Bovine somatotropin increases the pregnancy rate in fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cattle.

This study evaluated the effect of bovine somatotropin (bST) on pregnancy rate (PR) and size of the dominant follicle (DF) on the day of intravaginal progesterone (P4) removal in protocols for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI). Bos indicus (Nellore) females (n = 392) were distributed into three groups. The control group (CG; n = 92) received an intravaginal P4 device + estradiol benzoate on day (d)0; prostaglandin F2α on d7 (first application); removal of P4 + estradiol cypionate (EC) + PGF2α (second application) + ultrasound (US) of the DF on d9; the FTAI was performed on d11; and pregnancy diagnosis (PD) was performed on d45. The bST group (bSTG; n = 142) underwent the same protocol as the CG, except that the animals received 125 mg of bST on d7. The equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) group (eCGG; n = 158) underwent the same protocol as the CG, except that the animals received 300 IU of eCG on d9. The PRs of the bSTG, eCGG, and CG were 48%, 48%, and 35%, respectively (p < .05); the bSTG and eCGG showed greater PRs, with follicles 6-7.9 mm (p < .05) and 8-8.9 mm in diameter, respectively. The bSTG exhibited a greater dimension of the DF on d9 of the protocol (p < .05). The eCGG had higher PRs with a body condition score (BCS) of 2.5, and the bSTG had a BCS of 3.0 (p < .05). It was concluded that bST increased PR, bST showed better performance in smaller DF and larger follicular diameter on d9 of the protocol, eCG acted better on animals with lower BCSs, and bST can be used in FTAI.

Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the reproductive efficiency of beef cows subjected to differently timed-artificial insemination protocols.

This study aimed to verify the reproductive efficiency of beef cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST). Study 1, Bos indicus cows were distributed (three groups). The control group (CG) was subjected: on day zero (d0), the animals received a CIDR and oestradiol benzoate (EB); on (d8, CIDR was removed, and PGF2α and oestradiol cypionate (EC) were administered; on d10, timed Artificial Insemination (TAI) was performed; on d45, pregnancy diagnosis was made. The rbST on d0 group (bST0G) was subjected to an identical protocol as CG, except for the addition of 250 mg rbST on d0. The rbST on d8 group (bST8G) was subjected to the same protocol as bST0G, except that the rbST was administered on d8 rather. In study 2, the animals followed the same design which was used in Bos taurus cows. The follicular growth rate (FGR) was calculated between d8 and d10. In study 1, pregnancy/artificial insemination (P/AI) did not differ among the treatments. FGR in bST8G was higher than in other groups. In study 2, bST0G showed higher Pregnancy/Artificial Insemination (P/AI) (p < .05) when compared with other groups. bST0G showed a different FGR (p < .0001) than the other groups. In conclusion, rbST (Bos indicus cows) did not increase P/AI, but it did promote follicular growth when administered on d8; the rbST administered on d0 improved P/AI (p < .05) and the FGR in Bos taurus cows.

The ovarian and uterine responses of Baixadeiro mares to prostaglandin synchronization during the dry and rainy seasons.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of synchronization with prostaglandin F2α in Baixadeiro mares during the rainy and dry seasons. Fourteen mares were synchronized by administering two doses of 1 mL prostaglandin PGF 2α and monitored by rectal palpation and ultrasound for the assessment of follicular development and uterine echotexture. Of this total, nine mares allowed the collection of blood, in which the blood was collected by venipuncture of the jugular vein to determine progesterone (P4) by ELISA. Mares showed no differences (P > 0.05) in weight, body score condition (BSC), tone, uterine edema, frequency of ovulation, synchronization interval, estrus, and the total number of follicles between periods. However, there was a difference in large increased follicle diameter (P < 0.05) during the dry season. The average concentrations of P4 in mares differed (P < 0.05) between the pre- and post-ovulatory phases for both seasons and after ovulation, with higher concentrations in the rainy season. Furthermore, statistical differences in daily light (P < 0.05) were observed between the dry and rainy periods. Thus, we conclude that mares from the genetic grouping Baixadeiro showed no reproductive seasonality, though there was a difference in luminosity between the rainy and dry seasons. The treatment with two doses of PGF 2α was effective in synchronizing the mares, promoting the return of estrus in the dry and rainy periods. The mares remaining cyclically active throughout the year provided there were appropriate forage availability and quality levels to allow for normal values of body weight and condition.

