The effect of mindfulness on decision-making, inhibitory control, and impulsivity of substance use disorder in-treatment patients: A randomized clinical trial.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) in decision-making, inhibitory control and impulsivity compared to Treatment as Usual (TAU) for individuals with Substance Use Disorders (SUD's) in Brazil. A randomized clinical trial was conducted with participants from a therapeutic community (n = 122). Decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task), impulsivity dimensions (UPPS-P Scale), and inhibitory control (Stroop Color-Word Test) were assessed before and after the MBRP 8-week intervention. GLM Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the effects of MBRP on different impulsivity measures. The results showed that MBRP+TAU improved the general decision-making score (p = 0,008) compared to TAU. However, no significant effects were found in impulsivity dimensions and inhibitory control in individuals with SUDs in the therapeutic community. This study found improvement in decision-making in the total IGT score; however, no effect for self-reported impulsivity and inhibitory control among middle-aged patients after an 8-weeks intervention of MBRP protocol in an inpatient setting. It adds information to the subject, with implications and possible directions to be followed by the next clinical trials with patients with SUDs in treatment. Trial registration: EnsaiosClinicos.gov.br: RBR-6c9njc.

Mindfulness-based interventions in inpatient treatment for Substance Use Disorders: A systematic review.

Inpatient treatment for Substance Use Disorder (SUD), such as Therapeutic Communities and Residential Treatment has been used to test the effect of Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBI) over different outcomes. Although there is evidence of the effectiveness of MBIs, little is known about the particularities that the place may have in the outcomes. The main objective of this Systematic Review was to evaluate the effectiveness of MBIs for SUDs performed in the inpatient context. PubMed, Web of Science and PsycInfo were used for the search. Quantitative and qualitative studies with no control, usual treatment or other active comparator intervention for SUDs inpatient treatment from 1980 to 2020 were included. From 21 selected studies, 18 were quantitative and 3 qualitative; 12 studies were RCT. Most samples were comprised with women. Based on characteristics of outcomes, we were able to divide them into: Substance Use and Associated Outcomes, Stress, Impulsivity e Evaluation of the MBI protocol. Results suggest that stress assessment is a determining factor for treatment success in these settings. Regarding substance use, although several outcomes have been assessed, the most remarkable results were craving reduction and improvement in treatment adherence. There is evidence that MBIs in inpatient settings benefited those who participated in the experimental groups on some outcomes, such as stress and substance use. Little is mentioned about the impact of the environment over the outcomes and short follow-ups were a relevant limitation of most of the studies. Future assessments must increase follow-up time and evaluate the relationship between the context and the MBI.

Reducing alcohol-related risks among adolescents: a feasibility study of the SHAHRP program in Brazilian schools.

The SHAHRP program was effective reducing drinking and alcohol - harms in Australia, but cross-cultural adaptation is required before replication. This study aimed at assessing the feasibility of SHAHRP in Brazil focused on implementation and acceptability. A mixed-methodsdesign was used: quantitative for implementing the program and evaluation and qualitative for acceptability. The quantitative design was a pilot of a randomized controlled trial. Private schools were randomly divided into four intervention (n=160) and four control (n=188) schools. Student's mean age was 12.7 years. The fidelity of implementation and likely outcome measures were assessed. Qualitative data on acceptability were provided by students and teachers. The percentage of implementation varied from 62.5% to 87.5%. Behaviours such as alcohol-harms requires a larger cohort and longer follow-up to be adequately evaluated. The risk reduction approach and activities had good acceptability from students and teachers. Quantitative and qualitative outcomes on knowledge and decision-making indicated possible improvement in SHAHRP schools. The program is feasible and well accepted in a Brazilian setting, opening the way for a more comprehensive evaluation and dissemination.

