e.g., cognitive, socioemotional, and behavioral dysfunctions), brain (e.g., alteration of the development, structure, and function of the brain), and physiological levels (e.g., dysregulation of the body systems and damage to organs). To address the complexity of the interactions between environmental and health-related factors, we present an allostatic framework regarding the cumulative burden of environmental stressors on physiological systems (e.g., cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine) related to health across the life course. Lastly, we explore the relevance of this allostatic integrative approach in informing regional interventions and public policy recommendations. We also propose a research agenda, potentially providing detailed profiling and personalized care by assessing the social and environmental conditions. This framework could facilitate the delivery of evidence-based interventions and informed childhood-centered policy-making.

Tocilizumab demonstrates superiority in decreasing C-reactive protein levels in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, compared to standard care treatment alone.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has caused a global pandemic, leading to health, economic, and political crisis. The virus triggers the activation of inflammatory reactants including interleukin-6 (IL-6), ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP), causing multiorgan damage, particularly affecting the lungs. Tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor blocker, has the potential to diminish the progression of the disease and reduce organ damage and long-term complications. The aim of this observational retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the efficacy of tocilizumab in decreasing CRP levels in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients compared to standard care without the drug. The study included 141 patients during their Hospital Stay (HS), with 100 in the Tocilizumab group and 41 in the non-Tocilizumab group. Clinical information was collected from the electronic clinical record, analyzed using statistical software, and homogenized the CRP levels from the severe group to the levels of the less complicated group at 48 h of hospitalization. The results showed a statistically significant greater decrease in CRP levels in the Tocilizumab group at 48 h after the use of the treatment, with no differences in mortality or length of stay between the groups. In conclusion, tocilizumab accelerates the diminishing of CRP levels compared to standard treatment alone, and its use may have potential benefits in the management of severe COVID-19 patients when used alongside with follow-up quantification of CRP levels reduction.IMPORTANCESevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has caused a global pandemic, leading to health, economic, and political crises. International guidelines for managing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) give recommendations according to the severity of the disease and the level of oxygen therapy needed. Tocilizumab is an option for the therapeutic management of hospitalized patients with any level of oxygen therapy; IL-6 serum level is the parameter for the follow-up on the efficacy, but it is not available at many hospitals. In this study, we demonstrate that C-reactive protein determination can predict the response to tocilizumab in severe COVID-19, the target patients for treatment with this drug. The use of this affordable and extensively available biomarker supports clinical decisions for the early escalation of the therapy and for the rational use of this drug on those prone to improve with the use of it.

Farmland expansion and intensification do not foster local food self-sufficiency. Insights from the Mediterranean area.

Bridging the gap between the micro and the macro scale in modelling food security to inform context-specific regionalised policies remains a major scientific challenge. A better understanding of the relations between global and local drivers impacting local food self-sufficiency (LFSS) is essential. We applied to the whole Mediterranean environmental area (Southern and Northern) a modelling framework for structural estimates (PLS-PM) using qualitative and quantitative methods to combine local-level information from field surveys and participatory workshops with global-level data. Our findings show that farmland expansion and intensification spatially disconnected from urban consumption areas do not appear to foster LFSS. On the other hand, public policies appear key to enhancing LFSS in the Mediterranean area if appropriate to the particular regional context. We outline how this multi-level modelling methodology can contribute to a place-based approach by informing context-specific regionalised policies aimed at food security.

Can we improve techniques and patients' selection for nerve stimulation suitable for lower urinary tract dysfunctions? ICI-RS 2023.

AIMS: Lower urinary tract dysfunctions (LUTD) are very common and, importantly, affect patients' quality of life (QoL). LUTD can range from urinary retention to urgency incontinence and includes a variety of symptoms. Nerve stimulation (NS) is an accepted widespread treatment with documented success for LUTD and is used widely. The aim of this review is to report the results of the discussion about how to improve the outcomes of NS for LUTD treatment. METHODS: During its 2023 meeting in Bristol, the International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society discussed a literature review, and there was an expert consensus discussion focused on the emerging awareness of NS suitable for LUTD. RESULTS: The consensus discussed how to improve techniques and patients' selection in NS, and high-priority research questions were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Technique improvement, device programming, and patient selection are the goals of the current approach to NS. The conditional nerve stimulation with minimally invasive wireless systems and tailored algorithms hold promise for improving NS for LUTD, particularly for patients with neurogenic bladder who represent the new extended population to be treated.

