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1.
Rev. colomb. cir ; 37(2): 184-193, 20220316. tab, fig
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1362887

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La resucitación hemostática es una estrategia para compensar la pérdida sanguínea y disminuir el impacto de la coagulación inducida por trauma. Debido a que la disponibilidad de transfundir una razón equilibrada de hemocomponentes es difícil de lograr en el entorno clínico, la sangre total ha reaparecido como una estrategia fisiológica, con ventajas logísticas, que le permiten ser accesible para iniciar tempranamente la resucitación hemostática. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades celulares, coagulantes y viscoelásticas de la sangre total almacenada por 21 días. Métodos. Las unidades de sangre total fueron obtenidas de 20 donantes voluntarios sanos. Se procesaron mediante un sistema de leucorreducción ahorrador de plaquetas y fueron almacenadas en refrigeración (1-6°C) sin agitación. Se analizaron los días 0, 6, 11 y 21. Las bolsas fueron analizadas para evaluar las líneas celulares, niveles de factores de coagulación y propiedades viscoelásticas mediante tromboelastografía. Resultados. El conteo eritrocitario y la hemoglobina se mantuvieron estables. El conteo de plaquetas tuvo una reducción del 50 % al sexto día, pero se mantuvo estable el resto del seguimiento. Los factores de coagulación II-V-VII-X, fibrinógeno y proteína C se mantuvieron dentro del rango normal. La tromboelastografía mostró una prolongación en el tiempo del inicio de la formación del coágulo, pero sin alterar la formación final de un coágulo estable. Conclusiones. La sangre total leucorreducida y con filtro ahorrador de plaquetas conserva sus propiedades hemostáticas por 21 días. Este es el primer paso en Colombia para la evaluación clínica de esta opción, que permita hacer una realidad universal la resucitación hemostática del paciente con trauma severo.


Background. Hemostatic resuscitation is a strategy to compensate blood loss and reduce the impact of trauma-induced coagulopathy. However, balanced resuscitation presents challenges in its application in the clinical setting. Whole blood has re-emerged as a physiologic strategy with logistical advantages that offer the opportunity for early initiation of hemostatic resuscitation. The study aims to evaluate the cellular, coagulation, and viscoelastic properties of whole blood preserved for 21 days. Methods. Whole blood units were donated by 20 healthy volunteers. These units were processed using a platelet-sparing leukoreduction filtration system. Units were stored under refrigeration (1-6°C) without agitation and were sampled on days 0, 6, 11, 16, and 21. The units were tested to assess its cellular properties and coagulation factors levels. In addition, viscoelastic features were tested using tromboelastography.Results. Red blood cells count and hemoglobin levels remained stables. Platelet count had a 50% reduction on day 6, and then remained stable for 21 days. Factors II-V-VII-X, fibrinogen, and protein C remained within normal range. Tromboelastrography test showed that the reaction time of clot formation is prolonged, but the final clot formation is not altered. Conclusion. Whole blood retains its hemostatic properties for 21 days. This is the first step to evaluate the use of whole blood in the resuscitation protocols for Colombia allowing hemostatic resuscitation become a universal reality.


Subject(s)
Humans , Resuscitation , Blood Preservation , Shock, Hemorrhagic , Blood , Blood Transfusion , Hemostasis
2.
Colomb Med (Cali) ; 52(2): e4194809, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34908626

ABSTRACT

Damage control surgery is based on temporal control of the injury, physiologic recovery and posterior deferred definitive management. This strategy began in the 1980s and became a formal concept in 1993. It has proven to be a strategy that reduces mortality in severely injured trauma patients. Nevertheless, the concept of damage control in non-traumatic abdominal pathology remains controversial. This article aims to gather historical experiences in damage control surgery performed in non-traumatic abdominal emergency pathology patients and present a novel management algorithm. This strategy could be a surgical option to treat hemodynamically unstable patients in catastrophic scenarios such as hemorrhagic and septic shock caused by peritonitis, pancreatitis, acute mesenteric ischemia, among others. Therefore, damage control surgery is light amid better short- and long-term results.


La cirugía de control de daños es una estrategia de control temporal del daño tisular y recuperación fisiológica para un manejo definitivo diferido. Esta estrategia tiene antecedentes en el mundo del trauma desde la década de 1980, hasta su formalización conceptual en 1993. Hasta el momento ha demostrado ser una estrategia factible y que reduce la mortalidad en los pacientes críticamente enfermos. Sin embargo, el manejo de patologías abdominales no traumáticas aun es tema de discusión sobre su factibilidad y seguridad. El presente articulo tiene como objetivo realizar un relato histórico y experiencias en la aplicación de la cirugía de control de daños en emergencias quirúrgicas abdominales no asociadas a trauma y presentar un algoritmo de manejo usando los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. La aplicabilidad del control de daños en no trauma se enfrenta a los contextos de shock hemorrágico y séptico para patologías como peritonitis generalizada, peritonitis postquirúrgica, pancreatitis, isquemia mesentérica aguda, entre otras. Se ha demostrado que el uso de control de daños representa una luz para el cirujano ante la tormenta de la incertidumbre de la descompensación metabólica en el manejo de emergencias abdominales, para crear un puente para su manejo definitivo y permitir anastomosis como estrategia de reconstrucción intestinal y mejorar los resultados a corto y largo plazo.


Subject(s)
Abdomen/surgery , Humans
3.
Colomb Med (Cali) ; 52(2): e4104509, 2021 May 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34188326

ABSTRACT

The overall incidence of duodenal injuries in severely injured trauma patients is between 0.2 to 0.6% and the overall prevalence in those suffering from abdominal trauma is 3 to 5%. Approximately 80% of these cases are secondary to penetrating trauma, commonly associated with vascular and adjacent organ injuries. Therefore, defining the best surgical treatment algorithm remains controversial. Mild to moderate duodenal trauma is currently managed via primary repair and simple surgical techniques. However, severe injuries have required complex surgical techniques without significant favorable outcomes and a consequential increase in mortality rates. This article aims to delineate the experience in the surgical management of penetrating duodenal injuries via the creation of a practical and effective algorithm that includes basic principles of damage control surgery that sticks to the philosophy of "Less is Better". Surgical management of all penetrating duodenal trauma should always default when possible to primary repair. When confronted with a complex duodenal injury, hemodynamic instability, and/or significant associated injuries, the default should be damage control surgery. Definitive reconstructive surgery should be postponed until the patient has been adequately resuscitated and the diamond of death has been corrected.