Impulsivity and Mindfulness among Inpatients with Alcohol Use Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Impulsivity is both a risk factor for and a consequence of alcohol use disorder (AUD), for which mindfulness-based approaches have been proven to be effective. However, the specific relationship between mindfulness and impulsivity has been little explored in the literature, especially in people with AUD. This study aims to investigate the relationship between different facets of dispositional mindfulness and impulsivity among people with AUD in an inpatient setting in Brazil. Methods: Participants (n = 165) completed the following self-report measures: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-SF), and the Short UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (SUPPS-P). Multiple imputation techniques and linear models were employed to assess the relationships between dispositional mindfulness and impulsivity. Results: In complete case analysis, the UPPS-P facet "lack of premeditation" was inversely related to the FFMQ facet "non-reactivity" (B = -0.17; p = 0.01); and "positive urgency" was inversely related to "act with awareness" (B = -0.27, p = 0.02) and "non-reactivity" (B = -0.17, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Relationships of varying magnitudes between dispositional mindfulness and impulsivity domains among people with AUD were found, suggesting that higher mindfulness skills are related to less impulsive traits. Our results encourage further longitudinal studies evaluating the potential of specific mindfulness components to decrease impulsivity among AUD inpatients, including its underlying mechanisms.

Dispositional mindfulness, anticipation and abstinence symptoms related to hypnotic dependence among insomniac women who seek treatment: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Dispositional mindfulness can be described as the mental ability to pay attention to the present moment, non-judgmentally. There is evidence of inverse relation between dispositional mindfulness and insomnia and substance use, but as of yet, no studies evaluating the specific association between dispositional mindfulness and the components of hypnotic use disorder. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between dispositional mindfulness and the components of dependence among female chronic hypnotic users. DESIGN AND METHOD: Seventy-six women, chronic users of hypnotics, who resorted to Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for the cessation of hypnotic use were included in the study. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) evaluated the levels and facets of mindfulness, and the subscales of the Benzodiazepine Dependence Questionnaire (BENDEP) assessed dependence on hypnotics. We also evaluated sociodemographic variables and symptoms of insomnia and anxiety. The associations between the FFMQ facets and the BENDEP subscales were evaluated with binomial logistic regression, adjusted for income, schooling, anxiety, and insomnia. RESULTS: We observed associations between facets of the FFMQ and specific aspects of hypnotic dependence. The facet "observing" was inversely associated with the "concern about lack of availability of the hypnotic" [aOR = 0.87 95% CI (0.79-0.97)], and the facet "non-reacting to inner experience" with "noncompliance with the prescription recommendations" [aOR = 0.86 95% CI (0.75-0.99)]. The total score of the FFMQ was inversely associated to those two dependence subscales [aOR = 0.94 95% CI (0.89-0.99)]. "Observing" and "non-reactivity to inner experience" were also inversely associated with the "impairments related to the withdrawal symptoms" [aOR = 0.84 95% CI (0.73-0.97)] and [aOR = 0.78 95% CI (0.63-0.96)], respectively. The FFMQ was not associated with "awareness of problematic hypnotic use". CONCLUSION: Dispositional mindfulness, specifically the facets "observing" and "non-reactivity to inner experience, were inversely associated with the components of hypnotic dependence related to the anticipation of having the substance, its expected effect, and the impairments caused by the abstinence. We discuss the implications of those results for the clinical practice and future investigations.

Binge drinking: a pattern associated with a risk of problems of alcohol use among university students.