Trends in Drug Tests among Children: A 22-Year Retrospective Analysis.

There are several pathophysiological outcomes associated with substance abuse including metabolic disbalance, neurodegeneration, and disordered redox. Drug use in pregnant women is a topic of great concern due to developmental harm which may occur during gestation and the associated complications in the neonate after delivery. We sought to determine what the trajectory of drug use is like in children aged 0-4 years and mothers of neonates. Urine drug screen (UDS) results were obtained of our target demographic during 1998-2011 and 2012-2019 from LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport (LSUHSC-S). Statistical analysis was performed using R software. We observed an increase in cannabinoid-positive UDS results in both Caucasian (CC) and African American (AA) groups between 1998-2011 and 2012-2019 periods. Cocaine-positive UDS results decreased in both cohorts. CC children had higher UDS positive results for opiates, benzodiazepines, and amphetamines, while AA children had a higher percentage for illicit drugs such as cannabinoids and cocaine. Neonate's mothers had similar UDS trends to that in children during 2012-2019. Overall, while percentage of positive UDS results for both AA and CC 0-4 year old children started to decline for opiate, benzodiazepine, and cocaine during 2012-2019, cannabinoid- and amphetamine (CC)-positive UDS steadily increased. These results suggest a shift in the type of drug use by mothers from opiates, benzodiazepines, and cocaine to cannabinoids and/or amphetamines. We also observed that 18-year-old females who tested positive for opiates, benzodiazepine, or cocaine had higher than average chances of testing positive for cannabinoids later in life.

Osseous metaplasia of the endometrium: A multicenter retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical and demographic characteristics, ultrasound appearance, and hysteroscopic outcomes of patients with endometrial osseous metaplasia. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all consecutive patients who were referred for hysteroscopy at fourteen institutions in Venezuela, Spain, Morocco, India, Ukraine, Argentina, the United States, and Italy between 1994 and 2018. We identified and included all patients who had a diagnosis of osseous metaplasia at the pathologic report, and data were retrieved from the medical records. RESULTS: Between January 1st, 1994, and December 31st, 2018, 63 patients out of a total of 419,673 women who underwent hysteroscopy had a diagnosis of osseous metaplasia (0.015%). Most patients were 31-40 years old (53.7%), were Caucasian or Hispanic (95.5%), and had at least one previous pregnancy (86.9%). Forty-one out of 63 patients (65.1%) had at least one miscarriage before the index hysteroscopy. Dysmenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding, and infertility were reported by 34.9%, 27.0%, and 23.8% of patients. 14.3% of women were asymptomatic. Preoperative transvaginal ultrasound was available and identified a hyperechoic area of variable size with posterior acoustic shadowing in all cases. Hysteroscopy was successful without complications in all 63 cases. Follow-up data were available in 30.2% of patients: 69.2% of patients were infertile, and 44.4% of them conceived and achieved a live birth; all other symptoms improved after hysteroscopic treatment in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Osseous metaplasia appears associated with multiple unspecific gynecologic symptoms without the predominant role of infertility, as previously suggested. Although endometrial osseous metaplasia is rare, gynecologists should consider this pathologic condition when the characteristic ultrasound appearance is detected, being hysteroscopic treatment effective.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Adverse Effects: A Narrative Review.

