Mental Health and Suicidal Behaviour in Chilean Youth during the Covid-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus led to a series of containment and mitigation measures through lockdowns, social distancing, and the closure of educational establishments, which have had a profound impact on the mental health of the adolescent population. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the present study has been to identify the sociodemographic and mental health variables related to suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts in young people participating in outpatient intervention projects within the Chilean protection network since the onset of the pandemic and the strictest lockdowns. METHOD: The study's sample consists of 125 young people aged 14 to 18 years (M = 15.65; SD = 1.22), participating in outpatient intervention projects within the National Service for Minors (SENAME)/Better Childhood protection network. Through a self-report survey, the young participants provided responses on sociodemographic variables and suicidal behaviour (ideation, planning, and attempts). RESULTS: 29.9% of the participants reported suicidal ideation during the onset of the pandemic and the established lockdowns; 29.2% reported having devised a plan to do so, and 18.2% indicated having attempted suicide during the evaluated period. A higher occurrence of suicidal behaviour was observed in females, sexual minorities, respondents over 15 years old, and respondents presenting depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on suicidal behaviour among the adolescent population served by the protection network in Chile. The prior violation of their rights may have contributed to the issue, particularly affecting young females in late adolescence with indicators of depression, who require specialized intervention due to the high risk detected.

Child Sexual Abuse within the Catholic Church in Spain: A Descriptive Analysis of its Characteristics and Long-Term Impact.

Sexual abuse within the Catholic Church is a serious social issue and a significant public health problem that has caused extensive harm worldwide. In 2022, an independent commission was established in Spain to investigate sexual abuse within the Church. The commission gathered data from 334 victims (82.3% men, 17.7% women), who were predominantly aged between 55 and 74 years old (62.5%). A majority of victims (71.0%) endured sexual abuse involving physical contact, while 21% reported instances of oral, anal, or vaginal penetration. Over half of the victims (57.5%) reported emotional and behavioral issues, as well as functional problems, problems in relationships, sexuality, and cognition, and attributed these difficulties to the abuse. The majority of participants (79.0%) had disclosed the abuse before the study, with the Church taking action in 45.8% of cases. Approximately 8.4% of victims reported the perpetrator was relocated, while 16.2% described institutional efforts to conceal the abuse. In conclusion, victims of sexual abuse within the Catholic Church in Spain faced consequences that had a significant impact on their lives, exacerbated by lack of societal recognition and a prevalent dynamic of cover-up and concealment by the Church.

Posttraumatic growth, spiritual damage, and psychosocial and mental health problems in survivors of clergy-perpetrated child sexual abuse: A mixed methods approach.

INTRODUCTION: Although clergy-perpetrated child sexual abuse (CSA) implies severe traumatic repercussions for the victims, they may also experience posttraumatic growth (PTG) deriving from the need to deal with the trauma suffered. This PTG is associated with the processes of recovery, healing, and empowerment. OBJECTIVE: Applying a mixed methods approach to analyse PTG outcomes and to explore experiences of PTG in survivors of Spanish clergy-perpetrated CSA and its relation with psychosocial, mental and spiritual suffering. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-one survivors (M = 51.6 years; SD = 12.4) in the quantitative stage of the research, and seven (M = 49.3; SD = 8.9) in the qualitative stage. METHODS: A sequential explanatory mixed methods study design was applied using standardized questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Descriptive, correlation and thematic analyses were conducted. The quantitative and qualitative data were integrated. RESULTS: Positive associations were found between PTG and psychosocial and mental health problems (r = 0.53; p < .01), damage to faith in God (r = 0.43; p < .05) and damage to faith in the Church (r = 0.48; p < .01). Three themes emerged from the qualitative data that explained, expanded, and complemented the quantitative results, highlighting the relationship between damage and growth and the specific meanings of PTG from the perspectives of the survivors. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that survivors may develop PTG in the course of the processes of psychological suffering, spiritual transformation, and meaning-making of traumatic experiences.

Patterns of adverse childhood experiences and associations with lower mental well-being among university students.