OBJECTIVE:: to evaluate problems associated with alcohol use among university students who reported binge drinking in comparison to students who consumed alcohol without binging. METHOD:: a cross-sectional study among university students (N=2,408) who accessed the website about alcohol use. Logistic and linear regression models were included in the statistical analyzes. RESULTS:: alcohol use in the last three months was reported by 89.2% of university students; 51.6% reported binge drinking. Compared to students who did not binge drink, university students who presented this pattern were more likely to report all evaluated problems, among them: black out (aOR: 5.4); having academic problems (aOR: 3.4); acting impulsively and having regrets (aOR: 2.9); getting involved in fights (aOR: 2.6); drinking and driving (aOR: 2.6) and accepting a ride with someone who had drunk alcohol (aOR: 1.8). Students who binged also had higher scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (b=4.6; p<0.001), more negative consequences (b=1.0; p<0.001) and a reduced perception of the negativity of the consequences (b=-0.5; p<0.01). CONCLUSION:: binge drinking was associated with an increase in the chances of manifesting problems related to alcohol use. The conclusions of this study cannot be generalized for all of the Brazilian population. OBJETIVO:: avaliar problemas associados ao uso de álcool entre universitários que relataram binge drinking em comparação a estudantes que consumiram álcool sem binge drinking. MÉTODO:: estudo transversal entre universitários (N=2.408) que acessaram website sobre o uso de álcool. Nas análises estatísticas incluíram-se modelos de regressão logística e linear. RESULTADOS:: o uso de álcool, nos últimos três meses, foi relatado por 89,2% dos universitários e 51,6% referiram uso binge. Comparados a estudantes que não praticaram binge, universitários que apresentaram esse padrão tiveram maior chance de relatar todos os problemas avaliados, entre eles: incapacidade de lembrar o que aconteceu (aOR:5,4); problemas acadêmicos (aOR:3,4); agir impulsivamente e se arrepender (aOR:2,9); envolver-se em brigas (aOR:2,6); dirigir após beber (aOR:2,6) e pegar carona com alguém que bebeu (aOR:1,8). Estudantes que consumiram álcool no padrão binge também apresentaram maior pontuação no Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (b=4,6; p<0,001), mais consequências negativas (b=1,0; p<0,001) e menos percepção da negatividade das consequências (b=-0,5; p<0,01). CONCLUSÃO:: a prática de binge drinking esteve associada ao aumento das chances de manifestação de problemas relacionados ao uso de álcool. As conclusões deste estudo não podem ser reproduzidas para toda realidade brasileira. OBJETIVO:: evaluar problemas asociados al uso de alcohol entre estudiantes universitarios que relataron binge drinking en comparación a estudiantes que consumieron alcohol sin binge drinking. MÉTODO:: estudio transversal entre estudiantes universitarios (N=2.408) que visitaron una página web sobre el uso de alcohol. En los análisis estadísticos, fueron incluidos modelos de regresión logística y linear. RESULTADOS:: el uso de alcohol, en los últimos tres meses, fue relatado por 89,2% de los estudiantes universitarios, y entre ellos 51,6% relataron uso binge. En comparación a estudiantes universitarios que no practicaron binge, los estudiantes que presentaron ese estándar tuvieron una mayor oportunidad de relatar todos los problemas evaluados, entre ellos: incapacidad de recordar lo que sucedió (aOR:5,4); problemas académicos (aOR:3,4); actuar por impulso y arrepentirse (aOR:2,9); involucrarse en peleas (aOR:2,6); manejar después de beber (aOR:2,6) y compartieron viaje con alguien que bebió (aOR:1,8). Estudiantes que consumieron alcohol dentro del estándar binge también presentaron una mayor puntuación en el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (b=4,6; p<0,001), más consecuencias negativas (b=1,0; p<0,001) y menor percepción de la negatividad de las consecuencias (b=-0,5; p<0,01). CONCLUSIÓN:: la práctica de binge drinking estuvo asociada al aumento de las oportunidades de manifestación de problemas relacionados al alcohol. Las conclusiones de este estudio no pueden ser adaptadas a toda la realidad brasileña.

Binge drinking: a pattern associated with a risk of problems of alcohol use among university students / Binge drinking: padrão associado ao risco de problemas do uso de álcool entre universitários / Binge drinking: estándar asociado al riesgo de problemas del uso de alcohol entre estudiantes universitarios

