Effect of light treatmeat on oxidation and flavour of dry-cured Wuchang fish.

Lighting conditions are an important factor affecting dry-cured products. This study investigated the effects of treatments with different light intensities (0 lx, 1000 lx, 25000 lx) and different light sources including red light, blue light, UV-light on oxidation leve and flavor change in dry-cured Wuchang fish. The results showed that dry-cured Wuchang fish exhibited an attractive brown-yellow color, the highest oxidation degree of myoglobin (Mb), the highest fat oxidation under the light conditions of 25000 lx light intensity and UV-light irradiation. This phenomenon was observed that the degree of Mb oxidation was increased, while the degree of fat oxidation was increased. At 25000 lx light intensity and UV-light irradiation, dry-cured Wuchang fish showed an ignificantly decreased fatty acid conten (especially oleic acid and linoleic acid), significantly increased characteristic volatile compound contents (22 for 25,000 lx light intensity and 27 for UV-light irradiation), which contributed to the improvement of quality stability of dry-cured Wuchang fish. Our findings provide theoretical support for the industrial application of exogenous light in dry-cured Wuchang fish.

A novel glycoglycerolipid from Holotrichia diomphalia Bates: Structure characteristics and protective effect against DNA damage.

A lipidated polysaccharide, HDPS-2II, was isolated from the dried larva of Holotrichia diomphalia, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine. The molecular weight of HDPS-2II was 5.9 kDa, which contained a polysaccharide backbone of →4)-ß-Manp-(1 â†’ 4,6)-ß-Manp-(1 â†’ [6)-α-Glcp-(1]n â†’ 6)-α-Glcp→ with the side chain α-Glcp-(6 â†’ 1)-α-Glcp-(6 â†’ linked to the C-4 of ß-1,4,6-Manp and four types of lipid chains including 4-(4-methyl-2-(methylamino)pentanamido)pentanoic acid, 5-(3-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)hexan-2-ol, N-(3-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)palmitamide, and N-(5-amino-3-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)stearamide. The lipid chains were linked to C-1 of terminal α-1,6-Glcp in carbohydrate chain through diacyl-glycerol. HDPS-2II exhibited DNA protective effects and antioxidative activity on H2O2- or adriamycin (ADM)-induced Chinese hamster lung cells. Furthermore, HDPS-2II significantly ameliorated chromosome aberrations and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced γ-H2AX signaling and the expressions of NADPH oxidase (NOX)2, NOX4, P22phox, and P47phox in ADM-induced cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, HDPS-2II suppressed ADM-induced up-regulation of NOX2 and NOX4 in cardiomyocytes, but not in NOX2 or NOX4 knocked-down cardiomyocytes, indicating that HDPS-2II could relieve intracellular DNA damage by regulating NOX2/NOX4 signaling. These findings demonstrate that HDPS-2II is a new potential DNA protective agent.

Metabolomics, volatolomics, and bioinformatics analyses of the effects of ultra-high pressure pretreatment on taste and flavour parameters of cured Culter alburnus.

The effects of ultra-high pressure (UHP) pretreatment (50-250 MPa) on the fish curing were studied. UHP increased the overall volatile compound concentration of cured fish. Among 50-250 MPa five treatment groups, 150 MPa UHP group exhibited the highest total free amino acid content (294.34 mg/100 g) with that of the control group being 92.39 mg/100 g. The activity of cathepsin L was increased under 50-200 MPa UHP treatment (62.28-58.15 U/L), compared with that in the control group (53.80 U/L). UHP treatment resulted in a significant increase in small molecule compounds, especially the amino acid dipeptides and ATP metabolic products. Under UHP treatments, the bacterial phyla Actinobacteriota (1.04-5.25 %), Bacteroidota (0.20-4.47 %), and Deinococcota (0.00-0.05 %) exhibited an increased abundance, and they promoted taste and flavor formation. Our results indicated that UHP is a promising pretreatment method to improve taste and flavour in cured fish by affecting the microorganisms, cathepsin, and proteins.