BACKGROUND: University students report high levels of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which can lead to severe mental health problems. Understanding how ACEs impact well-being in this population is essential, yet research to date is limited. OBJECTIVE: To explore ACE patterns and their association with lower well-being in university students. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 1023 Spanish students (71.6 % female) aged between 18 and 64 years old (M = 20.10, SD = 3.93) completed a self-report questionnaire. METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional design. The ACE International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) and the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale were used to assess, respectively, childhood adversities and mental well-being. Latent Class Analysis and regression modeling were conducted to analyze the link between ACEs and lower mental well-being, considering the covariates of age, country of origin, sexual orientation, and mental illness. RESULTS: Four ACE classes were identified: Low ACEs (49.5 %), Dysfunctional Household (12.3 %), Household and Peer Abuse (31.0 %), and High ACEs (7.2 %). The regression analysis (F(3, 1007) = 19.2, p < .001, R2adj = 0.054) successfully predicted well-being scores based on ACE classes. When compared with the Low ACE class, all other classes exhibited lower levels of well-being. Age, sexual orientation, and mental illness were also related to lower well-being, with mental illness having the strongest negative effect (ß = -0.635, t(1015) = -6.49, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the relationship between childhood adversity and mental health, offering insights for future prevention efforts and enriching our understanding of ACEs and their impact on well-being.

Better at home or in residential care? Victimization of people with intellectual disabilities at the hands of caregivers.

BACKGROUND: People with intellectual disabilities often need assistance of some kind in their everyday life. Support needs can increase the risk of their victimization at the hands of professional and family caregivers. This paper explores the differences in caregiver victimization between participants living in residential care settings and those who are not. METHOD: A sample of 260 adults (59.2 % men) with an intellectual disability diagnosis were assessed using an adaptation of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire comparing prevalence, sum and variety scores. RESULTS: More than half of the sample (59.2 %) experienced some form of caregiver victimization throughout their lifetime, with physical abuse, verbal abuse, and neglect being the most frequently reported forms. Participants in residential care settings experienced significantly more caregiver victimization incidents and a broader range of victimization forms than their counterparts outside residential care. Significant differences were found based on the individuals' place of residence and gender. Details are provided on the last victimization incident, the perpetrator, the psychological and physical consequences of the victimization, and the reporting rates. CONCLUSIONS: This study outlines high rates of lifetime caregiver victimization, with those who live in residential care settings at particular risk. Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the nuances of caregiver victimization and to prevent abuse in caregiving contexts.

Exploring the Meanings of Posttraumatic Growth in Spanish Survivors of Clergy-Perpetrated Child Sexual Abuse: A Phenomenological Approach.

A healing and recovery perspective related to child sexual abuse (CSA) has gained attention in the past two decades, a concept that accurately refers to the process is posttraumatic growth (PTG). Scarce empirical research on PTG in clergy-perpetrated CSA survivors shows evidence of the presence of growth after the abusive experience and a tendency to create accounts of trauma as a way to heal. The general aim of the study is to explore the experiences and meanings of PTG as lived by survivors of clergy-perpetrated CSA. Seven clergy-perpetrated CSA survivors were interviewed with semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted in person. Using reflexive thematic analysis, we identified three dominant themes in the participants' stories: (a) the hindering of PTG; (b) the meanings of PTG, and (c) the internal and contextual and facilitators of PTG. The present study brings new insights into the meanings of PTG, the close relationship between damage and growth, and the mechanisms (both internal and contextual) that are involved in healing from clergy-perpetrated CSA in Spanish culture.

El Coste Social de la Violencia Contra la Infancia y la Adolescencia / The Social Cost of Violence Against Children and Youth

El objetivo de la presente revisión es analizar, mediante las estimaciones realizadas en estudios previos, los costes de atención médica, física y mental, las pérdidas de productividad, los costes para el sistema de protección infantil y los costes para el sistema de justicia penal de la violencia contra la infancia y la adolescencia, con especial énfasis en la violencia sexual. Los estudios revisados confirman que la violencia en etapas tempranas del desarrollo se asocia con un mayor uso de los servicios de salud y de otros recursos, que suponen una importante inversión pública a tener en cuenta. Estos trabajos presentan limitaciones que derivan de los datos incompletos o poco fiables incluidos respecto a la mortalidad y la morbilidad vinculadas a la violencia contra la infancia y que suponen estimaciones variables de sus costes, que oscilan en España de 17 mil millones de euros para las experiencias adversas en la infancia, a cerca de 1.000 millones de euros para la violencia sexual. Es necesario disponer de datos fiables sobre los costes de la violencia en la infancia para tomar decisiones mejor informadas sobre la inversión económica en su prevención y tratamiento, así como concienciar sobre su escala e impacto.(AU)

The aim of this narrative review is to analyze, through the estimates made in previous studies, the costs of medical, physical, and mental care, productivity losses, costs for the child protection system, and costs for the criminal justice system of violence against children and youth, with special emphasis on sexual violence. The reviewed studies confirm that violence in early stages of development is associated with greater use of health services and other resources, which represent a significant public investment that must be taken into account. These works have limitations that derive from the incomplete or unreliable data included regarding mortality and morbidity related to violence against children and that imply variable estimates of their costs, which in Spain range from 17 billion euros for adverse childhood experiences to around €1 billion for sexual violence. Reliable data on the costs of violence against children is needed to make better-informed decisions about financial investment in its prevention and treatment, as well as to raise awareness of its scale and impact.(AU)