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate problems associated with alcohol use among university students who reported binge drinking in comparison to students who consumed alcohol without binging. Method: a cross-sectional study among university students (N=2,408) who accessed the website about alcohol use. Logistic and linear regression models were included in the statistical analyzes. Results: alcohol use in the last three months was reported by 89.2% of university students; 51.6% reported binge drinking. Compared to students who did not binge drink, university students who presented this pattern were more likely to report all evaluated problems, among them: black out (aOR: 5.4); having academic problems (aOR: 3.4); acting impulsively and having regrets (aOR: 2.9); getting involved in fights (aOR: 2.6); drinking and driving (aOR: 2.6) and accepting a ride with someone who had drunk alcohol (aOR: 1.8). Students who binged also had higher scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (b=4.6; p<0.001), more negative consequences (b=1.0; p<0.001) and a reduced perception of the negativity of the consequences (b=-0.5; p<0.01). Conclusion: binge drinking was associated with an increase in the chances of manifesting problems related to alcohol use. The conclusions of this study cannot be generalized for all of the Brazilian population.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar problemas associados ao uso de álcool entre universitários que relataram binge drinking em comparação a estudantes que consumiram álcool sem binge drinking. Método: estudo transversal entre universitários (N=2.408) que acessaram website sobre o uso de álcool. Nas análises estatísticas incluíram-se modelos de regressão logística e linear. Resultados: o uso de álcool, nos últimos três meses, foi relatado por 89,2% dos universitários e 51,6% referiram uso binge. Comparados a estudantes que não praticaram binge, universitários que apresentaram esse padrão tiveram maior chance de relatar todos os problemas avaliados, entre eles: incapacidade de lembrar o que aconteceu (aOR:5,4); problemas acadêmicos (aOR:3,4); agir impulsivamente e se arrepender (aOR:2,9); envolver-se em brigas (aOR:2,6); dirigir após beber (aOR:2,6) e pegar carona com alguém que bebeu (aOR:1,8). Estudantes que consumiram álcool no padrão binge também apresentaram maior pontuação no Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (b=4,6; p<0,001), mais consequências negativas (b=1,0; p<0,001) e menos percepção da negatividade das consequências (b=-0,5; p<0,01). Conclusão: a prática de binge drinking esteve associada ao aumento das chances de manifestação de problemas relacionados ao uso de álcool. As conclusões deste estudo não podem ser reproduzidas para toda realidade brasileira.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar problemas asociados al uso de alcohol entre estudiantes universitarios que relataron binge drinking en comparación a estudiantes que consumieron alcohol sin binge drinking. Método: estudio transversal entre estudiantes universitarios (N=2.408) que visitaron una página web sobre el uso de alcohol. En los análisis estadísticos, fueron incluidos modelos de regresión logística y linear. Resultados: el uso de alcohol, en los últimos tres meses, fue relatado por 89,2% de los estudiantes universitarios, y entre ellos 51,6% relataron uso binge. En comparación a estudiantes universitarios que no practicaron binge, los estudiantes que presentaron ese estándar tuvieron una mayor oportunidad de relatar todos los problemas evaluados, entre ellos: incapacidad de recordar lo que sucedió (aOR:5,4); problemas académicos (aOR:3,4); actuar por impulso y arrepentirse (aOR:2,9); involucrarse en peleas (aOR:2,6); manejar después de beber (aOR:2,6) y compartieron viaje con alguien que bebió (aOR:1,8). Estudiantes que consumieron alcohol dentro del estándar binge también presentaron una mayor puntuación en el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (b=4,6; p<0,001), más consecuencias negativas (b=1,0; p<0,001) y menor percepción de la negatividad de las consecuencias (b=-0,5; p<0,01). Conclusión: la práctica de binge drinking estuvo asociada al aumento de las oportunidades de manifestación de problemas relacionados al alcohol. Las conclusiones de este estudio no pueden ser adaptadas a toda la realidad brasileña.

[Contexts and patterns of undue use benzodiazepine among women]. / Contextos e padrões do uso indevido de benzodiazepínicos entre mulheres.

The undue use of benzodiazepines particularly among women has raised concern in the public health area. This qualitative study aimed at understanding the beliefs and values associated with undue use of benzodiazepines among women. Thirty-three participants (aged between 18 and 60) with a history of undue use of benzodiazepines in the past year were selected intentionally using specific criteria. The interviews were fully transcribed and subjected to content analysis using NVivo software. The majority of respondents reported use for longer than the recommended duration (median 7 years) and they purchased the drug with a medical prescription. Reasons for use most given were to deal with anxiety, to improve sleep and to "flee from problems." Even those who acknowledged the possibility of being addicted were not motivated to stop taking the drug. Medical supervision did not necessarily seem to influence the perception of risk of undue use of benzodiazepines and it appears as a factor favoring the maintenance of prolonged use.