Targeting SCD triggers lipotoxicity of cancer cells and enhances anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer brain metastasis mouse models.

Breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) are a significant cause of mortality and are incurable. Thus, identifying BCBM targets that reduce morbidity and mortality is critical. BCBM upregulate Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids, suggesting a potential metabolic vulnerability of BCBM. In this study, we tested the effect of a brain-penetrant clinical-stage inhibitor of SCD (SCDi), on breast cancer cells and mouse models of BCBM. Lipidomics, qPCR, and western blot were used to study the in vitro effects of SCDi. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to explore the effects of SCDi on cancer and immune cells in a BCBM mouse model. Pharmacological inhibition of SCD markedly reshaped the lipidome of breast cancer cells and resulted in endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage, loss of DNA damage repair, and cytotoxicity. Importantly, SCDi alone or combined with a PARP inhibitor prolonged the survival of BCBM-bearing mice. When tested in a syngeneic mouse model of BCBM, scRNAseq revealed that pharmacological inhibition of SCD enhanced antigen presentation by dendritic cells, was associated with a higher interferon signaling, increased the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells, and decreased the proportion of exhausted T cells and regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, pharmacological inhibition of SCD decreased engagement of immunosuppressive pathways, including the PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 and PVR/TIGIT axes. These findings suggest that SCD inhibition could be an effective strategy to intrinsically reduce tumor growth and reprogram anti-tumor immunity in the brain microenvironment to treat BCBM.

Experimental Generation of Spin-Photon Entanglement in Silicon Carbide.

A solid-state approach for quantum networks is advantageous, as it allows the integration of nanophotonics to enhance the photon emission and the utilization of weakly coupled nuclear spins for long-lived storage. Silicon carbide, specifically point defects within it, shows great promise in this regard due to the easy of availability and well-established nanofabrication techniques. Despite of remarkable progresses made, achieving spin-photon entanglement remains a crucial aspect to be realized. In this Letter, we experimentally generate entanglement between a silicon vacancy defect in silicon carbide and a scattered single photon in the zero-phonon line. The spin state is measured by detecting photons scattered in the phonon sideband. The photonic qubit is encoded in the time-bin degree of freedom and measured using an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Photonic correlations not only reveal the quality of the entanglement but also verify the deterministic nature of the entanglement creation process. By harnessing two pairs of such spin-photon entanglement, it becomes straightforward to entangle remote quantum nodes at long distance.

Hybrid-Electrolytes System Established by Dual Super-lyophobic Membrane Enabling High-Voltage Aqueous Lithium Metal Batteries.

Aqueous electrolytes and related aqueous rechargeable batteries own unique advantage on safety and environmental friendliness, but coupling high energy density Li-metal batteries with aqueous electrolyte still represent challenging and not yet reported. Here, this work makes a breakthrough in "high-voltage aqueous Li-metal batteries" (HVALMBs) by adopting a brilliant hybrid-electrolytes strategy. Concentrated ternary-salts ether-based electrolyte (CTE) acts as the anolyte to ensure the stability and reversibility of Li-metal plating/stripping. Eco-friendly water-in-salt (WiS) electrolyte acts as catholyte to support the healthy operation of high-voltage cathodes. Most importantly, the aqueous catholyte and non-aqueous anolyte are isolated in each independent chamber without any crosstalk. Aqueous catholyte permeation toward Li anode can be completely prohibited without proton-induced corrosion, which is enabled by the introduction of under-liquid dual super-lyophobic membrane-based separator, which can realize the segregation of the most effective immiscible electrolytes with a surface tension difference as small as 6 mJ m-2. As a result, the aqueous electrolyte can be successfully coupled with Li-metal anode and achieve the fabrication of HVALMBs (hybrid-electrolytes system), which presents long-term cycle stability with a capacity retention of 81.0% after 300 cycles (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 || Li (limited) cell) and high energy density (682 Wh kg-1).