Seminal plasma insulin-like growth factor I and total protein concentration in peripubertal period of the Gyr bulls.

This study aimed to evaluate the correlation of seminal plasma IGF-I and total proteins from peripubertal bulls with semen characteristics and onset of puberty. Sixteen dairy Gyr bulls were separated into early (n = 8) and regular (n = 8) groups, according to the onset of puberty. Semen was monthly collected by electroejaculation from 14 to 26 months of age, and the onset of puberty was retrospectively determined (17.0 ± 1.6 and 19.2 ± 1.5 months, to early and regular group, respectively). Five time points were evaluated (day -60, day -30, day 0, day 30 and day 60 days of puberty), being day 0 considered as beginning of puberty. Scrotal circumference and body weight were also assessed. Semen characteristics were evaluated, the seminal plasma was separated by centrifugation and total protein and IGF-I concentrations were determined. There was no difference between groups to concentration of the seminal plasma total proteins, but we found an interaction between group and age. Seminal plasma IGF-I concentrations were not different between early and regular groups; thus, the data were combined for analysis. Combined IGF-I concentrations were positively correlated with sperm motility and concentration, age, body weight and scrotal circumference. Negative correlation was found between IGF-I concentration and total sperm defects. Increased IGF-I was observed in day -30 and day 0 of puberty in early and regular groups, respectively. Seminal plasma total proteins are involved in peripubertal modifications and IGF-I from Zebus dairy bulls can influence the seminal characteristics and the growth factor increase occurs concomitantly with body growth but cannot be used to define puberty bulls earlier.

IGF-I, leptina, insulina e proteínas associadas à qualidade do plasma seminal: ação local / IGF-I, leptine, insulin and proteins associated to seminal plasma quality: local action

É possível que a expressividade de alguns elementos do plasma seminal dos bovinos, como proteínas e hormônios, possa servir como marcadores para sêmen de alta ou baixa fertilidade. Vários estudos têm demonstrado a associação de proteínas do plasma seminal com a fertilidade de touros. Dentre as mais estudadas, destacam-se aquelas com afinidade à heparina, que exercem importantes papéis na capacitação espermática e na reação acrossômica. Alguns fatores endócrinos e/ou locais, podem estar associados à expressividade e/ou função destas proteínas, auxiliando nas condições espermáticas favoráveis à fecundação. Dentre estes, destacam-se a insulina, a leptina e o fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina do tipo I. Assim sendo, evidenciam diferenças entre animais, estando associados à estrutura e as condições metabólicas da célula espermática, auxiliando na determinação da qualidade do plasma seminal. Desta maneira, o estudo das proteínas do plasma seminal asociado à condição metabólica destes hormônios, presentes neste meio, pode servir como importante parâmetro de avaliação da condição reprodutiva do macho

It is possible that the expression of some elements in seminal plasma, such as proteins and hormones, may act as markers of quality. Several studies have demonstrated an association of seminal plasma proteins with fertility. Among the most studied, there are the proteins with affinity to heparin, which play an important role in sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction. Some endocrine factors and/or locals may be associated with the expression and function of these proteins, aiding in sperm condition conducive to fertilization. Among them stand out as insulin, leptin and growth factor insulin-like type I. Thesefactors may highlight the differences between these animals because they are associated with the metabolic condition and structure of sperm cells, aiding in determining the quality of seminal plasma. Thus, the study of seminal plasma proteins associated with the metabolic condition of these hormones are present in this medium can serve as a new parameter for assessment of male reproductive condition...