Contextos e padrões do uso indevido de benzodiazepínicos entre mulheres / Contexts and patterns of undue use benzodiazepine among women

O uso indevido de benzodiazepínicos, especialmente entre mulheres, tem despertado preocupação na área de saúde pública. Este estudo objetivou compreender qualitativamente crenças e valores associados ao consumo indevido dessa substância por mulheres. Foram entrevistadas trinta e três mulheres (18-60 anos) com histórico de uso indevido de benzodiazepínicos no último ano, selecionadas intencionalmente e por critérios. Os discursos foram transcritos e submetidos à análise de conteúdo com auxílio do software NVivo. A maioria das entrevistadas referiu tempo de uso bem superior ao recomendado (mediana: 7 anos) e compra com receita médica. Os motivos de uso mais citados foram diminuição da ansiedade, problemas de insônia e fuga dos problemas. Apesar de reconhecerem a possibilidade de dependência, esta não motivou a interrupção do uso. O acompanhamento médico não pareceu, necessariamente, estimular a percepção de risco dos benzodiazepínicos, sendo um fator que favoreceu a manutenção do uso prolongado.

The undue use of benzodiazepines particularly among women has raised concern in the public health area. This qualitative study aimed at understanding the beliefs and values associated with undue use of benzodiazepines among women. Thirty-three participants (aged between 18 and 60) with a history of undue use of benzodiazepines in the past year were selected intentionally using specific criteria. The interviews were fully transcribed and subjected to content analysis using NVivo software. The majority of respondents reported use for longer than the recommended duration (median 7 years) and they purchased the drug with a medical prescription. Reasons for use most given were to deal with anxiety, to improve sleep and to "flee from problems." Even those who acknowledged the possibility of being addicted were not motivated to stop taking the drug. Medical supervision did not necessarily seem to influence the perception of risk of undue use of benzodiazepines and it appears as a factor favoring the maintenance of prolonged use.

The Brazilian smoker: a survey in the largest cities of Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the sociodemographic factors associated with daily consumption of cigarettes and pattern of cigarette use among Brazilian smokers. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was performed in 2005 involving the 108 largest Brazilian cities. Data were collected through interviews with subjects aged 12 to 65 years in randomly selected households. Based on a questionnaire adapted to the Brazilian context, a logistic regression model was used to investigate the association between the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample and smoking. RESULTS: Of the 7,921 subjects interviewed, 16.4% reported daily use of cigarettes. The smoking prevalence was similar between genders, although women reported to start smoking at a later age and smoke fewer cigarettes per day. Almost 65% of the smokers were interested in quitting or reducing their smoking habit. The main sociodemographic characteristics associated with smoking were as follows: adult age (30-59 years old), unemployment, low education level, and low socioeconomic level. Alcohol abuse was also shown to be associated with smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that adverse socioeconomic characteristics are implicated in increased susceptibility to smoking in Brazil. In our sample, a high proportion of smokers reported interest to quit or reduce smoking. These data suggest that sociodemographic factors should be considered in the elaboration of smoking prevention and treatment policies.

The Brazilian smoker: a survey in the largest cities of Brazil / Fatores associados ao hábito de fumar do brasileiro: um estudo nas maiores cidades do país

OBJECTIVE: To understand the sociodemographic factors associated with daily consumption of cigarettes and pattern of cigarette use among Brazilian smokers. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was performed in 2005 involving the 108 largest Brazilian cities. Data were collected through interviews with subjects aged 12 to 65 years in randomly selected households. Based on a questionnaire adapted to the Brazilian context, a logistic regression model was used to investigate the association between the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample and smoking. RESULTS: Of the 7,921 subjects interviewed, 16.4 percent reported daily use of cigarettes. The smoking prevalence was similar between genders, although women reported to start smoking at a later age and smoke fewer cigarettes per day. Almost 65 percent of the smokers were interested in quitting or reducing their smoking habit. The main sociodemographic characteristics associated with smoking were as follows: adult age (30-59 years old), unemployment, low education level, and low socioeconomic level. Alcohol abuse was also shown to be associated with smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that adverse socioeconomic characteristics are implicated in increased susceptibility to smoking in Brazil. In our sample, a high proportion of smokers reported interest to quit or reduce smoking. These data suggest that sociodemographic factors should be considered in the elaboration of smoking prevention and treatment policies.