El trauma de duodeno comúnmente se produce por un trauma penetrante que puede asociarse a lesiones vasculares y de órganos adyacentes. En el manejo quirúrgico se recomienda realizar un reparo primario o el empleo de técnicas quirúrgicas simples. Sin embargo, el abordaje de lesiones severas del duodeno es un tema controversial. Anteriormente, se han descrito técnicas como la exclusión pilórica o la pancreatoduodenectomía con resultados no concluyentes. El presente artículo presenta una propuesta del manejo de control de daños del trauma penetrante de duodeno, a través, de un algoritmo de cinco pasos. Este algoritmo plantea una solución para el cirujano cuando no es posible realizar el reparo primario. El control de daños del duodeno y su reconstrucción depende de una toma de decisiones respecto a la porción del duodeno lesionada y el compromiso sobre el complejo pancreatoduodenal. Se recomiendan medidas rápidas para contener el daño y se proponen vías de reconstrucción duodenal diferente a las clásicamente descritas. Igualmente, la probabilidad de complicaciones como fistula duodenales es considerable, por lo que proponemos, que el manejo de este tipo de fistulas de alto gasto se aborde por medio de una laparostomía retroperitoneal (lumbotomía). El abordaje del trauma penetrante de duodeno se puede realizar a través del principio "menos es mejor".


Subject(s)
Algorithms , Duodenum/injuries , Wounds, Penetrating/surgery , Hemorrhage/therapy , Humans , Medical Illustration , Wounds, Penetrating/classification , Wounds, Penetrating/complications , Wounds, Penetrating/diagnosis
4.
Colomb. med ; 52(2): e4104509, Apr.-June 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1278945

ABSTRACT

Abstract The overall incidence of duodenal injuries in severely injured trauma patients is between 0.2 to 0.6% and the overall prevalence in those suffering from abdominal trauma is 3 to 5%. Approximately 80% of these cases are secondary to penetrating trauma, commonly associated with vascular and adjacent organ injuries. Therefore, defining the best surgical treatment algorithm remains controversial. Mild to moderate duodenal trauma is currently managed via primary repair and simple surgical techniques. However, severe injuries have required complex surgical techniques without significant favorable outcomes and a consequential increase in mortality rates. This article aims to delineate the experience in the surgical management of penetrating duodenal injuries via the creation of a practical and effective algorithm that includes basic principles of damage control surgery that sticks to the philosophy of "Less is Better". Surgical management of all penetrating duodenal trauma should always default when possible to primary repair. When confronted with a complex duodenal injury, hemodynamic instability, and/or significant associated injuries, the default should be damage control surgery. Definitive reconstructive surgery should be postponed until the patient has been adequately resuscitated and the diamond of death has been corrected.


Resumen El trauma de duodeno comúnmente se produce por un trauma penetrante que puede asociarse a lesiones vasculares y de órganos adyacentes. En el manejo quirúrgico se recomienda realizar un reparo primario o el empleo de técnicas quirúrgicas simples. Sin embargo, el abordaje de lesiones severas del duodeno es un tema controversial. Anteriormente, se han descrito técnicas como la exclusión pilórica o la pancreatoduodenectomía con resultados no concluyentes. El presente artículo presenta una propuesta del manejo de control de daños del trauma penetrante de duodeno, a través, de un algoritmo de cinco pasos. Este algoritmo plantea una solución para el cirujano cuando no es posible realizar el reparo primario. El control de daños del duodeno y su reconstrucción depende de una toma de decisiones respecto a la porción del duodeno lesionada y el compromiso sobre el complejo pancreatoduodenal. Se recomiendan medidas rápidas para contener el daño y se proponen vías de reconstrucción duodenal diferente a las clásicamente descritas. Igualmente, la probabilidad de complicaciones como fistula duodenales es considerable, por lo que proponemos, que el manejo de este tipo de fistulas de alto gasto se aborde por medio de una laparostomía retroperitoneal (lumbotomía). El abordaje del trauma penetrante de duodeno se puede realizar a través del principio "menos es mejor".

5.
Colomb. med ; 52(2): e4194809, Apr.-June 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1339736

ABSTRACT

Abstract Damage control surgery is based on temporal control of the injury, physiologic recovery and posterior deferred definitive management. This strategy began in the 1980s and became a formal concept in 1993. It has proven to be a strategy that reduces mortality in severely injured trauma patients. Nevertheless, the concept of damage control in non-traumatic abdominal pathology remains controversial. This article aims to gather historical experiences in damage control surgery performed in non-traumatic abdominal emergency pathology patients and present a novel management algorithm. This strategy could be a surgical option to treat hemodynamically unstable patients in catastrophic scenarios such as hemorrhagic and septic shock caused by peritonitis, pancreatitis, acute mesenteric ischemia, among others. Therefore, damage control surgery is light amid better short- and long-term results.


Resumen La cirugía de control de daños es una estrategia de control temporal del daño tisular y recuperación fisiológica para un manejo definitivo diferido. Esta estrategia tiene antecedentes en el mundo del trauma desde la década de 1980, hasta su formalización conceptual en 1993. Hasta el momento ha demostrado ser una estrategia factible y que reduce la mortalidad en los pacientes críticamente enfermos. Sin embargo, el manejo de patologías abdominales no traumáticas aun es tema de discusión sobre su factibilidad y seguridad. El presente articulo tiene como objetivo realizar un relato histórico y experiencias en la aplicación de la cirugía de control de daños en emergencias quirúrgicas abdominales no asociadas a trauma y presentar un algoritmo de manejo usando los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. La aplicabilidad del control de daños en no trauma se enfrenta a los contextos de shock hemorrágico y séptico para patologías como peritonitis generalizada, peritonitis postquirúrgica, pancreatitis, isquemia mesentérica aguda, entre otras. Se ha demostrado que el uso de control de daños representa una luz para el cirujano ante la tormenta de la incertidumbre de la descompensación metabólica en el manejo de emergencias abdominales, para crear un puente para su manejo definitivo y permitir anastomosis como estrategia de reconstrucción intestinal y mejorar los resultados a corto y largo plazo.

6.
Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg ; 47(6): 1779-1785, 2021 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32300850

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of REBOA and mortality in a group of patients with penetrating trauma to the torso, treated in a level-I trauma center from Colombia. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study, patients with penetrating trauma, requiring emergency surgery, and treated between 2014 and 2018, were included. The decision to use or not use REBOA during emergent surgery was based on individual surgeon's opinion. A propensity score (PS) was calculated after adjusting for age, clinical signs on admission (systolic blood pressure, cardiac rate, Glasgow coma scale), severe trauma in thorax and abdomen, and the presence of non-compressive torso hemorrhage. Subsequently, logistic regression for mortality was adjusted for the number of red blood cells (RBC) transfused within the first six hours after admission, injury severity score (ISS), and quintiles of PS. RESULTS: We included 345 patients; 28 of them (8.1%) were treated with REBOA. Crude mortality rates were 17.9% (5 patients) in REBOA group and 15.3% (48 patients) in control group (p = 0.7). After controlling for RBC transfused, ISS, and the PS, the odds of death in REBOA group was 78% lower than that in the control group (odds ratio [OR] 0.20, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.05-0.77, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: We found that, when compared to no REBOA use, patients treated with REBOA had lower risk-adjusted odds of mortality. These findings should be interpreted with caution and confirmed in future comparative studies, if possible.