Depression is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in the world, affecting 4.4% of the global population. Despite an array of treatment modalities, depressive disorders remain difficult to manage due to many factors. Beginning with the introduction of fluoxetine to the United States in 1988, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) quickly became a mainstay of treatment for a variety of psychiatric disorders. The primary mechanism of action of SSRIs is to inhibit presynaptic reuptake of serotonin at the serotonin transporter, subsequently increasing serotonin at the postsynaptic membrane in the serotonergic synapse. The six major SSRIs that are marketed in the USA today, fluoxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, and fluvoxamine, are a group of structurally unrelated molecules that share a similar mechanism of action. While their primary mechanism of action is similar, each SSRI has unique pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and side effect profile. One of the more controversial adverse effects of SSRIs is the black box warning for increased risk of suicidality in children and young adults aged 18-24. There is a lack of understanding of the complexities and interactions between SSRIs in the developing brain of a young person with depression. Adults, who do not have certain risk factors, which could be confounding factors, do not seem to carry this increased risk of suicidality. Ultimately, when prescribing SSRIs to any patient, a risk-benefit analysis must factor in the potential treatment effects, adverse effects, and dangers of the illness to be treated. The aim of this review is to educate clinicians on potential adverse effects of SSRIs.

Geographic and intra-racial disparities in early-onset colorectal cancer in the SEER 18 registries of the United States.

BACKGROUND: Although early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) incidence rates (IRs) are increasing, geographic and intra-racial IR disparities are not well defined. METHODS: 2000-2015 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program CRC IR Analysis (170,434 cases) was performed from ages 30 to 60 in four US regions, 18 individual registries, metropolitan and nonmetropolitan locations and stratified by race. Analyses were conducted in 1-year and 5-year age increments. RESULTS: Wide US regional EOCRC IR variations exist: For example, age 45 IRs in the south are 26.8/100,000, 36.0% higher than the West, 19.7/100,000 (p < 0.0001). Disparities magnify between individual registries: EOCRC IRs in highest risk registries were 177-348% (Alaska Natives), 75-200% (Hawaii), 76-128% (Louisiana), and 61-125% (Kentucky) higher than lowest risk registries depending on age. EOCRC IRs are 18.2%-25.6% higher in nonmetropolitan versus metropolitan settings. Wide geographic intra-racial disparities exist. Within the White population, the greatest IR difference (78.8%) was between Kentucky (5.9/100,000) and Los Angeles (3.3/100,000) in 30- to 34-year-olds (p < .0001). Within the Black population, the greatest difference (136.2%) was between rural Georgia (30.7/100,000) and California excluding San Francisco-Oakland/San Jose-Monterey/Los Angeles (13/100,000) in 40- to 44-year-olds (p = 0003). CONCLUSION: Marked geographic EOCRC disparities exist with disproportionately high IRs in Alaska Natives, Hawaii, and southern registries. Geographic intra-racial disparities are present within White and Black populations. In Blacks, there are disproportionately high EOCRC IRs in rural Georgia. Although vigilance is required in all populations, attention must be paid to these higher risk populations. Potential interventions include assuring early investigation of symptoms, targeting modifiable risk factors and utilizing earlier age 45 screening options supported by some guidelines.

Searching for the Culprit: Metastases from a Cancer of Unknown Primary.

We report a case of metastases from a cancer of unknown primary whose primary site could not be identified during the appropriate pretreatment evaluation. The patient was a 58-year-old woman with a history of passive smoking and with no history of cancer in the family. Her current condition started with asthenia, adynamia, and pallor, followed by palpitations. An abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, showing multiple osteolytic lesions distributed in all bone structures and axillary adenopathy on the left side. As part of the approach and given the high suspicion of multiple myeloma, tests were performed. The results were negative for multiple myeloma. A PET-CT scan was performed and showed left axillary adenopathy. The breasts and other organs were not affected. Left axillary lymph node resection revealed breast primary metastatic pleomorphic lobular carcinoma. Due to the metastatic disease (caused by the primary breast cancer), it was decided to start chemotherapy.

Utilidad clínica de la medición de la hormona antimülleriana en niños / Clinical utility of anti-mullerian hormone measurement in children

Resumen: la hormona antimülleriana, inicialmente denominada sustancia inhibitoria mülleriana, es una glicoproteína homodimérica de 12,5 kDa, que pertenece a la familia del factor de crecimiento transformante beta (TGF-ß) y desempeña un papel crucial en la diferenciación sexual masculina al favorecer la regresión de los conductos de Müller. Dado que su producción en el varón es principalmente por las células de Sertoli inmaduras, en las últimas décadas ha crecido su utilidad más allá de la evaluación de la función ovárica y tratamientos de fertilidad en las mujeres, lo que ha permitido evaluar en el varón la función testicular y los estados de hipogonadismo, trastornos de la diferenciación sexual, pubertad patológica, criptorquidia, entre otras condiciones clínicas revisadas en este manuscrito. Además, esta revisión describe el rol fisiológico de la hormona antimülleriana en los testículos prepuberales y las pruebas de laboratorio disponibles para su medición. (AU)