OBJETIVO: Conhecer fatores sociodemográficos associados ao consumo diário de cigarros, bem como o padrão de uso de cigarros do tabagista brasileiro. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal realizado em 2005 nas 108 maiores cidades brasileiras através de entrevistas a indivíduos de 12 a 65 anos em domicílios sorteados por amostragem representativa. Com base em questionário adaptado para o contexto brasileiro, as características sociodemográficas foram investigadas em modelo de regressão logística para verificar associação com o hábito de fumar. RESULTADOS: De 7.921 entrevistados, 16,4 por cento relataram uso diário de cigarros. A prevalência de uso entre os gêneros foi semelhante, embora as mulheres tenham relatado idade de início de uso superior e menores quantidades por dia. Quase 65 por cento dos fumantes manifestaram interesse em abandonar ou reduzir o hábito. As principais características sociodemográficas associadas ao tabagismo foram: idade adulta (30 a 59 anos), desemprego, menor escolaridade e menor poder aquisitivo. O uso abusivo de álcool também se mostrou associado ao fumo. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados sugerem características socioeconômicas desfavorecidas implicadas em maior vulnerabilidade ao tabagismo no Brasil. Houve um elevado relato de fumantes interessados em abandonar ou reduzir o hábito. Os dados apontam fatores sociodemográficos que devem ser considerados na elaboração de políticas de prevenção e tratamento.

Fatores associados ao uso pesado de álcool entre estudantes das capitais brasileiras / Factors associated with heavy alcohol use among students in Brazilian capitals

Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre o uso pesado de álcool entre estudantes e os fatores familiares, pessoais e sociais. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com estudantes de dez a 18 anos de escolas públicas de 27 capitais brasileiras, em 2004. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário anônimo, de autopreenchimento, adaptado de instrumento desenvolvido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. A amostra representativa, composta por 48.155 estudantes, foi estratificada por setores censitários e por conglomerados (escolas). Associações entre o uso pesado de álcool e os fatores estudados foram analisadas por meio de regressão logística, considerando nível de significância de 5 por cento. Resultados: Do total de estudantes, 4.286 (8,9 por cento) fizeram uso pesado de álcool no mês anterior à entrevista. A análise por regressão logística mostrou associação entre relações ruins ou regulares com pai (OR=1,46) e mãe (OR=1,61) e uso pesado de álcool. Seguir uma religião (OR=0,83) mostrou-se inversamente associado a este tipo de consumo de álcool. A prática de esportes e o fato de a mãe se percebida como liberal não mostraram significância no modelo. Houve maior prevalência de uso pesado de álcool entre os estudantes que trabalhavam. Conclusões: Ligações familiares mais coesas e seguir uma religião podem prevenir o uso abusivo de álcool entre estudantes.

Factors associated with heavy alcohol use among students in Brazilian capitals.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between heavy use of alcohol among students and family, personal and social factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including public school students aged ten to 18 from 27 Brazilian capital cities in 2004. Data was collected using an anonymous, self-report questionnaire that was adapted from a World Health Organization instrument. A representative sample comprising 48,155 students was stratified by census tracts and clusters (schools). The associations between heavy alcohol use and the factors studied were analyzed using logistic regression at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Of all students, 4,286 (8.9%) reported heavy alcohol use in the month prior to the interview. The logistic regression analysis showed an association between fair or poor relationship with the father (OR = 1.46) and the mother (OR = 1.61) and heavy use of alcohol. Following a religion (OR = 0.83) was inversely associated with heavy alcohol consumption. Sports practice and mother perceived as a 'liberal' person had no significance in the model. However, a higher prevalence of heavy use of alcohol was seen among working students. CONCLUSIONS: Stronger family ties and religion may help preventing alcohol abuse among students.

[Evaluation of the teratogenic risks in gestations exposed to misoprostol]. / Avaliação de riscos teratogênicos em gestações expostas ao misoprostol.