Subject(s)
Balloon Occlusion , Endovascular Procedures , Aorta , Humans , Injury Severity Score , Resuscitation , Retrospective Studies
7.
World J Surg ; 45(4): 1043-1052, 2021 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33151371

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Damage control surgery (DCS) has emerged as a new option in the management of non-traumatic peritonitis patients to increase survival in critically ill patients. The purpose of this study was to compare DCS with conventional strategy (anastomosis/ostomies in the index laparotomy) for severe non-traumatic peritonitis regarding postoperative complications, ostomy rate, and mortality and to propose a useful algorithm in the clinical practice. METHODS: Patients who underwent an urgent laparotomy for non-trauma peritonitis at a single level I trauma center in Colombia between January 2003 and December 2018, were retrospectively included. We compared patients who had DCS management versus definitive initial surgical management (DISM) group. We evaluated clinical outcomes and morbidities among groups. RESULTS: 290 patients were included; 81 patients were treated with DCS and 209 patients underwent DISM. Patients treated with DCS had a worse critical status before surgery with higher SOFA score [median, DCS group: 5 (IQR: 3-8) vs. DISM group: 3 (IQR: 1-6), p < 0.001]. The length of hospital stay and overall mortality rate of DCS group were not significant statistical differences with DISM group. Complications rate related to primary anastomosis or primary ostomy was similar. There is not difference in ostomy rate among groups. At multivariate analysis, SOFA > 6 points and APACHE-II > 20 points correlated with a higher probability of DCS. CONCLUSION: DCS in severe non-trauma peritonitis patients is feasible and safe as surgical strategy management without increasing mortality, length hospital of stay, or complications. DCS principles might be applied in the non-trauma scenarios without increase the stoma rate.


Subject(s)
Peritonitis , APACHE , Algorithms , Colombia , Humans , Peritonitis/etiology , Peritonitis/surgery , Retrospective Studies
8.
Colomb. med ; 51(4): e4044511, Oct.-Dec. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1154005

ABSTRACT

Abstract Hemorrhagic shock and its complications are a major cause of death among trauma patients. The management of hemorrhagic shock using a damage control resuscitation strategy has been shown to decrease mortality and improve patient outcomes. One of the components of damage control resuscitation is hemostatic resuscitation, which involves the replacement of lost blood volume with components such as packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelets in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. However, this is a strategy that is not applicable in many parts of Latin America and other low-and-middle-income countries throughout the world, where there is a lack of well-equipped blood banks and an insufficient availability of blood products. To overcome these barriers, we propose the use of cold fresh whole blood for hemostatic resuscitation in exsanguinating patients. Over 6 years of experience in Ecuador has shown that resuscitation with cold fresh whole blood has similar outcomes and a similar safety profile compared to resuscitation with hemocomponents. Whole blood confers many advantages over component therapy including, but not limited to the transfusion of blood with a physiologic ratio of components, ease of transport and transfusion, less volume of anticoagulants and additives transfused to the patient, and exposure to fewer donors. Whole blood is a tool with reemerging potential that can be implemented in civilian trauma centers with optimal results and less technical demand.


Resumen El choque hemorrágico y sus complicaciones son la principal causa de muerte en los pacientes con trauma. La resucitación en control de daños ha demostrado una disminución en la mortalidad y mejoría en el manejo del paciente. La resucitación hemostática consiste en la recuperación del volumen con hemoderivados como glóbulos rojos, plasma, crioprecipitado y plaquetas, en proporciones de 1:1:1:1. Sin embargo, esta demanda de hemo componentes podría no aplicarse para toda Latinoamérica u otros países de medianos y bajos ingresos. Las principales barreras para la implementación de esta estrategia serían la escasa disponibilidad de bancos de sangre y de hemoderivados insuficientes para contar con un protocolo de transfusión masiva. Una propuesta para superar estas barreras es el uso de sangre total fresca fría para la resucitación hemostática de los pacientes exsanguinados. Ecuador ha sido pionero en la implementación de esta estrategia con una experiencia ya de seis años, en que han demostrado que la sangre total tiene ventajas sobre la terapia de hemo componentes incluyendo, pero no limitando, la trasfusión de sangre con una razón fisiológica de componentes, fácil transporte y transfusión, menor volumen de anticoagulantes y aditivos trasfundidos al paciente, y menor exposición a donantes. La sangre total es una herramienta con un potencial reemergente que puede ser implementado en centros de trauma civil con óptimos resultados y menor demanda técnica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Resuscitation/methods , Shock, Hemorrhagic/etiology , Shock, Hemorrhagic/therapy , Wounds and Injuries/complications , Blood Transfusion , Hemostatic Techniques , Injury Severity Score
9.
Colomb. med ; 51(4): e4054362, Oct.-Dec. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1154006

ABSTRACT

Abstract Trauma is a complex pathology that requires an experienced multidisciplinary team with an inherent quick decision-making capacity, given that a few minutes could represent a matter of life or death. These management decisions not only need to be quick but also accurate to be able to prioritize and to efficiently control the injuries that may be causing impending hemodynamic collapse. In essence, this is the cornerstone of the concept of damage control trauma care. With current technological advances, physicians have at their disposition multiple diagnostic imaging tools that can aid in this prompt decision-making algorithm. This manuscript aims to perform a literature review on this subject and to share the experience on the use of whole body computed tomography as a potentially safe, effective and efficient diagnostic tool in cases of severely injured trauma patients regardless of their hemodynamic status. Our general recommendation is that, when feasible, perform a whole body computed tomography without interrupting ongoing hemostatic resuscitation in cases of severely injured trauma patients with or without signs of hemodynamic instability. The use of this technology will aid in the decision-making of the best surgical approach for these patients without incurring any delay in definitive management and/or increasing significantly their radiation exposure.