Abstract: The antimullerian hormone, initially referred as mullerian inhibitory substance, is a 12.5 kDa homodimeric glycoprotein, belonging to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) family that playing a crucial role in male sexual differentiation by favoring regression of the Mullerian ducts. Since their production in the male is mainly by the immature Sertoli cells, in the last decades its usefulness has growth beyond the evaluation of the ovarian function and female fertility treatments, which has allowed evaluating the testicular function in male and affections such as hypogonadism, disorders of sexual differentiation, pathological puberty, cryptorchidism and others clinical conditions reviewed in this manuscript. In addition, this review describes the physiological role of the antimüllerian hormone in the prepubertal testes and the laboratory tests available for its measurement. (AU)

Utilidad clínica de la medición de la hormona antimülleriana en las mujeres / Clinical utility of the measurement of the Anti-müllerian hormone in women

Resumen: la hormona antimülleriana es una glicoproteína homodimérica perteneciente a la superfamilia del factor de crecimiento transformantes beta (TGF-ß). Esta hormona desempeña un papel fundamental en la regresión de los conductos müllerianos en el embrión masculino. En los niños se produce en los testículos, por las células de Sertoli, hasta la pubertad y a partir de allí disminuye lentamente a valores residuales por el resto de la vida. En las mujeres la hormona antimülleriana es secretada por las células de la granulosa de pequeños folículos en el ovario, donde sus niveles reflejan con exactitud la reserva folicular ovárica. Por tal motivo, esta hormona es considerada un marcador extremadamente sensible del envejecimiento ovárico y una herramienta valiosa en el diagnóstico y el reconocimiento de la recurrencia de tumores de células de la granulosa. La evaluación de la hormona antimülleriana también es de importancia clínica en la predicción de la respuesta ovárica, el cese de la función ovárica y la reproducción asistida. Además, puede servir como marcador diagnóstico del síndrome de ovario poliquístico, en los casos en que el examen ultrasonográfico no sea posible de realizar. Finalmente, la medición de los niveles séricos de la hormona antimülleriana, durante la vida reproductiva de la mujer, representa una herramienta ideal para la evaluación de la reserva folicular ovárica. En esta revisión se presenta el rol fisiológico de la hormona antimülleriana en las mujeres, al igual que las principales utilidades clínicas de su medición y las pruebas de laboratorio disponibles para este fin. (AU)

Abstract: Anti-mullerian hormone is a homodimeric glycoprotein belonging to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) super family. Anti-mullerian hormone plays a fundamental role in the regression of mullerian ducts in male embryo. In boys, it is produced by Sertoli cells of the testes until puberty where slowly decreases to residual values for the rest of the life. In female, it is secreted by granulosa cells of small follicles in the ovary where their levels accurately reflect the ovarian follicular reserve. Therefore, anti-mullerian hormone has been considered as extremely sensitive marker of ovarian aging and a valuable tool in the diagnosis and the recognition of recurrence of granulosa cell tumor. Anti-mullerian hormone evaluation is also of clinical importance in predicting of ovarian responsiveness, ovarian function cessation, and in assisted reproduction. In addition, anti-mullerian hormone could be a diagnostic marker of polycystic ovary syndrome in cases in which ultrasonographic examination is not possible. Finally, the measurement of serum anti-mullerian hormone levels during woman's reproductive life represents an ideal tool for the assessment of the ovarian follicular reserve. This review presents the physiological role of anti-mullerian hormone in women, as well as the main clinical benefits of its measurement and the laboratory tests available for this purpose. (AU)

Métodos de evaluación de programas nutricionales de gran escala en América Latina: una revisión integrativa / Methods for evaluating large-scale nutrition programs in latin america: an integrative review