Congelamiento de semen de burro (Equus asinus) / Freezing of donkey semen (Equus asinus)

Por muchas décadas, el desarrollo y utilización de la inseminación artificial en los équidos, especialmente con semen congelado, estuvo restringido, principalmente, por imposiciones de las asociaciones de criadores. Recientemente, las legislaciones de criadores de équidos en varios países se han tornado más flexibles, permitiendo el registro de productos oriundos de semen congelado. En el Brasil, frente a ese nuevo cambio, la principal asociación de criadores de burros (Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Jumento Pêga) revisó sus conceptos y comenzó a permitir la utilización de esta biotecnología. Asimismo, en muchos países, el mayor interés en el asno o burro como semental está relacionado a la producción de mulares, pues estos animales son deseables en el medio rural, debido a que reúnen las mejores características del burro y del caballo. Los primeros trabajos en congelamiento de semen de asnos utilizaron dilutores a base de yema de huevo y glicerol, y ampolletas de vidrio como sistema de envase, basados en la metodología de congelamiento de toros. Sin embargo, pese al tiempo transcurrido, pocas investigaciones han sido dirigidas a esta especie, en especial a biotecnologías del semen. En esta revisión de literatura se discuten las principales técnicas de congelamiento de semen de équidos y se describen estudios referentes al congelamiento de semen de la especie asnal.

For decades, the development and use of the artificial insemination in the equine, especially with frozen semen, was restricted due to impositions of equine breeders associations that opposed the use of the technique. Recently, these legislations have become more flexible in several countries, allowing the registration of products originating from frozen semen. In Brazil, based on these changes, the main donkey breed association (Brazilian Breeders Association of the Pêga Donkeys) revised their concepts and started to allow the use of this biotechnology. The current interest in many countries for the donkey sire is the production of mules, because their acceptability as these animals inherits suitable characteristics of both donkeys and horses. The first reports on donkey frozen semen used extenders based on egg yolk and glycerol, packed in glass ampoules, and followed the existing methodology for freezing bull semen. However, despite of the elapsed time, few research works have been carried out on this species, especially on semen. This literature review discussed the main techniques of freezing equine semen and describes studies on freezing of sperm of asinine species.

Taxa de concepção de éguas submetidas a duas frequências de palpação retal (24 e 12 horas) e cobertas após a ovulação / Conception rate of mares controlled by two rectal palpation intervals (24 or 12 h)and breeeding after ovulation

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a fertilidade de éguas cobertas após a ovulação, segundo um manejo de palpação retal a cada 24 (P1) ou 12 horas (P2), e cobertas por dois garanhões (G1 e G2). O estudo utilizou 84 ciclos estrais de 50 éguas mestiças do tipo militar, distribuídos ao acaso, segundo um esquema fatorial 2 x 2. A taxa de gestação para o primeiro, segundo e terceiro ciclos estrais foram de: 29,41 por cento (5/17) e 50 por cento (4/8) para o grupo P1G1; 25 por cento (5/20), 54,54 por cento (6/11) e 100 por cento (2/2) para o grupo P2G1; 41,66 por cento (5/12) e 50 por cento (2/4) para o grupo P1G2; e de 60 por cento (6/10) para o grupo P2G2, respectivamente. A taxa de gestação total/ciclo, para cada um dos quatro tratamentos, foi de 36 por cento (9/25), 39,40 por cento (13/33), 43,75 por cento (7/16) e 60 por cento (6/10), respectivamente. A taxa de concepção por ciclo estral não diferiu (p>0,05), pelo teste Exato de Fisher. Assim, os dados foram reagrupados levando-se apenas em consideração a freqüência de palpação retal, e obteve-se 39,02 por cento (16/41) e 44,19 por cento (19/43) de taxa de concepção/ciclo e 55,20 por cento (16/29) e 63,30 por cento (19/30) de taxa de concepção total para os intervalos de palpação de 24 e 12 horas, respectivamente.