Consecuencias de la explotación de los niños y niñas mediante su uso como soldados / Consequences of the exploitation of children using them as soldiers

Consecuencias de la explotación de los niños y niñas mediante su uso como soldados. La explotación de losniños como soldados es una violación de sus derechos y una grave forma de violencia institucional que ha idoaumentando en los últimos años y ante la que la comunidad internacional debe actuar. Un primer paso es reconocera estos niños como víctimas, más allá de juzgarlos como victimarios de los crímenes más atroces. A su vez, conocerlas consecuencias que sobre el desarrollo físico, afectivo, cognitivo y social tiene esta explotación es importantepara los profesionales clínicos que, en un mundo globalizado, pueden tener que tratar a estos niños y las múltiplesmanifestaciones psicopatológicas que presentan derivadas de sus experiencias de trauma complejo. En esta revisiónnarrativa, se presenta una integración crítica de los principales efectos de la explotación como soldados en los niños,así como se apunta a aquellas líneas y programas de intervención que se están aplicando en su tratamiento.(AU)

Consequences of the exploitation of children using them as soldiers. The exploitation of children as soldiers is aviolation of their rights and a serious form of institutional violence that has been increasing in recent years and againstwhich the international community must act. A first step is to recognize these children as victims, beyond judgingthem as perpetrators of the most heinous crimes. In turn, knowing the consequences of this exploitation on physical,affective, cognitive and social development is important for clinicians who, in a globalized world, may have to treatthese children and the multiple psychopathological manifestations they present as a result of their experiences ofcomplex trauma. In this narrative review, a critical integration of the main effects of exploitation as soldiers on childrenis presented, as well as pointing to those lines and programs of intervention that are being applied in their treatment.(AU)

Conseqüències de l'explotació dels nens i nenes com a soldats. L'explotació dels nens com a soldats és unaviolació dels seus drets i una forma greu de violència institucional que ha anat augmentant els darrers anys idavant la qual la comunitat internacional ha d'actuar. Un primer pas és reconèixer aquests nens com a víctimes,més enllà de jutjar-los com a victimaris dels crims més atroços. Alhora, conèixer les conseqüències que sobre eldesenvolupament físic, afectiu, cognitiu i social té aquesta explotació és important per als professionals clínicsque, en un món globalitzat, poden haver de tractar aquests nens i les múltiples manifestacions psicopatològiquesque presenten derivades de les seves experiències de trauma complex. En aquesta revisió narrativa es presentauna integració crítica dels principals efectes de l'explotació com a soldats en els infants, així com també s'apuntenles línies i els programes d'intervenció que s'estan aplicant en el tractament.(AU)

Victimización sexual en la primera infancia: Una revisión narrativa deaspectos clínicos / Sexual victimization in early childhood: A narrative review of clinical aspects

Existe un gran desconocimiento profesional sobre la victimización sexual en la denominada primera infancia o etapa preescolar. La presente revisión pretende ofrecer un marco teórico sólido para los profesionales del ámbito victimológico sobre las experiencias de victimización sexual con muestras de niños y niñas de hasta 6 años de edad. Los temas tratados incluyen la epidemiología del problema, las características de la victimización, las consecuencias que conlleva para el niño o niña la experiencia de victimización y su intervención en la primera infancia. Los estudios revisados permiten concluir que se trata de un problema más frecuente de lo que generalmente se presupone, pero del que realmente se desconoce su magnitud, con graves consecuencias para sus víctimas y cuya intervención debe centrarse en el modelo de la terapia cognitivo-conductual centrada en el trauma ya que es sobre el que existe más evidencia empírica en este grupo de edad.(AU)

There is a significant lack of research and knowledge regarding sexual victimization in the early childhood or preschool developmental stage. The present review aims to offer a solid theoretical framework for professionals in the victimology field on the experiences of sexual victimization of boys and girls up to 6 years of age. The topics covered include the epidemiology of the problem, the characteristics of victimization, the consequences that the experience of victimization in the preschool stage implies for the victim, and intervention in early childhood. The studies included in the review allow us to conclude that sexual victimization of preschoolers is a more frequent problem than it is generally assumed, but one whose magnitude is truly unknown, with serious consequences for the victims. Intervention should concentrate on trauma focused cognitive-behavioral therapy since it has the most empirical evidence for this age group.(AU)

How the COVID-19 pandemic hit crime in Barcelona: Analysis of variation in crime trends.