Resumen El trauma es una compleja patología que requiere un equipo experimentado y multidisciplinario con una capacidad para la toma de decisiones Oportuna ya que en unos pocos minutos pueden representar la diferencia entre la vida y la muerte. Estas decisiones deben ser precisas para ser capaces de priorizar y controlar eficientemente las lesiones que puedan estar causando el compromiso hemodinámico. En esencia, este es el punto clave del concepto de control de daños en la atención del trauma. Con los nuevos avances tecnológicos, el equipo médico tiene a disposición múltiples herramientas imagenológicas de diagnóstico. Este artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura y descripción de la experiencia local con el uso de la tomografía corporal total como una herramienta diagnostica potencialmente segura, efectiva y eficiente en casos de pacientes con trauma severo sin importar su estado hemodinámico. La recomendación general, cuando sea posible, es que se debe realizar una tomografía corporal total sin interrumpir las maniobras de resucitación hemostática en casos de pacientes severamente traumatizados con o sin signos de inestabilidad hemodinámica. El uso de esta tecnología tiene como objetivo tomar decisiones pertinentes y definir el mejor abordaje quirúrgico para el paciente sin incurrir en tardanzas en el manejo definitivo o incrementar el tiempo de exposición a la radiación.


Subject(s)
Humans , Wounds and Injuries/physiopathology , Wounds and Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Hemodynamics , Wounds and Injuries/complications , Injury Severity Score
10.
Colomb. med ; 51(4): e4064506, Oct.-Dec. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1154007

ABSTRACT

Abstract Noncompressible torso hemorrhage is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide. An efficient and appropriate evaluation of the trauma patient with ongoing hemorrhage is essential to avoid the development of the lethal diamond (hypothermia, coagulopathy, hypocalcemia, and acidosis). Currently, the initial management strategies include permissive hypotension, hemostatic resuscitation, and damage control surgery. However, recent advances in technology have opened the doors to a wide variety of endovascular techniques that achieve these goals with minimal morbidity and limited access. An example of such advances has been the introduction of the Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA), which has received great interest among trauma surgeons around the world due to its potential and versatility in areas such as trauma, gynecology & obstetrics and gastroenterology. This article aims to describe the experience earned in the use of REBOA in noncompressible torso hemorrhage patients. Our results show that REBOA can be used as a new component in the damage control resuscitation of the severely injured trauma patient. To this end, we propose two new deployment algorithms for hemodynamically unstable noncompressible torso hemorrhage patients: one for blunt and another for penetrating trauma. We acknowledge that REBOA has its limitations, which include a steep learning curve, its inherent cost and availability. Although to reach the best outcomes with this new technology, it must be used in the right way, by the right surgeon with the right training and to the right patient.


Resumen La hemorragia no compresible del torso es una de las principales causas de muerte prevenibles alrededor del mundo. Una evaluación eficiente y apropiada del paciente traumatizado con hemorragia activa es la esencia para evitar el desarrollo del rombo de la muerte (hipotermia, coagulopatía, hipocalcemia y acidosis). Actualmente, las estrategias de manejo inicial incluyen hipotensión permisiva, resucitación hemostática y cirugía de control de daños. Sin embargo, los recientes avances tecnológicos han abierto las puertas a una amplia variedad de técnicas endovasculares que logran esos objetivos con una morbilidad mínima y un acceso limitado. Un ejemplo de estos avances ha sido la introducción del balón de resucitación de oclusión aortica; REBOA ( Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta , por sus sigla en inglés ), el cual, ha tenido gran provecho entre los cirujanos de trauma alrededor del mundo debido a su potencial y versatilidad en áreas como trauma, ginecología y obstetricia, y gastroenterología. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la experiencia lograda en el uso del REBOA en pacientes con hemorragia no compresible del torso. Nuestros resultados muestran que el REBOA puede usarse como un nuevo actor en la resucitación de control de daños del paciente con trauma severo, para este fin, nosotros proponemos dos nuevos algoritmos para el manejo de pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables: uno para trauma cerrado y otro para trauma penetrante. Se reconoce que el REBOA tiene sus limitaciones, las cuales incluye un periodo de aprendizaje, su costo inherente y la disponibilidad. A pesar de esto, para lograr los mejores resultados con esta nueva tecnología, el REBOA debe ser usado en el momento correcto, por el cirujano correcto con el entrenamiento y el paciente correcto.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Resuscitation/methods , Wounds and Injuries/therapy , Hemorrhage/therapy , Aorta , Wounds and Injuries/complications , Wounds and Injuries/physiopathology , Injury Severity Score , Prospective Studies , Balloon Occlusion , Hemodynamics , Hemorrhage/etiology , Hemorrhage/physiopathology
11.
Colomb. med ; 51(4): e4134365, Oct.-Dec. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1154009

ABSTRACT

Abstract The liver is the most commonly affected solid organ in cases of abdominal trauma. Management of penetrating liver trauma is a challenge for surgeons but with the introduction of the concept of damage control surgery accompanied by significant technological advancements in radiologic imaging and endovascular techniques, the focus on treatment has changed significantly. The use of immediately accessible computed tomography as an integral tool for trauma evaluations for the precise staging of liver trauma has significantly increased the incidence of conservative non-operative management in hemodynamically stable trauma victims with liver injuries. However, complex liver injuries accompanied by hemodynamic instability are still associated with high mortality rates due to ongoing hemorrhage. The aim of this article is to perform an extensive review of the literature and to propose a management algorithm for hemodynamically unstable patients with penetrating liver injury, via an expert consensus. It is important to establish a multidisciplinary approach towards the management of patients with penetrating liver trauma and hemodynamic instability. The appropriate triage of these patients, the early activation of an institutional massive transfusion protocol, and the early control of hemorrhage are essential landmarks in lowering the overall mortality of these severely injured patients. To fear is to fear the unknown, and with the management algorithm proposed in this manuscript, we aim to shed light on the unknown regarding the management of the patient with a severely injured liver.