Introducción: La evaluación de programas es un campo de conocimiento en proceso de consolidación en el cual intervienen diferentes disciplinas y que utiliza herramientas de la investigación social aunque tiene objetivos particulares que la distinguen de ella. Objetivo: Identificar los diseños metodológicos con los que se están evaluando los programas nutricionales en América Latina, incluyendo los tipos de estudio realizados en las evaluaciones, las dimensiones evaluadas y los indicadores utilizados. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión integrativa. Se revisaron diferentes bases de datos electrónicas, se realizó una búsqueda manual y se consultaron páginas web institucionales. Resultados: Se analizaron 92 evaluaciones de 40 programas; e encontró que en la mayoría de los casos no es explicito el diseño metodológico utilizado en la evaluación. En aquellos casos en que si se hace, se evidencian tres diseños mayormente aplicados: consistencia y resultados, modelo multidimensional y la triangulación de métodos. Las dimensiones que comúnmente se evalúan son el impacto y los resultados de los programas y en menor medida su estructura y procesos. Los tipos de estudio más usados para medir el impacto de los programas nutricionales continúan siendo de naturaleza cuantitativa especialmente los cuasi-experimentales, sin embargo hay una búsqueda por utilizar herramientas cualitativas que den cuenta de las percepciones de los actores involucrados. Conclusiones: Se encontró interés en algunas instituciones de realizar evaluaciones que se fundamentan en nuevos paradigmas y exploran combinación de métodos, objetivos e indicadores (AU)

Introduction: The evaluation of social programs is a field of knowledge in consolidation, involving different disciplines. It uses the social research tools but have particular goals that distinguish from it. Objective: This study aimed to identify methodological designs currently used to evaluate the nutritional programs in Latin America, including the types of studies conducted on the assessments, the dimensions assessed and indicators used. Methods: An integrative revision was carried out. Several electronic databases were consulted; likewise web pages of international agencies and institutions were searched by using a manual process. Results: 92 evaluations of 40 programs were analyzed, we found that in most cases no explicit methodological design was used in the evaluation. In those cases where if do, mostly showed three designs: consistency and results, multidimensional model and triangulation of methods. The dimensions mostly assessed are the program´s impact and outcomes and to a lesser extent its structure and process. The types of study used to measure the impact of nutritional programs remain quantitative in nature especially quasi-experimental, however there is an effort made by some scholars by using qualitative tools that account for the perceptions of the actors involved. Conclusions. We found an interest in some institutions for carrying out assessments based on new paradigms and exploring combination of methods, objectives and indicators (AU)

Uso de clorhexidina y su papel preventivo en las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo asociadas a catéteres en los recién nacidos: revisión de tema / Use of chlorhexidine and its preventive role in catheter-associated bloodstream infections in newborns: a review

Resumen: las infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud representan un problema de salud pública y son un indicador de la calidad en prestación y gestión en salud. Es por esto que ha sido necesaria la creación de programas de vigilancia y control epidemiológico, y la adaptación e implementación de guías para su prevención. Estas estrategias mejoran la seguridad del pacientey deben ser una prioridad para las instituciones. En este contexto, la infección asociada a catéter es la más común de las infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud, principalmente en la población pediátrica, siendo los neonatos los más susceptibles a causa de la inmadurez de sus barreras primarias y sistema inmunológico, y a la alta frecuencia de procedimientos invasivos como los accesos vasculares para la administración de medicamentos o la nutrición parenteral. Actualmente existen múltiples medidas para prevenir dichas infecciones en pediatría y la tendenciaes crear estrategias bien estructuradas para facilitar su aplicación. La higiene de manos continúa siendo un pilar fundamental dentro de todos los protocolos para disminuir las tasas de infección asociadas al cuidado de la salud; sin embargo, se requiere de nuevas estrategias para la prevención de las mismas, como el uso de la clorhexidina como antiséptico tópico previo a la inserción de dispositivos intravasculares y el aseo rutinario en pacientes con caracteres centrales, lo cual es el objeto de revisión de este manuscrito.