PURPOSE: failed attempted abortions with the use of misoprostol (Cytotec(R)) without medical indication have been associated with the occurrence of congenital malformations. The objective of the present study was to identify, in newborns with malformations and in normal controls, the frequency of exposure to misoprostol and the spectrum of associated malformations. METHODS: this was a case-control study involving a daily survey at four public maternities in Fortaleza (CE) for the identification of newborns with malformations and paired controls (1:1) during the period from July to November 2005. The sample comprised 252 parturients interviewed by a trained team by means of a structured questionnaire based on the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudo Colaborativo Latino-Americano de Malformações Congênitas, ECLAMC). The questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic data and a family history of malformations, as well as to identify diverse forms of exposure during pregnancy, including misoprostol. Bivariate analysis and the chi-square test were used to compare cases and controls regarding their characteristics and factors associated with malformation, and the Odds Ratio was calculated to determine the chance of the Case Group to present malformations as compared to the Control Group after exposure to misoprostol. RESULTS: there were no significant differences between groups regarding most of the risk factors for malformations investigated. Attempted abortion was reported by 6.8% of the mothers, with a higher exposure to misoprostol during pregnancy resulting in a greater proportion of malformed newborns, Odds Ratio (OR)=3.65 (95%CI=0.74-17.91). The spectrum of congenital defects encountered with exposure to misoprostol included defects of the central nervous, musculoskeletal, urogenital and cardiovascular systems, in agreement with literature data. CONCLUSION: the findings of this study suggest that fetuses exposed to misoprostol tend to be at higher risk of developing congenital malformations in comparison to non-exposed fetuses. Other studies should be encouraged for a better identification of the damage caused by the improper use of misoprostol, especially in countries where the control of medication is inadequate.

Avaliação de riscos teratogênicos em gestações expostas ao misoprostol / Evaluation of the teratogenic risks in gestations exposed to misoprostol

OBJETIVOS: a tentativa de aborto mal sucedida com o uso do misoprostol (Cytotec®) sem indicação médica tem sido associada a malformações congênitas. Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar, em recém-nascidos malformados e controles normais, a frequência de exposição ao misoprostol e o espectro de malformações associadas. MÉTODOS: estudo de caso-controle desenvolvido em 2005 nas quatro principais maternidades públicas de Fortaleza (CE). Através de busca ativa diária, foram identificados recém-nascidos com diagnóstico de malformação fetal (caso) e controles saudáveis de mesmo sexo nascidos em seguida na mesma maternidade (pareamento 1:1). A amostra foi de 252 parturientes entrevistadas por equipe treinada utilizando questionário estruturado com base no Estudo Colaborativo Latino-Americano de Malformações Congênitas (ECLAMC). Além de abordar questões sociodemográficas e histórico familiar de malformação, o questionário objetivou identificar exposições diversas durante a gestação, incluindo o misoprostol. A análise bivariada com teste do χ2 comparou os grupos quanto às características e fatores associados à malformação e foi calculada a Odds Ratio para verificar a razão de chances de o Grupo Caso apresentar malformação em relação ao Grupo Controle com relação à exposição ao misoprostol. RESULTADOS: não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos caso e controle quanto à maioria dos fatores de riscos investigados para malformações. O relato de tentativa de aborto foi de 6,8 por cento, havendo uma maior exposição ao misoprostol durante a gestação em neonatos malformados comparados a saudáveis, Odds Ratio (OR)=3,65 (IC95 por cento=0,74-17,91). O espectro de malformações encontradas entre os recém-nascidos expostos ao misoprostol foi compatível com a literatura, como os decorrentes de defeitos do tubo neural e disrupção vascular. CONCLUSÕES: os achados deste estudo, apesar de não apresentarem significância estatística, sugerem que ...

PURPOSE: failed attempted abortions with the use of misoprostol (Cytotec®) without medical indication have been associated with the occurrence of congenital malformations. The objective of the present study was to identify, in newborns with malformations and in normal controls, the frequency of exposure to misoprostol and the spectrum of associated malformations. METHODS: this was a case-control study involving a daily survey at four public maternities in Fortaleza (CE) for the identification of newborns with malformations and paired controls (1:1) during the period from July to November 2005. The sample comprised 252 parturients interviewed by a trained team by means of a structured questionnaire based on the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudo Colaborativo Latino-Americano de Malformações Congênitas, ECLAMC). The questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic data and a family history of malformations, as well as to identify diverse forms of exposure during pregnancy, including misoprostol. Bivariate analysis and the chi-square test were used to compare cases and controls regarding their characteristics and factors associated with malformation, and the Odds Ratio was calculated to determine the chance of the Case Group to present malformations as compared to the Control Group after exposure to misoprostol. RESULTS: there were no significant differences between groups regarding most of the risk factors for malformations investigated. Attempted abortion was reported by 6.8 percent of the mothers, with a higher exposure to misoprostol during pregnancy resulting in a greater proportion of malformed newborns, Odds Ratio (OR)=3.65 (95 percentCI=0.74-17.91). The spectrum of congenital defects encountered with exposure to misoprostol included defects of the central nervous, musculoskeletal, urogenital and cardiovascular systems, in agreement with literature data. CONCLUSION: the findings of this study suggest ...