Role of regulatory T cells in mouse lung development.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitute a specialized subset of T cells with dual immunoregulatory and modulatory functions. Recent studies have reported that Tregs mediate immune responses and regulate the development and repair processes in non-lymphoid tissues, including bone and cardiac muscle. Additionally, Tregs facilitate the repair and regeneration of damaged lung tissues. However, limited studies have examined the role of Tregs in pulmonary development. This study aimed to evaluate the role of Tregs in pulmonary development by investigating the dynamic alterations in Tregs and their hallmark cellular factor Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) at various stages of murine lung development and establishing a murine model of anti-CD25 antibody-induced Treg depletion. During the early stages of murine lung development, especially the canalicular and saccular stages, the levels of Treg abundance and expression of Foxp3 and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) were upregulated. This coincided with the proliferation period of alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells, indicating an adaptation to the dynamic lung developmental processes. Furthermore, the depletion of Tregs disrupted lung tissue morphology and downregulated lung development-related factors, such as surfactant protein C (SFTPC), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM1/CD31). These findings suggest that Tregs promote murine lung development.

Chemical speciation and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in ash from smouldering combustion of oily sludge.

Smouldering combustion of oily sludge (OS) was carried out to learn the characteristics of heavy metals (HMs) in ash products. Ash collected from four different height layers of the column reactor was analysed for the chemical speciation and environmental risk of six HMs, including Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb. The results showed that after smouldering combustion, only 21.3-32.2 % of the total HMs was remained in the ash products. The retention of HMs in ash was closely relevant to the carbonaceous destruction efficiency of OS. Smouldering combustion led to the decrease of HMs in acid-soluble/exchangeable fraction from 21.5-49.3 to 0.8-19.8% and oxidizable fraction from 22.6-49.6 to 5.3-21.3, and the increase of reducible fraction from 13.6-38.0 to 30.5-89.1% and residue fraction from 7.8-27.3 to 24.1-63.6%. Upward migration of HMs during smouldering was evidenced by their occurrence in the top clean sand layer, which was dominated in acid-soluble/exchangeable and reducible fractions, accounting for 89.7-99.1% in total. Toxicity extraction and environmental risk studies indicated that smouldering combustion would effectively reduce the toxicity and pollution risk of HMs; however, attention should be paid to the disposal of the top sand layer after smouldering operation due to its high pollution risk of HMs according to the evaluation of Risk assessment code.

Hyperbranched Polylysine Exhibits a Collaborative Enhancement of the Antibiotic Capacity to Kill Gram-Negative Pathogens.

In recent years, traditional antibiotic efficacy outcomes have rapidly diminished due to the advent of drug resistance, and the dose limitation value has increased due to the severe side effect of globalized healthcare. Therefore, novel strategies are required to resensitize resistant pathogens to antibiotics existing in the field and prevent the emergence of drug resistance. In this study, cationic hyperbranched polylysine (HBPL-6) was synthesized using the one-pot polymerization method. HBPL-6 exhibited excellent non-cytotoxicity and bio-solubility properties. The present study also showed that HBPL-6 altered the outer membrane (OM) integrity of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by improving their permeability levels. When administered at a safe dosage, HBPL-6 enhanced the accumulation of rifampicin (RIF) and erythromycin (ERY) in bacteria to restore the efficacy of the antibiotics used. Moreover, the combination of HBPL-6 with colistin (COL) reduced the antibiotic dosage, which was helpful in preventing further drug-resistance outcomes. Therefore, this research provides a new strategy for reducing the dosage of drugs used to combat Gram-negative (G-) bacteria through their synergistic effects.

Visualizing and Regulating Dynamic Evolution of Interfacial Electrolyte Configuration during De-solvation Process on Lithium-Metal Anode.