Resumen El hígado es el órgano solido más comúnmente lesionado en casos de trauma abdominal. El manejo del trauma penetrante hepático es un dilema para los cirujanos. Sin embargo, con la introducción del concepto de la cirugía de control de daños y los avances tecnológicos en imagenología y técnicas endovasculares han permitido que el enfoque del tratamiento cambie. La disponibilidad inmediata de la tomografía computarizada permite estadificar el grado de la lesión e incrementar la posibilidad de un manejo conservador en pacientes hemodinámicamente estables con trauma hepático. El trauma hepático severo que se asocia con inestabilidad hemodinámica tiene una alta mortalidad debido a la hemorragia activa. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer un algoritmo de manejo producto de un consenso de expertos acerca del abordaje de los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables con trauma hepático penetrante. El manejo debe ser por parte de un equipo multidisciplinario que comienza desde la evaluación inicial de los pacientes, la activación temprana de protocolo de transfusión masiva y el control temprano de la hemorragia, siendo estos aspectos esenciales para disminuir la mortalidad. El miedo a lo desconocido es el dilema quirúrgico donde existen pocas opciones y es imperante decisiones rápidas y oportunas; por esta razón, se propone dar una luz de guía sobre lo desconocido respecto al manejo del paciente con trauma hepático severo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Wounds, Penetrating/surgery , Liver/surgery , Liver/injuries , Decision Trees
12.
World J Emerg Surg ; 15(1): 57, 2020 10 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33046096

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) could provide a survival benefit to severely injured patients as it may improve their initial ability to survive the hemorrhagic shock. Although the evidence supporting the use of REBOA is not conclusive, its use has expanded worldwide. We aim to compare the management approaches and clinical outcomes of trauma patients treated with REBOA according to the countries' income based on the World Bank Country and Lending Groups. METHODS: We used data from the AORTA (USA) and the ABOTrauma (multinational) registries. Patients were stratified into two groups: (1) high-income countries (HICs) and (2) low-to-middle income countries (LMICs). Propensity score matching extracted 1:1 matched pairs of subjects who were from an LMIC or a HIC based on age, gender, the presence of pupillary response on admission, impeding hypotension (SBP ≤ 80), trauma mechanism, ISS, the necessity of CPR on arrival, the location of REBOA insertion (emergency room or operating room) and the amount of PRBCs transfused in the first 24 h. Logistic regression (LR) was used to examine the association of LMICs and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 817 trauma patients from 14 countries were included. Blind percutaneous approach and surgical cutdown were the preferred means of femoral cannulation in HICs and LIMCs, respectively. Patients from LMICs had a significantly higher occurrence of MODS and respiratory failure. LR showed no differences in mortality for LMICs when compared to HICs; neither in the non-matched cohort (OR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.36­1.09; p = 0.1) nor in the matched cohort (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 0.63­3,33; p = 0.3). CONCLUSION: There is considerable variation in the management practices of REBOA and the outcomes associated with this intervention between HICs and LMICs. Although we found significant differences in multiorgan and respiratory failure rates, there were no differences in the risk-adjusted odds of mortality between the groups analyzed. Trauma surgeons practicing REBOA around the world should joint efforts to standardize the practice of this endovascular technology worldwide.


Subject(s)
Balloon Occlusion/methods , Endovascular Procedures/methods , Resuscitation/methods , Shock, Hemorrhagic/therapy , Wounds and Injuries/therapy , Adult , Developed Countries , Developing Countries , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Propensity Score , Registries , Shock, Hemorrhagic/mortality , Survival Analysis , Wounds and Injuries/mortality
13.
Colomb Med (Cali) ; 51(1): e4224, 2020 Mar 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32952231

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a new single-pass whole-body computed tomography Protocol in the management of patients with severe trauma. METHODS: This was a descriptive evaluation of polytrauma patients who underwent whole-body computed tomography. Patients were divided into three groups: 1. Blunt trauma hemodynamically stable 2. Blunt trauma hemodynamically unstable and 3. Penetrating trauma. Demographics, whole-body computed tomography parameters and outcome variables were evaluated. RESULTS: Were included 263 patients. Median injury severity score was 22 (IQR: 16-22). Time between arrival to the emergency department and completing the whole-body computed tomography was under 30 minutes in most patients [Group 1: 28 minutes (IQR: 14-55), Group 2: 29 minutes (IQR: 16-57), and Group 3: 31 minutes (IQR: 13-50; p= 0.96)]. 172 patients (65.4%) underwent non-operative management. The calculated and the real survival rates did not vary among the groups either [Group 1: TRISS 86.4% vs. real survival rate 85% (p= 0.69); Group 2: TRISS 69% vs. real survival rate 74% (p= 0.25); Group 3: TRISS 93% vs. real survival rate 87% (p= 0.07)]. CONCLUSION: This new single-pass whole-body computed tomography protocol was safe, effective and efficient to decide whether the patient with severe trauma requires a surgical intervention independently of the mechanism of injury or the hemodynamic stability of the patient. Its use could also potentially reduce the rate of unnecessary surgical interventions of patients with severe trauma including those with penetrating trauma.


INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la implementación de un nuevo protocolo de tomografía computarizada corporal total para el manejo de pacientes con trauma severo. MÉTODOS: Este estudio es una evaluación descriptiva de pacientes que recibieron tomografía computarizada corporal total. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 3 grupos: 1. Trauma cerrado hemodinámicamente estables, 2. Trauma cerrado hemodinámicamente inestables y 3. Trauma penetrante. Se evaluaron las características demográficas, parámetros relacionados con la técnica y los desenlaces de los pacientes. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 263 pacientes. La mediana del puntaje de severidad de la lesión fue 22 (RIQ: 16-22). El tiempo entre el ingreso a urgencias y completar la tomografía corporal total fue menor a 30 minutos en la mayoría de pacientes [Grupo 1: 28 minutos (RIQ: 14-55), Grupo 2: 29 minutos (RIQ: 16-57), y Grupo 3: 31 minutos (RIQ: 13-50; p= 0.96). 172 pacientes (65.4%) recibieron manejo no operatorio. Las tasas de supervivencia calculadas y reales no difirieron entre ninguno de los grupos [Grupo 1: TRISS 86.4% vs. Tasa real de supervivencia 85% (p= 0.69); Grupo 2: TRISS 69% vs. Tasa real de supervivencia 74% (p= 0.25); Grupo 3: TRISS 93% vs. Tasa real de supervivencia 87% (p= 0.07)]. CONCLUSIÓN: Este nuevo protocolo de tomografía corporal total de un solo pase fue seguro, efectivo y eficiente para definir si los pacientes con trauma severo requieren o no una intervención quirúrgica. Su uso podría reducir la tasa de intervenciones quirúrgicas innecesarias en estos pacientes incluyendo los que se presentan con trauma penetrante.