Abstract: health care-associated infections are a public health concern and reflect healthcare quality. Hereby, it has been necessary to establish an epidemiologic surveillance system and the adaptation and implementation of guidelines for its prevention. These strategies improve safety in health care and must be a priority for all institutions. The most common healthcare-associated infection is catheter-associated bloodstream infection, especially in the pediatric population, with the newborns as the most vulnerable group due to immaturity of their immune system and the high rate of invasive procedures such as prolonged vascular access for administration of medicationor parenteral nutrition. Nowadays there are many proposals to prevent the infections in pediatricsand the current trend is to create well-structured strategies in order to facilitate their application. Hand’s hygiene remains a cornerstone in all the protocols to reduce the health care-associated infections, nevertheless, it requires new strategies to prevention this infections, as chlorhexidine use as a topic antiseptic prior to insertion of intravascular devices and for grooming routine in patients with central venous catheter, which is the reviewing aim this manuscript.

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[Methods for evaluating large-scale nutrition programs in latin america: an integrative review]. / Métodos de evaluación de programas nutricionales de gran escala en América Latina: una revisión integrativa.

INTRODUCTION: The evaluation of social programs is a field of knowledge in consolidation, involving different disciplines. It uses the social research tools but have particular goals that distinguish from it. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify methodological designs currently used to evaluate the nutritional programs in Latin America, including the types of studies conducted on the assessments, the dimensions assessed and indicators used. METHODS: An integrative revision was carried out. Several electronic databases were consulted; likewise web pages of international agencies and institutions were searched by using a manual process. RESULTS: 92 evaluations of 40 programs were analyzed, we found that in most cases no explicit methodological design was used in the evaluation. In those cases where if do, mostly showed three designs: consistency and results, multidimensional model and triangulation of methods. The dimensions mostly assessed are the program's impact and outcomes and to a lesser extent its structure and process. The types of study used to measure the impact of nutritional programs remain quantitative in nature especially quasi-experimental, however there is an effort made by some scholars by using qualitative tools that account for the perceptions of the actors involved. CONCLUSIONS: We found an interest in some institutions for carrying out assessments based on new paradigms and exploring combination of methods, objectives and indicators.

Introducción: La evaluación de programas es un campo de conocimiento en proceso de consolidación en el cual intervienen diferentes disciplinas y que utiliza herramientas de la investigación social aunque tiene objetivos particulares que la distinguen de ella. Objetivo: Identificar los diseños metodológicos con los que se están evaluando los programas nutricionales en América Latina, incluyendo los tipos de estudio realizados en las evaluaciones, las dimensiones evaluadas y los indicadores utilizados. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión integrativa. Se revisaron diferentes bases de datos electrónicas, se realizó una búsqueda manual y se consultaron páginas web institucionales. Resultados: Se analizaron 92 evaluaciones de 40 programas; se encontró que en la mayoría de los casos no es explicito el diseño metodológico utilizado en la evaluación. En aquellos casos en que si se hace, se evidencian tres diseños mayormente aplicados: consistencia y resultados, modelo multidimensional y la triangulación de métodos. Las dimensiones que comúnmente se evalúan son el impacto y los resultados de los programas y en menor medida su estructura y procesos. Los tipos de estudio más usados para medir el impacto de los programas nutricionales continúan siendo de naturaleza cuantitativa especialmente los cuasi-experimentales, sin embargo hay una búsqueda por utilizar herramientas cualitativas que den cuenta de las percepciones de los actores involucrados. Conclusiones: Se encontró interés en algunas instituciones de realizar evaluaciones que se fundamentan en nuevos paradigmas y exploran combinación de métodos, objetivos e indicadores.

Immunosupressive therapy in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: single center experience.

