ABSTRACT
Biomineralized and organic metazoan tubular skeletons are by far the most common in the fossil record. However, several groups of organisms are also able to agglutinate particles to construct more rigid structures. Here we present a novel type of agglutinated tube from the austral and endemic palaeobiota of the Malvinokaffric realm (Devonian, Brazil). This fossil is characterized by an agglutinated tube made of silt-sized particles forming an unusual flanged morphology that is not known from the fossil record. Besides being able to select specific particles, these organisms probably lived partially buried and were detritus/suspension feeders. Comparisons across different modern groups show that these fossils are strongly similar to tubes made by polychaetes, specifically from the family Maldanidae. If this interpretation is correct, then an early divergence of the Sedentaria clade may have occurred before the Devonian.
Subject(s)
Fossils , Polychaeta , Animals , Brazil , PhylogenyABSTRACT
Apesar do incentivo e do investimento na produção de frutas no estado do Paraná, pouca informação está disponível sobre as moscas-das-frutas, uma das principais pragas da fruticultura. O presente trabalho teve os objetivos de registrar pela primeira vez a fauna de tefritídeos, na região de Ponta Grossa, e caracterizar a sua comunidade por meio de diferentes índices faunísticos. Adultos de tefritídeos foram coletados por meio de frascos caça-moscas com atrativos alimentares em quatro pomares de agosto a dezembro de 2009. Foi coletado um total de 2.428 tefritídeos distribuídos em sete espécies: Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann, Anastrepha montei Lima, Anastrepha pseudoparallela Loew, Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, Rhagoletis sp. Loew e Hexachaeta sp. Loew. A. fraterculus foi a única espécie comum aos quatro pomares, ocorrendo com frequência acima de 80%. Este é o primeiro registro de A. montei no Paraná. A. fraterculus, A. sororcula e C. capitata apresentaram os maiores índices de frequência, abundância, dominância e constância, sendo, portanto, consideradas espécies predominantes. O maior índice de diversidade (H'=0,4360) ocorreu no pomar 2, diferindo significativamente dos demais pomares (teste t, P<0,05). Os valores do índice de Margalef foram baixos (próximos ou inferiores a 0,5), confirmando haver predominância de espécies. Quanto à similaridade de espécies entre os pomares, determinada pelo coeficiente de Jaccard e índice de Bray-Curtis, o pomar 4, onde ocorreram apenas duas espécies (96% de A. fraterculus e 4% de A. pseudoparallela) forma um agrupamento distinto dos demais pomares amostrados, no qual ocorreram quatro espécies de tefritídeos.
In spite of encouragement and investment in fruit production in the state of Paraná, little information is available on the fruit flies, a major pest in fruit growing. The present study had the objective of recording for the first time the tephritid fauna in the region of Ponta Grossa, and characterize the insect community through different faunal indices. Adult tephritids were collected by means of flapper bottles with food baits in four orchards from August to December 2009. A total of 2,428 tephritids distributed in seven species were collected: Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann, Anastrepha montei Lima, Anastrepha pseudoparallela Loew, Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, Rhagoletis sp. Loew and Hexachaeta sp. Loew. A. A. fraterculus was the only species common to the four orchards, occurring in a frequency higher than 80%. This is the first record of A. montei in the state of Paraná. A. fraterculus, A. sororcula and C. capitata had the highest frequency, abundance, dominance and constancy, and are therefore considered predominant species. The highest diversity index (H'=0.4360) occurred in the orchard 2, differing significantly from all orchards (t test, P<0.05). The Margalef index values were low (close to or below 0.5) confirming that there are predominant species. Regarding the similarity of species between the orchards, that was determined by the coefficient of Jaccard and the Bray-Curtius index, the orchard 4, where occurred only two species (96% of A. fraterculus and 4% of A. pseudoparallela), forms a distinct group from other orchard sampled, where there were four species of Tephritidae.