Subject(s)
Multidetector Computed Tomography/methods , Multiple Trauma/diagnostic imaging , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/diagnostic imaging , Wounds, Penetrating/diagnostic imaging , Adult , Female , Humans , Injury Severity Score , Male , Middle Aged , Multidetector Computed Tomography/instrumentation , Multiple Trauma/mortality , Multiple Trauma/therapy , Survival Rate , Time Factors , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/mortality , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/therapy , Wounds, Penetrating/mortality , Wounds, Penetrating/therapy , Young Adult
14.
J Trauma Acute Care Surg ; 89(2): 311-319, 2020 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32345890

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is an emerging option for hemorrhage control, but its use is limited in scenarios such as penetrating chest trauma. The aim of this study was to describe the use of REBOA as a resuscitative adjunct in these cases with major hemorrhage and to propose a new clinical management algorithm. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study conducted at a single Level I trauma center in Colombia. We included all patients older than 14 years with severe trauma who underwent REBOA from January 2015 to December 2019. Patients received REBOA if they were in hemorrhagic shock and were unresponsive to resuscitation. RESULTS: A total of 56 patients underwent REBOA placement of which 37 had penetrating trauma and 23 had chest trauma. All patients were hemodynamically unstable upon arrival to the emergency department, with a median systolic blood pressure of 69 mm Hg (interquartile range [IQR], 57-90 mm Hg) and median Injury Severity Score was 25 (IQR, 25-41). All REBOAs were deployed and inflated in zone 1, median inflation time was 40 minutes (IQR, 26-55 minutes), and no adverse neurologic outcomes were observed. Fifteen patients had REBOA and a median sternotomy. Eleven patients had concomitant abdominal wounds. Overall mortality was 28.6%, and there was no significant difference between penetrating versus blunt trauma patients (21.6% vs. 42.1%, p = 0.11). The survival rate of thoracic injured patients was similar to the predicted survival (65.2% vs. 63.3%). CONCLUSION: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta can be used safely in penetrating chest trauma, and the implementation of a REBOA management algorithm is feasible with a well-trained multidisciplinary team. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, level V.


Subject(s)
Aorta/injuries , Balloon Occlusion , Clinical Protocols , Endovascular Procedures/methods , Shock, Hemorrhagic/therapy , Thoracic Injuries/complications , Wounds, Penetrating/complications , Abdominal Injuries/complications , Adult , Algorithms , Colombia , Emergency Service, Hospital , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , Trauma Severity Indices , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/complications , Young Adult
15.
Colomb Med (Cali) ; 51(4): e4044511, 2020 Dec 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33795899

ABSTRACT

Hemorrhagic shock and its complications are a major cause of death among trauma patients. The management of hemorrhagic shock using a damage control resuscitation strategy has been shown to decrease mortality and improve patient outcomes. One of the components of damage control resuscitation is hemostatic resuscitation, which involves the replacement of lost blood volume with components such as packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelets in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. However, this is a strategy that is not applicable in many parts of Latin America and other low-and-middle-income countries throughout the world, where there is a lack of well-equipped blood banks and an insufficient availability of blood products. To overcome these barriers, we propose the use of cold fresh whole blood for hemostatic resuscitation in exsanguinating patients. Over 6 years of experience in Ecuador has shown that resuscitation with cold fresh whole blood has similar outcomes and a similar safety profile compared to resuscitation with hemocomponents. Whole blood confers many advantages over component therapy including, but not limited to the transfusion of blood with a physiologic ratio of components, ease of transport and transfusion, less volume of anticoagulants and additives transfused to the patient, and exposure to fewer donors. Whole blood is a tool with reemerging potential that can be implemented in civilian trauma centers with optimal results and less technical demand.


El choque hemorrágico y sus complicaciones son la principal causa de muerte en los pacientes con trauma. La resucitación en control de daños ha demostrado una disminución en la mortalidad y mejoría en el manejo del paciente. La resucitación hemostática consiste en la recuperación del volumen con hemoderivados como glóbulos rojos, plasma, crioprecipitado y plaquetas, en proporciones de 1:1:1:1. Sin embargo, esta demanda de hemo componentes podría no aplicarse para toda Latinoamérica u otros países de medianos y bajos ingresos. Las principales barreras para la implementación de esta estrategia serían la escasa disponibilidad de bancos de sangre y de hemoderivados insuficientes para contar con un protocolo de transfusión masiva. Una propuesta para superar estas barreras es el uso de sangre total fresca fría para la resucitación hemostática de los pacientes exsanguinados. Ecuador ha sido pionero en la implementación de esta estrategia con una experiencia ya de seis años, en que han demostrado que la sangre total tiene ventajas sobre la terapia de hemo componentes incluyendo, pero no limitando, la trasfusión de sangre con una razón fisiológica de componentes, fácil transporte y transfusión, menor volumen de anticoagulantes y aditivos trasfundidos al paciente, y menor exposición a donantes. La sangre total es una herramienta con un potencial reemergente que puede ser implementado en centros de trauma civil con óptimos resultados y menor demanda técnica.


Subject(s)
Blood Transfusion , Hemostatic Techniques , Resuscitation/methods , Shock, Hemorrhagic/etiology , Shock, Hemorrhagic/therapy , Wounds and Injuries/complications , Humans , Injury Severity Score
16.
Colomb Med (Cali) ; 51(4): e4054362, 2020 Dec 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33795900

ABSTRACT

Trauma is a complex pathology that requires an experienced multidisciplinary team with an inherent quick decision-making capacity, given that a few minutes could represent a matter of life or death. These management decisions not only need to be quick but also accurate to be able to prioritize and to efficiently control the injuries that may be causing impending hemodynamic collapse. In essence, this is the cornerstone of the concept of damage control trauma care. With current technological advances, physicians have at their disposition multiple diagnostic imaging tools that can aid in this prompt decision-making algorithm. This manuscript aims to perform a literature review on this subject and to share the experience on the use of whole body computed tomography as a potentially safe, effective and efficient diagnostic tool in cases of severely injured trauma patients regardless of their hemodynamic status. Our general recommendation is that, when feasible, perform a whole body computed tomography without interrupting ongoing hemostatic resuscitation in cases of severely injured trauma patients with or without signs of hemodynamic instability. The use of this technology will aid in the decision-making of the best surgical approach for these patients without incurring any delay in definitive management and/or increasing significantly their radiation exposure.


El trauma es una compleja patología que requiere un equipo experimentado y multidisciplinario con una capacidad para la toma de decisiones Oportuna ya que en unos pocos minutos pueden representar la diferencia entre la vida y la muerte. Estas decisiones deben ser precisas para ser capaces de priorizar y controlar eficientemente las lesiones que puedan estar causando el compromiso hemodinámico. En esencia, este es el punto clave del concepto de control de daños en la atención del trauma. Con los nuevos avances tecnológicos, el equipo médico tiene a disposición múltiples herramientas imagenológicas de diagnóstico. Este artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura y descripción de la experiencia local con el uso de la tomografía corporal total como una herramienta diagnostica potencialmente segura, efectiva y eficiente en casos de pacientes con trauma severo sin importar su estado hemodinámico. La recomendación general, cuando sea posible, es que se debe realizar una tomografía corporal total sin interrumpir las maniobras de resucitación hemostática en casos de pacientes severamente traumatizados con o sin signos de inestabilidad hemodinámica. El uso de esta tecnología tiene como objetivo tomar decisiones pertinentes y definir el mejor abordaje quirúrgico para el paciente sin incurrir en tardanzas en el manejo definitivo o incrementar el tiempo de exposición a la radiación.