Objectives: To compare the observed and forecasted crime trends in Barcelona, using crime statistics from January 2018 to March 2021. Methods: We trained (seasonal) auto-regressive integrated moving average modelling (95% confidence intervals) using daily recorded crimes from January 2018 to February 2020. These models were then used to forecast crime data from March 2020 to March 2021 across four periods (lockdown, summer, fall and winter). Crime data were organized into two categories: property (burglary, theft) and violent crimes (robbery, assault, domestic violence and sexual offenses [rape, assault or abuse]). Results: Overall, crime levels for property and violent crimes during lockdown declined sharply from the forecasted levels. Theft, burglary, assault, robbery and sexual offenses exhibited general decreases throughout the study period, with the same sharp declines during the lockdown, progressive recovery in the summer, and steady or slight reductions from fall to March 2021. Only domestic violence differed, reaching the forecasted levels for all periods and surpassing the forecast for summer 2020. Conclusions: Our findings show how the pandemic has affected mid-term crime trends. They help to place the measures applied in the last year into context and to determine the most suitable policies to reduce crime during societal change.

Prevalencia de experiencias adversas y victimización en personas adultas con trastorno mental grave en Barcelona / Prevalence of adverse and victimization experiences in adult people with severe mental illness in Barcelona

Objetivo: Conocer la extensión y las características de las experiencias adversas y de victimización en una muestra de personas adultas con un trastorno mental grave residentes en la ciudad de Barcelona. Método: Estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y transversal. Las experiencias adversas y de victimización se evaluaron a partir de 26 ítems del Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-IQ), el cual se amplió para incluir experiencias acontecidas en la edad adulta. Se entrevistó a 74 personas con trastorno mental grave (edad media: 42,03 años; desviación estándar: 9,60). Resultados: Todas las personas entrevistadas reportaron haber vivido como mínimo dos victimizaciones a lo largo de su vida. Las más frecuentes fueron los delitos comunes (87,8%) y la victimización por parte de los cuidadores principales (86,5%). Las mujeres presentaban casi 13 veces más probabilidades de sufrir victimización sexual que los hombres a lo largo de la vida (odds ratio: 12,75; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 4,19-38,71). Antes de los 18 años destaca la alta prevalencia de violencia física por parte de los cuidadores principales (52,7%) y el abuso sexual infantil (32,4%). Conclusiones: La victimización sufrida por las personas con un trastorno mental grave es un problema extendido que ha recibido muy poca atención. Los resultados de este estudio son coherentes con los obtenidos en investigaciones previas y ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de trasladar estos conocimientos a la práctica médica, teniéndolos en cuenta para desarrollar tratamientos con un abordaje integral de la salud mental.(AU)

Objective: To describe the extension of the adverse experiences, including victimization, lived in childhood and adulthood in a sample of people with severe mental illness residing in Barcelona, Spain. Method: Descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study. Adverse and victimization experiences were assessed using 26 items from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Items were included obtain information regarding victimization during adulthood. Seventy-four people with severe mental illness were interviewed (median age: 42.03 years; standard deviation: 9.60). Results: All participants reported at least two victimization experiences throughout their lifetime. The most frequent experiences were conventional crimes (87.8%) and victimization by caregivers (86.5%). Before age 18, half of the participants reported having experienced physical violence by their caregivers (52.7%) and almost one out of three reported to have been victim of sexual abuse (32.4%). Women were almost 13 times more likely to experience sexual victimization than men throughout their lifetime (odds ratio: 12.75; 95% confidence interval: 4.19–38.71). Conclusions: Victimization experienced by people with severe mental illness is a widespread problem that has received little attention. The results of this study are consistent with those obtained in previous investigations and underscore the need to translate this knowledge into medical practice into medical practice, considering them in order to develop treatments with a comprehensive approach to mental health.(AU)

Experiencias de victimización electrónica en adolescentes españoles de la población general y contextos de riesgo / Experiences of electronic victimization in Spanish adolescents from the general population and risk contexts