Acting as a passive protective layer, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the Li-metal anode. Derived from the reductive decomposition of electrolytes (e.g., anion and solvent), the SEI construction presents as an interfacial process accompanied by the dynamic de-solvation process during Li-metal plating. However, typical electrolyte engineering and related SEI modification strategies always ignore the dynamic evolution of electrolyte configuration at the Li/electrolyte interface, which essentially determines the SEI architecture. Herein, by employing advanced electrochemical in situ FT-IR and MRI technologies, we directly visualize the dynamic variations of solvation environments involving Li+-solvent/anion. Remarkably, a weakened Li+-solvent interaction and anion-lean interfacial electrolyte configuration have been synchronously revealed, which is difficult for the fabrication of anion-derived SEI layer. Moreover, as a simple electrochemical regulation strategy, pulse protocol was introduced to effectively restore the interfacial anion concentration, resulting in an enhanced LiF-rich SEI layer and improved Li-metal plating/stripping reversibility.

Difference in muscle metabolism caused by metabolism disorder of rainbow trout liver exposed to ammonia stress.

Ammonia pollution is an important environmental stress factors in water eutrophication. The intrinsic effects of ammonia stress on liver toxicity and muscle quality of rainbow trout were still unclear. In this study, we focused on investigating difference in muscle metabolism caused by metabolism disorder of rainbow trout liver at exposure times of 0, 3, 6, 9 h at 30 mg/L concentrations. Liver transcriptomic analysis revealed that short-term (3 h) ammonia stress inhibited carbohydrate metabolism and glycerophospholipid production but long-term (9 h) ammonia stress inhibited the biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids, activated pyrimidine metabolism and mismatch repair, lead to DNA strand breakage and cell death, and ultimately caused liver damage. Metabolomic analysis of muscle revealed that ammonia stress promoted the reaction of glutamic acid and ammonia to synthesize glutamine to alleviate ammonia toxicity, and long-term (9 h) ammonia stress inhibited urea cycle, hindering the alleviation of ammonia toxicity. Moreover, it accelerated the consumption of flavor amino acids such as arginine and aspartic acid, and increased the accumulation of bitter substances (xanthine) and odorous substances (histamine). These findings provide valuable insights into the potential risks and hazards of ammonia in eutrophic water bodies subject to rainbow trout.

Pore Structure and Fractal Dimension in Marine Mature Silicon-Rich Shale of the Dalong Formation in Western Hubei.

How shale reservoirs and gas contents are affected by the pore structure of shale is very important. Low-temperature nitrogen isothermal adsorption experiments were conducted by us to investigate the pore structure of the Dalong Formation shale. We measured the specific surface area and fractal dimension of the pores and also considered the mineral fraction and organic matter content of the rock. The results show that the Dalong Formation shale contains a lot of organic carbon, with a total organic carbon (TOC) value between 1.20 and 10.82% (mean: 5.02%). Quartz and clay minerals are the main components of the shale, with quartz making up 40.30 to 85.60% (mean: 67.21%) and clay minerals making up 9.20 to 34.10% (mean: 20.26%) of the shale. Most of the pore space in the shale of the Dalong Formation is formed by intragranular and intergranular pores, organic matter pores, and some microfissures. The pore structure is complex, with parallel-plate and ink-bottle pores being the most common types. Most of the pores are 0-2 or 2-5 nm in size. D1 and D2 are the fractal dimensions, with averages of 2.66 and 2.81, respectively. D1 can range from 2.55 to 2.78, while D2 can range from 2.66 to 2.94. The TOC content, mineral composition, and pore structure characteristics determine the fractal dimension. Higher levels of the TOC content, quartz mineral content, and specific pore surface area result in a higher fractal dimension, while higher levels of feldspar content result in a lower one. There is no apparent correlation to clay minerals or other mineral compositions.