Subject(s)
Hemodynamics , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Wounds and Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Wounds and Injuries/physiopathology , Humans , Injury Severity Score , Wounds and Injuries/complications
17.
Colomb Med (Cali) ; 51(4): e4064506, 2020 Dec 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33795901

ABSTRACT

Noncompressible torso hemorrhage is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide. An efficient and appropriate evaluation of the trauma patient with ongoing hemorrhage is essential to avoid the development of the lethal diamond (hypothermia, coagulopathy, hypocalcemia, and acidosis). Currently, the initial management strategies include permissive hypotension, hemostatic resuscitation, and damage control surgery. However, recent advances in technology have opened the doors to a wide variety of endovascular techniques that achieve these goals with minimal morbidity and limited access. An example of such advances has been the introduction of the Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA), which has received great interest among trauma surgeons around the world due to its potential and versatility in areas such as trauma, gynecology & obstetrics and gastroenterology. This article aims to describe the experience earned in the use of REBOA in noncompressible torso hemorrhage patients. Our results show that REBOA can be used as a new component in the damage control resuscitation of the severely injured trauma patient. To this end, we propose two new deployment algorithms for hemodynamically unstable noncompressible torso hemorrhage patients: one for blunt and another for penetrating trauma. We acknowledge that REBOA has its limitations, which include a steep learning curve, its inherent cost and availability. Although to reach the best outcomes with this new technology, it must be used in the right way, by the right surgeon with the right training and to the right patient.


La hemorragia no compresible del torso es una de las principales causas de muerte prevenibles alrededor del mundo. Una evaluación eficiente y apropiada del paciente traumatizado con hemorragia activa es la esencia para evitar el desarrollo del rombo de la muerte (hipotermia, coagulopatía, hipocalcemia y acidosis). Actualmente, las estrategias de manejo inicial incluyen hipotensión permisiva, resucitación hemostática y cirugía de control de daños. Sin embargo, los recientes avances tecnológicos han abierto las puertas a una amplia variedad de técnicas endovasculares que logran esos objetivos con una morbilidad mínima y un acceso limitado. Un ejemplo de estos avances ha sido la introducción del balón de resucitación de oclusión aortica; REBOA ( Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta , por sus sigla en inglés ), el cual, ha tenido gran provecho entre los cirujanos de trauma alrededor del mundo debido a su potencial y versatilidad en áreas como trauma, ginecología y obstetricia, y gastroenterología. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la experiencia lograda en el uso del REBOA en pacientes con hemorragia no compresible del torso. Nuestros resultados muestran que el REBOA puede usarse como un nuevo actor en la resucitación de control de daños del paciente con trauma severo, para este fin, nosotros proponemos dos nuevos algoritmos para el manejo de pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables: uno para trauma cerrado y otro para trauma penetrante. Se reconoce que el REBOA tiene sus limitaciones, las cuales incluye un periodo de aprendizaje, su costo inherente y la disponibilidad. A pesar de esto, para lograr los mejores resultados con esta nueva tecnología, el REBOA debe ser usado en el momento correcto, por el cirujano correcto con el entrenamiento y el paciente correcto.


Subject(s)
Hemorrhage/therapy , Resuscitation/methods , Wounds and Injuries/therapy , Adult , Aorta , Balloon Occlusion , Female , Hemodynamics , Hemorrhage/etiology , Hemorrhage/physiopathology , Humans , Injury Severity Score , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Wounds and Injuries/complications , Wounds and Injuries/physiopathology , Young Adult
18.
Colomb Med (Cali) ; 51(4): e4134365, 2020 Dec 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33795903

ABSTRACT

The liver is the most commonly affected solid organ in cases of abdominal trauma. Management of penetrating liver trauma is a challenge for surgeons but with the introduction of the concept of damage control surgery accompanied by significant technological advancements in radiologic imaging and endovascular techniques, the focus on treatment has changed significantly. The use of immediately accessible computed tomography as an integral tool for trauma evaluations for the precise staging of liver trauma has significantly increased the incidence of conservative non-operative management in hemodynamically stable trauma victims with liver injuries. However, complex liver injuries accompanied by hemodynamic instability are still associated with high mortality rates due to ongoing hemorrhage. The aim of this article is to perform an extensive review of the literature and to propose a management algorithm for hemodynamically unstable patients with penetrating liver injury, via an expert consensus. It is important to establish a multidisciplinary approach towards the management of patients with penetrating liver trauma and hemodynamic instability. The appropriate triage of these patients, the early activation of an institutional massive transfusion protocol, and the early control of hemorrhage are essential landmarks in lowering the overall mortality of these severely injured patients. To fear is to fear the unknown, and with the management algorithm proposed in this manuscript, we aim to shed light on the unknown regarding the management of the patient with a severely injured liver.


El hígado es el órgano solido más comúnmente lesionado en casos de trauma abdominal. El manejo del trauma penetrante hepático es un dilema para los cirujanos. Sin embargo, con la introducción del concepto de la cirugía de control de daños y los avances tecnológicos en imagenología y técnicas endovasculares han permitido que el enfoque del tratamiento cambie. La disponibilidad inmediata de la tomografía computarizada permite estadificar el grado de la lesión e incrementar la posibilidad de un manejo conservador en pacientes hemodinámicamente estables con trauma hepático. El trauma hepático severo que se asocia con inestabilidad hemodinámica tiene una alta mortalidad debido a la hemorragia activa. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer un algoritmo de manejo producto de un consenso de expertos acerca del abordaje de los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables con trauma hepático penetrante. El manejo debe ser por parte de un equipo multidisciplinario que comienza desde la evaluación inicial de los pacientes, la activación temprana de protocolo de transfusión masiva y el control temprano de la hemorragia, siendo estos aspectos esenciales para disminuir la mortalidad. El miedo a lo desconocido es el dilema quirúrgico donde existen pocas opciones y es imperante decisiones rápidas y oportunas; por esta razón, se propone dar una luz de guía sobre lo desconocido respecto al manejo del paciente con trauma hepático severo.