El presente trabajo pretende mostrar las diferencias de ocurrencia de victimización electrónica en el último año, entre cuatro muestras diferentes de adolescentes españoles. Asimismo, busca estudiar si existe relación entre haber sufrido victimización electrónica y otras formas de victimización y si las cibervíctimas muestran diferencias según sexo y grupo de edad. Se entrevistaron 1.105 adolescentes de educación secundaria, 149 de salud mental infantojuvenil, 129 del sistema de protección, y 101 del sistema de justicia juvenil. Las experiencias de victimización se evaluaron mediante el “Cuestionario de victimización juvenil” (Finkelhor et al., 2005). La victimización electrónica osciló entre 8,9% en la muestra escolar, 16,8% en salud mental, 25,7% en el sistema de justicia juvenil y 27,1% en el de protección. Se encontró una relación positiva entre victimización electrónica y otras formas de victimización en centros educativos, de protección y de justicia. Por otra parte, las chicas tuvieron mayor probabilidad de sufrir victimización electrónica en las muestras de salud mental y centros escolares. En conclusión, la victimización electrónica se distribuye de manera diferencial según la procedencia de los adolescentes. (AU)

The present work aims to show the differences in the prevalence of electronic victimization in the last year, between four different samples of Spanish adolescents. Likewise, it seeks to study whether there is a relationship between having suffered electronic victimization and other forms of victimization and whether cyber-victims show differences according to sex and age group. 1,105 adolescents from secondary education centers, 149 from child and adolescent mental health centers, 129 from the protection system, and 101 from the juvenile justice system were interviewed. Victimization experiences were assessed using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (Finkelhor et al., 2005). Electronic victimization ranged from 8.9% in the school sample, 16.8% in mental health, 25.7% in the juvenile justice system and 27.1% in the protection system. A positive relationship was found between electronic victimization and other forms of victimization in educational, protection and justice centers. Besides, girls were more likely to experience electronic victimization in the mental health and school samples. In conclusion, electronic victimization is distributed differentially according to the adolescents’ provenance group. (AU)

Ideación y conducta suicida en adolescentes españoles durante la pandemia COVID-19: Un estudio exploratorio / Suicidal ideation and behaviour in Spanish adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: An exploratory study

Introducción: La pandemia derivada del SARS-CoV-2 y susmedidas de contención, principalmente el distanciamientofísico y el aislamiento, están teniendo consecuenciasperjudiciales para la salud mental de la poblacióninfantojuvenil en todo el mundo.Objetivo. El objetivo fue identificar aquellas variablessociodemográficas, de victimización y de resiliencia asociadascon la conducta suicida en adolescentes españoles desde elinicio de la pandemia.Metodología. La muestra la configuran 163 adolescentes,de 14 a 17 años (M = 15,81; DT = 1,03). Los participantescompletaron la escala DetectaWeb-Distress, el JuvenileVictimization Questionnaire y el Adolescent ResilienceQuestionnaire para la evaluación de la tendencia al suicidio,la victimización y la resiliencia, respectivamente.Resultados. Un 20,8% del total de participantes expresaronhaber pensado en quitarse la vida desde el inicio delconfinamiento. Otro 22,6% expresó haber pensado en algúnmétodo para hacerlo. Por último, un 7,4% expresó haberintentado quitarse la vida. Las víctimas de victimizaciónpsicológica tuvieron cinco veces más posibilidades depresentar conducta suicida y, por el contrario, recibir apoyodel entorno confirió resistencia ante el suicidio.Conclusiones. Este estudio ofrece evidencia preliminar deque la pandemia COVID-19 puede estar contribuyendo ala conducta suicida en adolescentes españoles. Si bien aúnes pronto para reconocer con seguridad la profunda huella de la pandemia en diferentes ámbitos y, en particular, enlas muertes autoprovocadas, es incuestionable que la crisisde salud ha revelado la urgente necesidad de diseñar eimplementar planes de prevención del suicidio. (AU)

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and its relatedcontainment measures, mainly physical distancingand isolation, are having detrimental consequences onthe mental health of the juvenile infant populationworldwide. Objective. The objective was to identify thosesociodemographic variables, victimization and resilienceassociated with suicidal behavior in Spanish adolescentssince the beginning of the pandemic.Method. The sample was comprised by 163 adolescents, aged14 to 17 years (M = 15.81; SD = 1.03). Participants completedThe DetectaWeb-Distress scale, the Juvenile VictimizationQuestionnaire, and the Adolescent Resilience Questionnairefor assessment of suicidality, victimization and resilience,respectively.Results. 20.8% of the total participants expressed havingthought about taking their own lives since the beginningof the confinement. Another 22.6% expressed havingthought of some form or method to kill themselves. Finally,7.4% expressed having tried to kill themselves. Victims ofpsychological abuse were five times more likely to presentsuicidal behavior and, on the contrary, to receive supportfrom the environment confirmed resistance to suicide Conclusions. This study offers preliminary evidence thatthe COVID-19 pandemic may be contributing to suicidalbehaviors in Spanish adolescents. Although it is still tooearly to safely recognize the deep footprint of the pandemicin different areas and, in particular, in self-caused death, it isunquestionable that the health crisis has revealed the urgentneed to design and implement suicide prevention plans. (AU)

