Headache characteristics in COVID-19 pandemic-a survey study.

BACKGROUND: Headache is the most common COVID-19-related neurological symptom. We aimed to reveal diagnostic clues of headache for COVID-19 infection and to investigate the course of primary headaches during the pandemic. METHODS: We developed a detailed web-based questionnaire screening the characteristics and course of headaches besides clinical COVID-19 features. The participants were grouped according to being diagnosed with COVID-19 infection or not, and having previous or new-onset headaches. The COVID-19 related headache features and their associations with other clinical features were investigated. A binary logistic regression model was performed to differentiate the characteristics of headache related to COVID-19. FINDINGS: A total of 3458 participants (2341 females;67.7%, 1495 healthcare workers;43.2%) with a mean age of 43.21 ± 11.2 years contributed to the survey. Among them, 262 participants had COVID-19 diagnosis and 126 (48.1%) were male. The rate of males in the group without COVID-19 was 31% (991 out of 3196 participants) showing significant gender difference between groups (p < 0.000). COVID-19 related headaches were more closely associated with anosmia/ageusia and gastrointestinal complaints (p < 0.000 and p < 0.000), and showed different characteristics like pulsating, pressing, and even stabbing quality. Logistic regression analyses showed that bilateral headache, duration over 72 h, analgesic resistance and having male gender were significant variables to differentiate COVID-19 positive patients from those without COVID-19 (p = 0.04 for long duration and p < 0.000 for others). A worsening of previous primary headaches due to the pandemic-related problems was not reported in the majority of patients. INTERPRETATION: Bilateral, long-lasting headaches, resistance to analgesics and having male gender were more frequent in people with COVID-19 in conjunction with anosmia/ageusia and gastrointestinal complaints. These features may be helpful for diagnosing the headache related to COVID-19 during the pandemic.

Senile-Onset Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis, Presenting With Peculiar Findings.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a well-known childhood disease; however, the adult onset of SSPE cases are also widely recognized where the oldest case reported is 52 years old. We report a 61-year-old woman patient presenting with atypical clinical and EEG features, diagnosed with SSPE. Measles and SSPE have decreased dramatically owing to worldwide immunization programs; however, there are still reasons to consider SSPE in differential diagnosis even in patients presenting with atypical clinical findings and older ages. First, there is a generation who missed the immunization era, constituting a latent disease pool. Second, antivaccination movements have led to a decline in MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccination worldwide, leading to measles outbreaks and potential future SSPE cases. Third, most of the vaccination programs start measles immunization at the age of 12 months, leading to a shift in the incidence below the age of 1 year, when the risk of developing SSPE in adult life is higher. Finally, disruption in vaccination programs, in which fast disease transmission due to close contact living, unhygienic conditions of refugee camps, and limited access to health care in displaced populations have also led to measles outbreaks. In conclusion, we believe that neurologists for adults should consider SSPE in differential diagnosis, even in older patients with atypical presentations.

Sour Cherry By-products: Compositions, Functional Properties and Recovery Potentials - A Review.

Sour (tart) cherry is an industrial fruit where a considerable amount of by-products remain after processing. Sour cherry by-products consist of pomace (skin and flesh) and seeds (pit, stone) which remain after the fruit juice and IQF processes. Sour cherry pomace is characterized with a high content of phenolic compounds and the seed constitutes a high oil yield with beneficial effects on human health because of their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. There has been a great interest in sour cherry by-products due to the increasing production rate of sour cherry worldwide and the increasing efforts on seeking bioactive compounds from natural sources as functional food. Thus, there have been a number of studies regarding the sour cherry pomace and sour cherry seed, especially in the last five years. The present review summarizes the chemical, biological, functional, and technological properties of the sour cherry pomace and sour cherry seed with their current and potential applications.