Subject(s)
Liver/injuries , Liver/surgery , Wounds, Penetrating/surgery , Decision Trees , Humans
19.
Rev. colomb. cir ; 35(1): 84-92, 2020. tab, fig
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1095477

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La tomografía corporal (TC) total en la evaluación de pacientes con trauma grave, puede ser una herramienta eficaz y segura para decidir entre un tratamiento quirúrgico y uno no quirúrgico, pero aún no son claras las implicaciones diagnósticas y los riesgos asociados con esta técnica.Métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 15 años con trauma grave que fueron sometidos a TC total. Se evaluaron la seguridad, la efectividad y la eficiencia por medio de los parámetros de incidencia de nefropatía inducida por los medios de contraste, dosis total de radiación por paciente, proporción de casos en los que la TC total cambió el manejo, y el retraso en el diagnóstico. Resultados. Se incluyeron 263 pacientes, 83 % sufrieron trauma cerrado y 17 % sufrieron trauma penetrante. La gravedad de la lesión fue mayor en estos últimos y, sin embargo, el trauma cerrado con inestabilidad hemodinámica se presentó con mayores grados de choque. El 65 % de los pacientes recibió tratamiento selectivo no operatorio. Entre los subgrupos, no hubo diferencias significativas en el tiempo entre el ingreso a la sala de urgencias y la toma de la TC total (p=0,96) y, en la mayoría de los casos, el tiempo entre la práctica de la TC total y el diagnóstico de presencia o ausencia de heridas fue menor de 25 minutos. La mediana de radiación total estuvo por debajo de 20 mSv en todos los grupos. No hubo diferencias significativas en la mortalidad (p=0,17). Conclusión. La TC total es una herramienta segura y eficiente para decidir entre un tratamiento quirúrgico y uno no quirúrgico en los casos de trauma grave, independientemente del mecanismo de la lesión o la estabilidad hemodinámica al ingreso


Introduction: Total body tomography (CT) in the evaluation of patients with severe trauma may be an effective and safe tool to decide between a surgical or non-operative management, but the diagnostic implications and risks associated with this technique are still unclear.Methods: Patients older than 15 years with severe trauma who underwent total CT were included. Safety, effectiveness and efficiency were evaluated through the parameters of incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy, total radiation dose per patient, proportion of cases in which the total CT changed the management, and the delay in the diagnosis.Results: 263 patients were included, 83% presented with blunt trauma and 17% with penetrating trauma. The severity of the injury was higher in the latter, however, the blunt trauma with hemodynamic instability presented with higher degrees of shock. Non-operative management was selected in 65% of patients. Among the subgroups, there was no significant difference in the time between admission to the emergency room and taking the total CT (p=0.96), and in most cases, the time between the total CT and the diagnosis of presence or absence of injury was less than 25 minutes. The median total radiation was below than 20 mSv in all groups. There were no significant difference in mortality (p=0.170. Conclusion: Total CT is a safe and efficient tool to decide between a surgical and a non-operative management in patients with severe trauma, regardless of the mechanism of injury or hemodynamic stability at admission


Subject(s)
Humans , Wounds and Injuries , Tomography , Diagnosis , Conservative Treatment
20.
Rev. colomb. cir ; 35(3): 455-463, 2020. fig, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1123199

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si la laparotomía de control de daños con ligadura y reconstrucción intestinal diferida, en pacientes con peritonitis secundaria a compromiso de víscera hueca, reduce el número de ostomías. Métodos. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes menores de 18 años de edad que ingresaron a la clínica con sospecha de peritonitis de origen no traumático y que se sometieron a laparotomía entre enero del 2003 y diciembre del 2018. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas, comorbilidades, escalas de gravedad fisiológica, técnicas de reconstrucción intestinal y resultados clínicos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 306 pacientes, distribuidos en tres grupos: 1) 120 (39,2 %) sometidos a resección y anastomosis, 2) 87 (28,4 %) sometidos a ostomía, y 3) 99 (32,3 %) sometidos inicialmente a ligadura intestinal. Los pacientes sometidos a ligadura intestinal presentaron mayor compromiso fisiológico al ingreso a la unidad de cuidado intensivo, con puntuación APACHE II: 14 (rango intercuartílico, RIC=10-18) en el grupo 1, 13 (RIC=11-18) en el grupo 2, y 18 (RIC=14-24) en el grupo 3 (p<0,01). Sin embargo, más de la mitad se reconstruyeron en la siguiente laparotomía: anastomosis mecánica (16/99; 16,1 %), anastomosis manual (49/99; 49,5 %), ostomía (34/99; 34,3 %). Además, estos pacientes sometidos a ligadura intestinal tuvieron un número significativamente mayor de nuevas laparotomías, y de días de asistencia respiratoria mecánica, de estancia en la unidad de cuidado intensivo y de estancia hospitalaria. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la mortalidad entre los subgrupos: (grupo 1=19 (15,8 %), grupo 2=16 (18,4 %), grupo 3=19 (19,2 %) (p=0,79). Conclusión. En este estudio, se logró evitar la ostomía como técnica de reconstrucción definitiva en más de la mitad de los pacientes con peritonitis que se sometieron a laparotomía de control de daños con ligadura intestinal


Introduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the damage control laparotomy with ligation and delayed intestinal reconstruction (DR), in patients with peritonitis secondary to compromised hollow viscera, reduces the number of ostomies.Methods. All patients under 18 years of age who entered the clinic with suspected non-traumatic peritonitis and who underwent laparotomy between January 2003 and December 2018 were included. Sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, severity scales physiological, intestinal reconstruction techniques and clinical results were evaluated.Results. A total of 306 patients were included, divided into three groups: 1) 120 (39.2 %) underwent resection and anastomosis, 2) 87 (28.4 %) underwent ostomy, and 3) 99 (32.3 %) underwent initial to intestinal ligation. Patients undergoing intestinal ligation presented greater physiological compromise upon admission to the intensive care unit, with an APACHE II score: 14 (interquartile range, IQR= 10-18) in group 1, 13 (IQR = 11-18) in the group 2, and 18 (IQR = 14-24) in group 3 (p<0.01). However, more than half were reconstructed in the following laparotomy: mechanical anastomosis (16/99; 16.1 %), manual anastomosis (49/99; 49.5 %), ostomy (34/99; 34.3 %). Also, they had a significantly greater number of new laparotomies, and of days of mechanical respiratory assistance, of stay in the intensive care unit and of hospital stay. There were no statistically significant differences in mortality between the subgroups: group 1= 19 (15.8 %), group 2= 16 (18.4 %), group 3= 19 (19.2 %) (p= 0.79). Conclusion. In this study, it was possible to avoid the ostomy as the definitive reconstruction technique in more than half of the patients with peritonitis who underwent damage control laparotomy with intestinal ligation


Subject(s)
Humans , Laparotomy , Peritonitis , Ostomy , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
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