Detección de la explotación sexual en la infancia y la adolescenciamediante la evaluación de indicadores de riesgo en España / Detection of Child Sexual Exploitation Through the Evaluation of Risk Indica- tors in Spain

La explotación sexual infantil y adolescente en España es un problema que requiere de una detección temprana de susvíctimas. Son escasas las herramientas que permitan llevar a cabo esta detección y no se dispone de ninguna en lenguaespañola. En este estudio se presenta una herramienta para la valoración del riesgo de sufrir explotación sexual enmenores desde los 11 años mediante la selección de aquellos indicadores que mejor la predicen. A partir de una revisiónsistemática de publicaciones en Europa, se preparó una batería de indicadores, los cuales fueron estudiados y filtradosen una consulta a expertos mediante panel Delphi para generar el primer instrumento que fue sometido a valoración enuna segunda fase de consulta con profesionales considerados como pares. El diseño final se acabó de perfilar por cuatroexpertos de universidades españolas. La herramienta de detección del riesgo de explotación sexual en la infancia yadolescencia EDR-ESIA ha demostrado ser un buen instrumento de detección y cribado, para su aplicación en servicioseducativos, de atención primaria de salud y servicios sociales de nuestro país.(AU)

Child sexual exploitation in Spain is a problem that requires the early detection of victims. There are few tools thatenable this detection, and none are available in Spanish. This study presents a tool for assessing the risk of sufferingsexual exploitation in minors from 11 years of age, by selecting the indicators that best predict it. Based on a systematicreview of publications in Europe, a battery of indicators was prepared, then studied and filtered via consultation withexperts using a Delphi panel to create the first instrument, which was then evaluated in a second phase consultationwith professionals considered as peers. The final construct was completed by four experts from Spanish universities.The tool for detecting the risk of sexual exploitation in childhood and adolescence, EDR-ESIA, has proven to be a gooddetection and screening instrument, for application in educational services, primary health care, and social services.(AU)

Explotación sexual comercial infantil y adolescente: una aproximación a la situación en España / Commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents: an approach to the situation in spain

La explotación sexual comercial infantil y adolescente (ESCIA) es un problema especialmente frecuente en niños, niñas y adolescentes con medidas jurídicas de protección. Esta forma de victimización sexual, que recoge otras múltiples formas de violencia, no sólo está presente en países envías de desarrollo. En España, únicamente contamos con los datos obtenidos por la Comisión de Expertos de Mallorca en 2020. Se presentan las respuestas de 67 adolescentes, entre 13 y 18 años, en centros residenciales del sistema de protección, sobre sus conocimientos y experiencias respecto a la ESCIA. Los resultados indican que se trata de un problema conocido y ante el cual demandan más educación y protección. Aluden a motivos diversos para implicarse en él, pero todos ellos pueden situarse dentro de la pirámide del sexo por supervivencia. El uso de las TIC aparece como un importante factor de riesgo a tener en cuenta en programas de prevención. (AU)

Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is a problem that is highly prevalent in children and adolescents under legal protection. However, thisform of sexual victimization, which includes multiple other forms of violence, is not only present in developing countries. In Spain we only have the data obtained by the Expert Commission from Mallorca in 2020. The responses of a sample of 67 adolescents between 13 and 18 years old from residentialcenters in Mallorca about their knowledge and experiences regarding CSEC are presented. The results indicate that CSEC is a known problem. These adolescents also demand more education and protection. They allude to various reasons for engaging in this type of behavior, although all of them canbe placed in the pyramid of survival sex. The use of ICT appears as an important risk factor to take into account in prevention programs. (AU)

Polivictimización, resiliencia y conductas suicidas en adolescentes atendidos por el sistema de protección y justicia juvenil en Cataluña / Poly-victimization, resilience and suicidal behaviour in adolescents assisted by the Catalan juvenile protection and justice system / Polivictimització, resiliència i conductes suïcides en adolescents atesos pel sistema de protecció i justícia juvenil a Catalunya