INTRODUCTION: [corrected] Nephrotic syndrome is one of the most frequent glomerular diseases among children, and steroid therapy remains as the treatment choice. In spite of this, 10 to 15% of the patients are steroidresistant, and the best therapy for such cases has never been defined. Mycophenolate acid (MA) is one of the treatments used in such situations. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical behavior of children diagnosed with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) and to assess the therapeutic response to MA. METHODS: This was a retrospective and descriptive study. RESULTS: 26 clinical records of patients with SRNS; 70% male and 30% female. All patients underwent kidney biopsies, which showed a predominance of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The immunosuppresive drugs used were: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 100%, Cyclosporine 69.2%, Cyclophosphamide 23.1%, and Rituximab 23%. One month after treatment initiation with MMF 61.5% achieved remission. The median of relapses per year for the patients was 3 (p25: 2.75 - p75: 4). This median became 1 (p25: 1 - p75: 3.25) after using this medication (p = 0.08). Furthermore, prior to the start of the MMF treatment, the median of the steroid dose was 1 (p25: 0.5- p75: 1.62) mg/k/day. After using MMF, this median became 0.07 (p25: 0 - p75: 0.55) mg/k/day (p < 0.001), in 8 patients prednisolone was stopped. CONCLUSION: In our experience, treatment with MMF showed positive results such as decrease in the frequency of relapses, less proteinuria, and reduction in the dose of steroids administered without deterioration of glomerular filtration rates. However, more studies are needed to assess efficacy, safety, and optimal dosage.

Immunosupressive therapy in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: single center experience / Tratamento com imunossupressores em crianças com síndrome nefrótica resistente a corticosteróide: experiência de um único centro

INTODUCTION: Nephrotic syndrome is one of the most frequent glomerular diseases among children, and steroid therapy remains as the treatment choice. In spite of this, 10 to 15% of the patients are steroidresistant, and the best therapy for such cases has never been defined. Mycophenolate acid (MA) is one of the treatments used in such situations. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical behavior of children diagnosed with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) and to assess the therapeutic response to MA. METHODS: This was a retrospective and descriptive study. RESULTS: 26 clinical records of patients with SRNS; 70% male and 30% female. All patients underwent kidney biopsies, which showed a predominance of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The immunosuppresive drugs used were: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 100%, Cyclosporine 69.2%, Cyclophosphamide 23.1%, and Rituximab 23%. One month after treatment initiation with MMF 61.5% achieved remission. The median of relapses per year for the patients was 3 (p25: 2.75 - p75: 4). This median became 1 (p25: 1 - p75: 3.25) after using this medication (p = 0.08). Furthermore, prior to the start of the MMF treatment, the median of the steroid dose was 1 (p25: 0.5- p75: 1.62) mg/k/day. After using MMF, this median became 0.07 (p25: 0 - p75: 0.55) mg/k/day (p < 0.001), in 8 patients prednisolone was stopped. CONCLUSION: In our experience, treatment with MMF showed positive results such as decrease in the frequency of relapses, less proteinuria, and reduction in the dose of steroids administered without deterioration of glomerular filtration rates. However, more studies are needed to assess efficacy, safety, and optimal dosage.

INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome nefrótica é uma das mais frequentes doenças glomerulares em crianças e o tratamento com corticosteróides ainda é o tratamento de escolha. Apesar disso, 10 a 15% dos pacientes são resistentes a corticosteróides, e o melhor tratamento para tais casos ainda não foi definido. O ácido micofenólico (AM) é um dos tratamentos usados em tais situações. OBJETIVO: Descrever o comportamento clínico de crianças diagnosticadas com síndrome nefrótica resistente a corticosteróide (SNRC) e avaliar a resposta terapêutica ao AM. MÉTODOS: Esse foi um estudo retrospectivo e descritivo. RESULTADOS: 26 registros de pacientes com SNRC; 70% homens e 30% mulheres. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a biópsias renais, o que mostrou predominância de glomeruloesclerose segmentar focal (GESF). Os medicamentos imunossupressores utilizados foram: Mofetil Micofenolato (MMF) 100%; Ciclosporina 69,2%; Ciclosfosfamida 23,1%; e Rituximabe 23%. Um mês após início do tratamento com MMF, 61,5% tiveram remissão. A mediana das recidivas por ano para os pacientes foi de 3 (p25: 2,75 - p75: 4). Essa mediana se tornou 1 (p25: 1 - p75: 3,25) após o uso da medicação (p = 0,08). Além disso, antes do início do tratamento com MMF, a mediana da dose de corticosteróide foi de 1 (p25: 0.5 - p75: 1.62) mg/k/ dia. Após a utilização do MMF, essa mediana se tornou 0,07 (p25: 0 - p75: 0,55) mg/k/dia (p < 0,001), em 8 pacientes a prednisolona foi interrompida. CONCLUSÃO: em nossa casuística, o tratamento com MMF mostrou resultados positivos, tais como a redução na frequência de recidivas, menos proteinúria, e redução da dose de corticosteróide administrada sem deterioração nas taxas de filtração glomerular. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para se avaliar a eficácia, segurança e otimização da dosagem.