Recreational use of benzydamine as a hallucinogen among street youth in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the recreational use of benzydamine, an anti-inflammatory drug, among street youth in Brazil. DESIGN: a descriptive, cross sectional survey. SETTING: 93 welfare services for the street youth in 27 Brazilian capitals. PARTICIPANTS: 2807 street youth, 10 to 18 years old. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: demographic characteristics, drug use pattern (lifetime use, use in the past 30 days, frequency, and characteristics of use in the past month) and effects of benzydamine through the use of a questionnaire. RESULTS: 78 reported lifetime recreational benzydamine use (67 cases identified only in three capitals). Among the 30 respondents reporting drug use in the last month (the month preceding the survey), 66.7% (n = 20) used the drug on 4 or more days (in the month preceding the survey). The most frequently (50%) pleasure effects reported were hallucination and nonspecific sensory changes described as 'trips'. Unwanted effects were reported by 75% of respondents, they were especially nausea and vomiting (21.4%). In the majority of the cases, drug was obtained from drugstores without a medical prescription. CONCLUSION: This study identifies the recreational use of benzydamine among street youth, mainly in the Northeast of Brazil, and also indicates the need for special controls on the dispensation of this substance.

Recreational use of benzydamine as a hallucinogen among street youth in Brazil / Uso recreacional de benzidamina como alucinógeno entre adolescentes em situação de rua no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To describe the recreational use of benzydamine, an anti-inflammatory drug, among street youth in Brazil. METHOD: Design: a descriptive, cross sectional survey. Setting: 93 welfare services for the street youth in 27 Brazilian capitals. Participants: 2807 street youth, 10 to 18 years old. Main outcome measures: demographic characteristics, drug use pattern (lifetime use, use in the past 30 days, frequency, and characteristics of use in the past month) and effects of benzydamine through the use of a questionnaire. RESULTS: 78 reported lifetime recreational benzydamine use (67 cases identified only in three capitals). Among the 30 respondents reporting drug use in the last month (the month preceding the survey), 66.7 percent (n = 20) used the drug on 4 or more days (in the month preceding the survey). The most frequently (50 percent) pleasure effects reported were hallucination and nonspecific sensory changes described as "trips". Unwanted effects were reported by 75 percent of respondents, they were especially nausea and vomiting (21.4 percent). In the majority of the cases, drug was obtained from drugstores without a medical prescription. CONCLUSION: This study identifies the recreational use of benzydamine among street youth, mainly in the Northeast of Brazil, and also indicates the need for special controls on the dispensation of this substance.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o uso recreacional de benzidamina, um medicamento antiinflamatório, entre adolescentes em situação de rua no Brasil. MÉTODO: Desenho: descritivo, transversal. Local: 93 instituições assistenciais para crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua nas 27 capitais do Brasil. Participantes: 2.807 crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua, com idade entre 10 e 18 anos. Principais medidas de interesse: características demográficas, padrão de uso (uso na vida, uso nos últimos 30 dias, frequência e características de uso no mês anterior à pesquisa) e efeitos da benzidamina usando um questionário. RESULTADOS: 78 relataram uso recreacional na vida de benzidamina (67 casos identificados somente em três capitais). Entre os 30 entrevistados que relataram uso recente da substância (no mês que precedia a investigação), 66,7 por cento (n = 20) tomaram o medicamento em quatro dias ou mais no mês. Os efeitos desejados mais frequentemente reportados foram alucinações e alterações sensoriais inespecíficas como "viagem" (50 por cento). Efeitos indesejados foram citados por 75 por cento dos entrevistados, principalmente náuseas e vômitos (21,4 por cento). Na maioria dos casos, o medicamento foi obtido de drogarias sem apresentação de prescrição médica. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados observados neste estudo identificam o uso recreacional de benzidamina entre crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua, especialmente no Nordeste do Brasil, e indicam a necessidade de controle especial sobre a dispensação desta substância.