Evaluating the Solubility of Endodontic Sealers in Response to Static and Dynamic Stress: An In Vitro Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of static and dynamic conditions on the solubility of three en-dodontic sealers: AH Plus (an epoxy-resin-based sealer), Bio-C Sealer (a bioceramic sealer), and EndoSequence BC (a bioceramic sealer). METHODS: Plastic moulds were used to create 150 specimens, which were divided into three groups, with each group being filled with one of the three sealers. After the setting time, the specimens were removed from the moulds, dried, and weighed. Thirty specimens from each group were subdivided into three subgroups and stored in distilled water for 30, 60, or 90 days, while the remaining 20 specimens in each group were subdivid-ed into four subgroups and subjected to 0, 20, 50, or 100 thermocycling cycles. After storage time and thermo-cycling, the specimens were reweighed, and the weight loss and solubility percentage were calculated. The data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, Post Hoc Tukey, and Pearson correlation tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: The results showed that AH Plus had the lowest solubility, followed by EndoSequence BC and then Bio-C Sealer (p<0.0001). Both static and dynamic conditions had a negative effect on the solubility of all tested sealers, with the effect being more pronounced in bioceramic sealers. The increase in storage days and the number of thermocycling cycles were significantly correlated with the increasing solubility levels of all tested sealers (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The increased solubility of endodontic sealers may have a negative impact on long-term treat-ment outcomes. Both static and dynamic conditions can affect the solubility of endodontic sealers.

Mechanical properties of simulated dentin caries treated with metal cations and L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate.

This pH cycling study aimed to investigate the effects of L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AA2P) salts of Mg, Zn, Mn, Sr, and Ba on the surface microhardness, compressive strength, diametral tensile strength (DTS), and solubility of root canal dentin. 186 cylindrical dentin specimens from 93 teeth were fortified with optimal concentrations of AA2P salts of Mg (0.18 mM), Zn (5.3 µM), Mn (2.2 × 10-8 M), Sr (1.8 µM), and Ba (1.9 µM). Saline was used as the control group. These dentin specimens underwent a 3-day cycling process simulating dentin caries formation through repeated sequences of demineralization and remineralization. Surface microhardness at 100 and 500 µm depths (n = 10/subgroup), scanning electron microscopy (n = 3/group), compressive strength (n = 10/group), DTS (n = 6/group), and solubility (n = 5/group) tests were performed to analyze the dentin specimens. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one-way ANOVA, and Post Hoc Tukey tests (p < 0.05). The control group had significantly lower microhardness at both depths (p < 0.001), reduced DTS (p = 0.001), decreased compressive strength (p < 0.001), and higher weight loss (p < 0.001) than all other groups. The Sr group had the highest compressive strength and microhardness among all the groups. The microhardness was significantly higher for the 500 µm depth than the 100 µm depth (p < 0.001), but the difference in microhardness between depths across groups was not significant (p = 0.211). All fortifying solutions provided some protection against artificial caries lesions. Therefore, these elements might have penetrated and reinforced the demineralized dentin against acid dissolution.

Effects of Diabetes on Elemental Levels and Nanostructure of Root Canal Dentin.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the nanostructure of root canal dentin using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). METHODS: Twenty extracted human premolars from diabetic and nondiabetic patients (n = 10 in each group) were decoronated and sectioned horizontally into 40 2-mm-thick dentin discs, with each disc designated for a specific test. ICP-MS was used to determine the different elemental levels of copper, lithium, zinc, selenium, strontium, manganese, and magnesium in diabetic and nondiabetic specimens. HRTEM was used to analyze the shape and quantity of the apatite crystals in diabetic and nondiabetic dentin at the nanostructural level. Statistical analysis was performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Student t test (P < .05). RESULTS: ICP-MS revealed significant differences in trace element concentrations between the diabetic and nondiabetic specimens (P < .05), with lower levels of magnesium, zinc, strontium, lithium, manganese, and selenium (P < .05), and higher levels of copper in diabetic specimens (P < .05). HRTEM revealed that diabetic dentin exhibited a less compact structure with smaller crystallites and significantly more crystals in the 2500 nm2 area (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Diabetic dentin exhibited smaller crystallites and altered elemental levels more than nondiabetic dentin, which could explain the higher root canal treatment failure rate in diabetic patients.

Volume and Power of Expansion of Novel Polyurethane-based Sealers.

INTRODUCTION: Shrinkage and lack of interfacial adaptation between endodontic sealers and root canal walls may jeopardize the root canal treatment outcome. This study aimed to evaluate the volume and power of expansion (and the relationship between the two) of three novel root canal sealers (polyurethane expandable sealer [PES], zeolite + PES [ZPES], and elastomeric polyurethane sealer [EPS]) in comparison with an epoxy-resin based sealer (AH Plus) and a calcium silicate-based sealer (EndoSequence BC). METHODS: This study utilized 36 cylinders (30 plastic graduated cylinders for volume of expansion and 6 steel cylinders for power of expansion) (4 × 10 mm) filled with PES, ZPES, EPS, AH Plus, EndoSequence BC, or water (n = 5/group). The plastic graduated cylinders were inserted inside a customized Linear Swell Meter apparatus to measure the percentage of volumetric expansion. The steel cylinders were placed inside a Linear Swell Meter apparatus mounted onto a universal testing machine to measure the maximum pressure in psi. Specimens were tested for 72 hours for both volume and power of expansion tests. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one-way ANOVA, Post Hoc Tukey, and Pearson correlation tests (P < .05). RESULTS: The volume of expansion of PES, ZPES, and EPS was significantly higher than in AH Plus and EndoSequence BC (P < .05). For the power of expansion, no significant differences were found between the root-filling materials (P > .05). No correlation was seen between the volume and power of expansion (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Although polyurethane-based sealers showed a significantly higher volume of expansion compared to AH Plus and EndoSequence BC, their power of expansion did not increase significantly.