Concentration levels and ecological risk assessment of typical organophosphate esters in representative surface waters of a megacity.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers in consumer and industrial products. They have been found to have numerous exposure hazards. Recently, several OPEs have been detected in surface waters around the world, which may pose potential ecological risks to freshwater organisms. In this study, the concentration, spatial variation, and ecological risk of 15 OPEs in the Beiyun and Yongding rivers were unprecedentedly investigated by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and risk quotient (RQ) method. The result showed that triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) were the most abundant OPEs with average concentrations of 55.53 ng/L and 42.29 ng/L, respectively. The concentrations of OPEs in the Beiyun River are higher than in the Yongding River, and their levels were higher in densely populated and industrial areas. The risk assessment showed that there was insignificant from OPEs to freshwater organisms in these rivers (RQs <0.1). The risk was higher downstream than upstream, which was related to human-intensive industrial activities downstream in the Yongding River. The ecological risk of OPEs in surface waters worldwide was estimated by joint probability curves (JPCs), and the result showed that there was a moderate risk for tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a low risk for trimethyl phosphate (TMP), and insignificant for other OPEs. In addition, the QSAR-ICE-SSD model was used to calculate the hazardous concentration for 5% (HC5). This result validated the feasibility and accuracy of this model in predicting acute data of OPEs and reducing biological experiments on the toxicity of OPEs. These results revealed the ecological risk of OPEs and provided the scientific basis for environmental managers.

Exploring the effect of disc displacement on the risk and severity of condylar erosion in adult temporomandibular disorder patients: A CBCT and MRI study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between types of disc displacement (DD) diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the risk (presence or absence) and severity of condylar erosion (CE) graded using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in adult Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients. METHODS: A total of 353 TMD patients (283 females, 70 males) underwent MRI scans to categorise DD as normal (NA), anterior displacement with reduction (ADDR), or anterior displacement without reduction (ADDNR). CE severity was graded on a scale of 0-3 (absence, mild, moderate or severe) using CBCT. To establish the plausibility and cut-off points for CE diagnosis, the severity of CE was then further divided into three classifications: Grade 0 versus 1 + 2 + 3; Grades 0 + 1 versus 2 + 3; Grades 0 + 1 + 2 versus 3. Logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for age, gender and joint correlation. RESULTS: ADDNR significantly increased the risk of CE compared with NA (OR = 10.04, 95% CI: [6.41, 15.73]) and showed a significant increase in CE severity across all classifications (ORs = 10.04-18.95). The effects of ADDNR were significant in both genders (p < .001) and had a greater impact in females. ADDR was predominantly associated with mild CE. CONCLUSIONS: ADDNR significantly increased the risk and severity of CE independent of gender when compared to NA, whereas ADDR was mainly associated with mild CE. Slight cortical discontinuity may represent a subclinical diagnosis requiring further investigation.

Moxibustion alleviates intestinal inflammation in ulcerative colitis rats by modulating long non-coding RNA LOC108352929 and inhibiting Phf11 expression.

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Moxibustion, a traditional Chinese medicine, can improve symptoms in patients with UC and reduce intestinal inflammation in rats with UC. However, it remains unclear whether the ameliorative effect of moxibustion on intestinal mucosal inflammation in UC is related to lncRNAs. Thirty-two rats were randomly assigned to four groups: normal control, UC, moxibustion (MOX), and sulfasalazine (SASP). The UC rat model was induced by administering 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water. Rats in the moxibustion group underwent bilateral Tianshu (ST25) moxibustion using the herbs-partition moxibustion method. Rats in the sulfasalazine group received SASP solution via gavage twice daily for seven consecutive days. Our results revealed that, compared with the UC group [2.00 (1.00, 2.50)], the DAI score [0.25 (0.00, 0.50)] was significantly lower in the MOX group (P < 0.05). Compared with the UC group [13.00 (11.25, 14.00)], the histopathological score [5.50 (4.00, 7.75)] was significantly lower in the MOX group (P < 0.05). In addition, the CMDI and macroscopic scores were decreased in the MOX group (P < 0.05). Moxibustion significantly decreased the protein expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1ß in the colonic tissues of UC rats (P <0.05), thereby suppressing the inflammatory response. Moreover, moxibustion exerted a regulatory influence on colon lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles, upregulating LOC108352929 and downregulating Phf11 in rats with UC (P <0.05). Moxibustion also led to a reduction in the expression and colocalization of Phf11 and NF-κB in the colons of UC rats. Moreover, knockdown of LOC108352929 in rat enteric glial cells demonstrated a significant upregulation of TNF-α mRNA expression (P <0.05). In summary, these data illustrate that moxibustion effectively ameliorates DSS-induced colonic injury and inflammation while exerting regulatory control over the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network in UC rats. Collectively, the in vivo and in vitro studies suggested that LOC108352929-Phf11 may serve as a potential biological marker for moxibustion in the treatment of UC.