Este estudio busca analizar la relación entre la polivictimización, los factores de resiliencia y las conductas suicidas (ideación suicida y/o comportamiento de autolesión) en un grupo de 227 (145 varones y 82 mujeres) adolescentes atendidos por el sistema de protección y justicia juvenil español. Con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 17 años (M = 15,26; DT = 1,54). Los resultados indicaron que un 39,6 % de los adolescentes informaron haber presentado conductas suicidas de algún tipo en los últimos seis meses. Se hallaron diferencias en cuanto al tipo de centro, a la edad y al género. La polivictimización fue un predictor significativo de las conductas suicidas, y los factores de resiliencia asociados al individuo contribuyen a reducir el riesgo de conductas suicidas

This study aims at analysing the relationship between poly-victimization, resilience factors and suicidal behaviour (suicidal ideation and/or self-injurious behaviour) in a group of 227 teenagers (145 Male and 82 Female), assisted by the Spanish juvenile protection and justice system. They were aged between 12 and 17 (M = 15,26; TD = 1,54). The results indicated that 39.6 % of the adolescents had reported having had some kind of suicidal behaviour in the last six months. We noticed differences depending on their reception centre, their age and gender. Poly-victimization was a significant predictor of suicidal behaviour. The resilience factors contribute to reducing the risk of suicidal behaviour

Aquest estudi busca analitzar la relació entre la polivictimització, els factors de resiliència I les conductes suïcides (ideació suïcida I / o comportament d'autolesió) en un grup de 227 (145 homes I 82 dones) adolescents atesos pel sistema de protecció I justícia juvenil espanyol, amb edats compreses entre els 12 I els 17 anys (M = 15,26; DT = 1,54). Els resultats van indicar que un 39,6 % dels adolescents van informar haver presentat conductes suïcides d'algun tipus en els últims sis mesos. Es van trobar diferències quant al tipus de centre, a l'edat I al gènere. La polivictimització va ser un predictor significatiu de les conductes suïcides, I els factors de resiliència associats a l'individu contribueixen a reduir-ne el risc

Características del abuso sexual infantil por representantes de la Iglesia católica en España / Characteristics of Child Sexual Abuse by Representatives of the Catholic Church in Spain / Característiques de l'abús sexual infantil per representants de l'Església catòlica a Espanya

Este es el primer estudio nacional en España en el que se evalúan las características diferenciales de la victimización sexual contra niños, niñas y adolescentes por parte de representantes de la Iglesia católica. Participaron 38 adultos (25 varones y 13 mujeres), a quienes se llegó mediante muestreo no probabilístico de conveniencia y bola de nieve. Se evaluaron las características de la victimización sexual y del victimario, la revelación y notificación y la vivencia de otras formas de victimización por parte de personas no pertenecientes al clero. Los resultados sugieren que las organizaciones religiosas deberían adquirir el compromiso de colaborar en el proceso de superación de las graves experiencias de victimización infantojuvenil acontecidas en su seno por parte de aquellos niños, niñas y adolescentes más vulnerables y victimizados

This is the first national study in Spain in which the differential characteristics of sexual victimization against children and adolescents by representatives of the Catholic Church are evaluated. Thirty-eight adults (25 men and 13 women) reached by non-probabilistic sampling of convenience and snowball participated in the study. The characteristics of the sexual victimization and the perpetrator, the disclosure and notification and the experience of other forms of victimization by people not belonging to the clergy were evaluated. The results suggests that religious organizations should acquire the commitment to collaborate in the process of overcoming the serious experiences of victimization by those most vulnerable and victimized children and adolescents

Aquest és el primer estudi nacional a Espanya en el qual s'avaluen les característiques diferencials de la victimització sexual contra nens, nenes I adolescents per part de representants de l'Església catòlica. Van participar-hi 38 adults (25 homes I 13 dones), als qui es va arribar mitjançant mostreig no probabilístic de conveniència I bola de neu. Es van avaluar les característiques de la victimització sexual I del victimari, la revelació I notificació ila vivència d'altres formes de victimització per part de persones no pertanyents al clergat. Els resultats suggereixen que les organitzacions religioses haurien d'adquirir el compromís de col·laborar en el procés de superació de les greus experiències de victimització infantil I juvenil esdevingudes allà per part d'aquells nens, nenes I adolescents més vulnerables I victimitzats

Invarianza factorial de una escala breve para evaluar abuso sexual online en adolescentes de España y chile / Factorial invariance of a brief scale to evaluate online sexual abuse in adolescents in Spain and Chile

