ABSTRACT
Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) recycles immunoglobulin G, and inhibition of FcRn is used clinically for treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this work, using the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) mouse infection model system, we determined the role of FcRn during virus infection. While induction of neutralizing antibodies and long-term protection of these antibodies was hardly affected in FcRn deficient mice, FcRn deficiency limited the amount of natural IgG (VSV-specific) antibodies. Lack of natural antibodies (nAbs) limited early control of VSV in macrophages, accelerated propagation of virus in several organs, led to the spread of VSV to the neural tissue resulting in fatal outcomes. Adoptive transfer of natural IgG into FcRn deficient mice limited early propagation of VSV in FcRn deficient mice and enhanced survival of FcRn knockout mice. In line with this, vaccination of FcRn mice with very low dose of VSV prior to infection similarly prevented death after infection. In conclusion we determined the importance of nAbs during VSV infection. Lack of FcRn limited nAbs and thereby enhanced the susceptibility to virus infection.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Neutralizing , Antibodies, Viral , Histocompatibility Antigens Class I , Immunoglobulin G , Mice, Knockout , Receptors, Fc , Vesicular Stomatitis , Animals , Mice , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Receptors, Fc/immunology , Receptors, Fc/genetics , Receptors, Fc/metabolism , Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology , Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics , Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism , Vesicular Stomatitis/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Vesiculovirus/immunology , Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/immunology , Disease Models, Animal , Adoptive Transfer , Macrophages/immunology , Macrophages/metabolism , Mice, Inbred C57BLABSTRACT
Workflow interruptions are one of the most commonly experienced stressors at work. This research expands existing literature on workflow interruptions in a diary field study. We apply a within-person approach and investigate detrimental effects of daily workflow interruptions on both daily satisfaction with performance and daily emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, we introduce polychronicity (the trait-like preference of a person to deal with several activities at the same time) as a buffering factor in this relationship. Results of the diary study with knowledge workers over 5 consecutive working days (N = 149, 644 daily observations) showed that on days on which participants experienced a large amount of workflow interruptions, they reported lower levels of satisfaction with their performance and higher levels of emotional exhaustion on that same day. Polychronicity failed to moderate the positive association between interruptions and emotional exhaustion. However, polychronicity significantly moderated the negative association between daily interruptions and daily satisfaction with participants' own performance in a way that for people ranking high on polychronicity this negative association was dissolved. (PsycINFO Database Record