Experimental Quantum Non-Gaussian Coincidences of Entangled Photons.

Quantum non-Gaussianity, a more potent and highly useful form of nonclassicality, excludes all convex mixtures of Gaussian states and Gaussian parametric processes generating them. Here, for the first time, we conclusively test quantum non-Gaussian coincidences of entangled photon pairs with the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt-Bell factor S=2.328±0.004 from a single quantum dot with a depth up to 0.94±0.02 dB. Such deterministically generated photon pairs fundamentally overcome parametric processes by reducing crucial multiphoton errors. For the quantum non-Gaussian depth of the unheralded (heralded) single-photon state, we achieve the value of 8.08±0.05 dB (19.06±0.29 dB). Our Letter experimentally certifies the exclusive quantum non-Gaussianity properties highly relevant for optical sensing, communication, and computation.

Complementary transcriptomic and proteomic analyses elucidate the toxicological molecular mechanisms of deoxynivalenol-induced contractile dysfunction in enteric smooth muscle cells.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the frequent Fusarium mycotoxins and poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. DON-induced weight loss is tightly connected with its ability to decrease feed intake by influencing gastrointestinal tract (GIT) motility. Our previous reports indicated that DON interfered with intestinal motility by injuring the contractility of enteric smooth muscle cells (SMC). Here, we further explored the potential mechanisms by employing a complementary method of transcriptomics and proteomics using the porcine enteric smooth muscle cell line (PISMC) as an experimental model. The transcriptomic and proteomic data uncover that the expression of numerous extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and multiple integrin subunits were downregulated in PISMC under DON exposure, suppressing the ECM-integrin receptor interaction and its mediated signaling. Furthermore, DON treatment could depress actin polymerization, as reflected by the upregulated expression of Rho GTPase-activating proteins and cofilin in PISMC. Meanwhile, the expression levels of downstream contractile apparatus genes were significantly inhibited after challenge with DON. Taken together, the current results suggest that DON inhibits enteric SMC contractility by regulating the ECM-integrin-actin polymerization signaling pathway. Our findings provide novel insights into the potential mechanisms behind the DON toxicological effects in the GIT of humans and animals.

Gradient Interphase Engineering Enabled by Anionic Redox for High-Voltage and Long-Life Li-Ion Batteries.

Intelligent utilization of the anionic redox reaction (ARR) in Li-rich cathodes is an advanced strategy for the practical implementation of next-generation high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. However, due to the intrinsic complexity of ARR (e.g., nucleophilic attacks), the instability of the cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) on a Li-rich cathode presents more challenges than typical high-voltage cathodes. Here, we manipulate CEI interfacial engineering by introducing an all-fluorinated electrolyte and exploiting its interaction with the nucleophilic attack to construct a gradient CEI containing a pair of fluorinated layers on a Li-rich cathode, delivering enhanced interfacial stability. Negative/detrimental nucleophilic electrolyte decomposition has been efficiently evolved to further reinforce CEI fabrication, resulting in the construction of LiF-based indurated outer shield and fluorinated polymer-based flexible inner sheaths. Gradient interphase engineering dramatically improved the capacity retention of the Li-rich cathode from 43 to 71% after 800 cycles and achieved superior cycling stability in anode-free and pouch-type full cells (98.8% capacity retention, 220 cycles), respectively.