El auge de Internet ha traído nuevas formas de victimización infantojuvenil, entre las que destaca el abuso sexual online. El estudio de esta forma de victimización es cada vez más frecuente a nivel mundial, pero existe escasez de instrumentos breves, en lengua española, que además ofrezcan buenas propiedades psicométricas. El objetivo del estudio fue examinar la estructura e invarianza factorial intercultural de una escala breve de abuso sexual online. Participaron 1.502 adolescentes de España y Chile de entre 15 y 17 años. Los resultados de los análisis factoriales exploratorios con una proporción de la muestra española (n = 698) sugieren que la escala de 12 ítems posee un único factor y adecuada consistencia interna. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios con una segunda proporción de la muestra española (n = 402) y con la muestra chilena (n = 402) corroboran la estructura unifactorial en ambos países. Los análisis apoyan la invarianza factorial configuracional, pero se desecha la existencia de invarianza factorial estricta. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados al utilizar la escala y hacer comparaciones entre ambos países

The extended use of the Internet has produced new forms of victimization for children and youth, among which online sexual abuse stands out. The study of this form of victimization is frequent worldwide, but there is a lack of brief instruments in Spanish language which also offer good psychometric properties. The objective of the present study was to examine the factorial structure and intercultural factorial invariance of a brief scale of online sexual abuse. The participants were 1,502 adolescents from Spain and Chile between 15 and 17 years. The results of exploratory factor analyses with a proportion of the Spanish sample (n = 698) suggest that the 12-item scale has a single factor structure and adequate internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analyses with a second proportion of the Spanish sample (n = 402) and with the Chilean sample (n = 402) corroborate the unifactorial structure in both countries. The results support the configurational factorial invariance, but not the strict factorial invariance. We discuss the implications of the results when using the scale in both countries and making comparisons between them

Reacciones sociales ante la revelación de abuso sexual infantil y malestar psicológico en mujeres víctimas / Social reactions to child sex abuse revelation and psychological distress in female victims

El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar la relevancia de las reacciones sociales ante la revelación de abuso sexual infantil en el bienestar psicológico de 12 mujeres (M=37 años; DT=10.51), usuarias de un centro español de atención a víctimas. Los resultados muestran relaciones significativas entre las escalas de reacciones sociales relativas a egocentrismo, ayuda e información, distracción, control, tratar diferente y apoyo emocional y la mayoría de síntomas psicopatológicos. Algunas de estas reacciones son confusas, ambivalentes, puesto que son entendidas como bienintencionadas tanto por la persona de apoyo como por la víctima, si bien tienen una importante relación con la presencia de síntomas psicopatológicos. Se subraya la necesidad de continuar con la investigación sobre la influencia de las reacciones sociales en el ajuste psicosocial de las víctimas de experiencias abusivas y de abordar la problemática del abuso sexual infantil desde la prevención y la educación a las familias

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the impact of social reactions to child sexual abuse revelation on the psychological wellbeing of 12 women (M=37 years; SD=10.51), attendees of a Spanish victim support centre. The results demonstrate a significant association between the scales of social reaction relative to egocentrism, help and information, distraction, control, treating differently and emotional support, and most psychopathological symptoms. Some of these reactions are confused and ambivalent since they are perceived as well-intentioned by support workers and victims alike, yet are majorly associated with the presence of psychopathological symptoms. This underlines the need to continue research on the influence of social reactions on the psychosocial adjustment of abuse victims and to address the problem of the sexual abuse of children through prevention and education of the family

¿Uno de cada cinco?: victimización sexual infantil en España / One in five? Child sexual victimisation in Spain

Si bien la extensión de la victimización sexual infantil sigue siendo un tema de controversia, numerosos estudios internacionales confirman que se trata de un problema altamente frecuente, que afecta a un importante porcentaje de la población. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar aquellos trabajos publicados en España sobre la epidemiología de esta problemática. Para ello, los trabajos se han clasificado en estudios de incidencia, estudios retrospectivos de prevalencia y estudios con muestras de menores. Los resultados indican que, a pesar de las voces contrarias a su reconocimiento, la victimización sexual infantil es muy frecuente, como se obtiene de las posibles víctimas mediante estudios de autoreporte. Como conclusión, se alerta a los profesionales que trabajan con niños y niñas de su papel en la detección y notificación de estos casos, así como se subraya la responsabilidad de la Administración en la subvención de estudios de alcance nacional

While the extent of child sexual victimisation remains a subject of controversy, numerous international studies confirm that it is a highly prevalent problem that affects a large percentage of the population. The objective of this article is to review the studies about the epidemiology of child sexual victimisation published in Spain. The studies were classified into the following groups: studies of reported incidence, studies of prevalence and studies in which the data are obtained directly from children. The results indicate that, despite the voices that refuse to recognise it, child sexual victimisation is a frequent problem. In conclusion, the role of the professionals who work with children in the detection and reporting of these cases is emphasised as well as the responsibility of the government to fund national- level studies