The objective of the experiment was to study the fertility of mares bred after ovulation, detected by rectal palpation every 24 (P1) or 12 hours (P2), using two stallions (G1 and G2). This study was done with 84 estrus cycles of 50 military crossbred mares, randomly assigned to four treatments. The conception rate for first, second and third estrus cycles were 29.41 percent (5/17) and 50.00 percent (4/8) for group P1G1; 25.00 percent (5/20), 54.54 percent (6/11) and 100.00 percent (2/2) for group P2G1; 41.66 percent (5/12) and 50.00 percent (2/4) for group P1G2; and 60.00 percent (6/10) for group P2G2, respectively. The conception rate for each treatment were 36.00 percent (9/25), 39.40 percent (13/33), 43.75 percent (7/16) and 60.00 percent (6/10). The conception rate by estrus cycle did not differ (p>0.05) by Fisher Test. The data obtained were regrouped considering only the rectal palpation frequency and it was obtained 39.02 (16/41) and 44.19 percent (19/43) for conception rate by estrus cycle and 55.20 percent (16/29) and 63.30 percent (19/30) for total conception rate for 24 and 12 to rectal palpation intervals, respectively.

Taxa de concepção de éguas submetidas a duas frequências de palpação retal (24 e 12 horas) e cobertas após a ovulação / Conception rate of mares controlled by two rectal palpation intervals (24 or 12 h)and breeeding after ovulation

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a fertilidade de éguas cobertas após a ovulação, segundo um manejo de palpação retal a cada 24 (P1) ou 12 horas (P2), e cobertas por dois garanhões (G1 e G2). O estudo utilizou 84 ciclos estrais de 50 éguas mestiças do tipo militar, distribuídos ao acaso, segundo um esquema fatorial 2 x 2. A taxa de gestação para o primeiro, segundo e terceiro ciclos estrais foram de: 29,41 por cento (5/17) e 50 por cento (4/8) para o grupo P1G1; 25 por cento (5/20), 54,54 por cento (6/11) e 100 por cento (2/2) para o grupo P2G1; 41,66 por cento (5/12) e 50 por cento (2/4) para o grupo P1G2; e de 60 por cento (6/10) para o grupo P2G2, respectivamente. A taxa de gestação total/ciclo, para cada um dos quatro tratamentos, foi de 36 por cento (9/25), 39,40 por cento (13/33), 43,75 por cento (7/16) e 60 por cento (6/10), respectivamente. A taxa de concepção por ciclo estral não diferiu (p>0,05), pelo teste Exato de Fisher. Assim, os dados foram reagrupados levando-se apenas em consideração a freqüência de palpação retal, e obteve-se 39,02 por cento (16/41) e 44,19 por cento (19/43) de taxa de concepção/ciclo e 55,20 por cento (16/29) e 63,30 por cento (19/30) de taxa de concepção total para os intervalos de palpação de 24 e 12 horas, respectivamente.

The objective of the experiment was to study the fertility of mares bred after ovulation, detected by rectal palpation every 24 (P1) or 12 hours (P2), using two stallions (G1 and G2). This study was done with 84 estrus cycles of 50 military crossbred mares, randomly assigned to four treatments. The conception rate for first, second and third estrus cycles were 29.41 percent (5/17) and 50.00 percent (4/8) for group P1G1; 25.00 percent (5/20), 54.54 percent (6/11) and 100.00 percent (2/2) for group P2G1; 41.66 percent (5/12) and 50.00 percent (2/4) for group P1G2; and 60.00 percent (6/10) for group P2G2, respectively. The conception rate for each treatment were 36.00 percent (9/25), 39.40 percent (13/33), 43.75 percent (7/16) and 60.00 percent (6/10). The conception rate by estrus cycle did not differ (p>0.05) by Fisher Test. The data obtained were regrouped considering only the rectal palpation frequency and it was obtained 39.02 (16/41) and 44.19 percent (19/43) for conception rate by estrus cycle and 55.20 percent (16/29) and 63.30 percent (19/30) for total conception rate for 24 and 12 to rectal palpation intervals, respectively.