Nefropatía IgM en niños: análisis clinicopatológico / IgM nephropathy in children: clinicopathologic analysis

INTRODUCCIÓN: La nefropatía IgM (NIgM) es una glomerulonefritis caracterizada por depósitos mesangiales difusos de inmunoglobulina M (IgM), que suele manifestarse con proteinuria en rango nefrótico y que, según algunos trabajos previos, se presenta más frecuentemente en pacientes que son resistentes o dependientes del tratamiento con esteroides. OBJETIVO: Realizar una descripción clínica, histológica e inmunopatológica, y evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento esteroideo de los pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de síndrome nefrótico y depósitos mesangiales y difusos de IgM. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, realizado en dos centros hospitalarios, donde se analizaron los registros clínicos de pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de NIgM y se revaluaron los cortes histológicos. RESULTADOS: Trece niños fueron incluidos en el presente estudio. La NIgM correspondió al 5,17 % de todas las biopsias renales pediátricas. La edad de los pacientes estuvo entre 1 y 12 años (mediana: 2 años); el 46,7 % fueron mujeres. El hallazgo morfológico más frecuente fue hipercelularidad mesangial difusa (46,1 %), seguido de glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria (30,8 %) y cambios glomerulares mínimos (23,1 %). Todos los pacientes recibieron esteroides, en 4 de ellos (30,7 %) como el único medicamento inmunosupresor; 3 (23,1 %) recibieron además ciclofosfamida, 5 (38,4 %) micofenolato y 1 (7,7 %) ciclosporina. Siete pacientes (53,8 %) presentaron recaídas frecuentes, 5 (38,5 %) fueron corticorresistentes y 1 (7,7 %) corticodependiente. Dos pacientes (15,38 %) presentaron alteración crónica de la función renal. CONCLUSIÓN: La presencia de IgM mesangial difusa en pacientes pediátricos con síndrome nefrótico no es un hallazgo muy infrecuente, su presentación clínica se ha asociado con menor respuesta a esteroides. Sin embargo, su pronóstico a largo plazo aún no se conoce

INTRODUCTION: IgM nephropathy (IgMN) is a glomerulonephritis characterized by diffuse mesangial deposits of immunoglobulin M (IgM), which usually presents with nephrotic range proteinuria and, according to some previous studies, occurs most often in patients who are resistant or dependent of steroid treatment. AIM: To perform a clinical, histological and inmunopathological description, and assess response to steroid treatment of pediatric patients diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and diffuse mesangial deposits of IgM. METHODS: This is a descriptive, retrospective study done in two hospitals. Clinical data were taken from medical records. All the slides with the histologic sections were re-evaluated. RESULTS: thirteen children were included in this study. IgMN corresponded to 5.17% of all pediatric renal biopsies. The age of patients ranged from 1 year to 12 years (median: 2 years), 46,15% were women. The most common morphological finding was diffuse mesangial hypercellularity (46,1%), followed by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (30,8%) and minimal glomerular changes (23,1%). All patients received steroids, in 4 cases (30,7%) as the only immunosuppressant medication, 3 (23,1%) also received cyclophosphamide, 5 (38,4%) mycophenolate, and 1 (7.7%) cyclosporine. Seven patients (53,8%) had frequent relapses, 5 (38.5%) were cortico-resistant, and 1 (7.7%) corticodependent. Two patients (15,38%) had chronic impairment of renal function. CONCLUSION: The presence of diffuse mesangial IgM in pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome is not a too uncommon finding, the clinical presentation has been associated with lower response to steroids, but their longterm prognosis is still unknown