Pegylated-interferon alpha (PEG-IFNα)-induced interstitial lung disease in a patient with chronic hepatitis B: A case report and literature review.

OBJECTIVES: Interferon (IFN)-induced lung injury is a rare but severe complication. Studies are needed to elucidate the demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, and prognostic features of IFN-induced interstitial lung disease (ILD). CASE REPORT: We report a patient with chronic hepatitis who developed ILD after interferon monotherapy. To further clarify the clinical characteristics of such patients, we searched for cases in which lung injury was documented as a side effect of hepatitis treatment and systematically analyzed all case reports for clinical manifestations, type of treatment, and outcomes. RESULTS: This is a 61-year-old male with a previous medical history of chronic hepatitis B. After 2 months of pegylated-interferon alpha (PEG-IFNα) application, he gradually developed cough and exertional dyspnea. Repeated chest images suggested progressive ILD, and lung biopsy revealed subacute lung injury. The diagnosis of PEG-IFNα-induced ILD was made. Including our case, 35 articles containing 45 patients were involved in our review. IFN-induced ILDs, often with a subacute onset, are characterized by nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograph. Most patients(62%, 28/45) required additional systemic steroid, and 5 (11%) patients who were co-administered ribavirin died of ILD progression despite steroid treatment. CONCLUSION: Although rare, IFN-induced ILD can lead to decreased lung function, and sometimes become fatal despite intensive treatment. Most previously reported cases were with chronic hepatitis C, and most of the medication was in combination with ribavirin. IFN-induced ILD should be monitored during IFN therapy, and appropriate steroid is recommended in patients with progressive manifestations.

The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in tissues and its association with long COVID symptoms: a cross-sectional cohort study in China.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests that symptoms associated with post-COVID-19 condition (also known as long COVID) can affect multiple organs and systems in the human body, but their association with viral persistence is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in diverse tissues at three timepoints following recovery from mild COVID-19, as well as its association with long COVID symptoms. METHODS: This single-centre, cross-sectional cohort study was done at China-Japan Friendship Hospital in Beijing, China, following the omicron wave of COVID-19 in December, 2022. Individuals with mild COVID-19 confirmed by PCR or a lateral flow test scheduled to undergo gastroscopy, surgery, or chemotherapy, or scheduled for treatment in hospital for other reasons, at 1 month, 2 months, or 4 months after infection were enrolled in this study. Residual surgical samples, gastroscopy samples, and blood samples were collected approximately 1 month (18-33 days), 2 months (55-84 days), or 4 months (115-134 days) after infection. SARS-CoV-2 was detected by digital droplet PCR and further confirmed through RNA in-situ hybridisation, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Telephone follow-up was done at 4 months post-infection to assess the association between the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and long COVID symptoms. FINDINGS: Between Jan 3 and April 28, 2023, 317 tissue samples were collected from 225 patients, including 201 residual surgical specimens, 59 gastroscopy samples, and 57 blood component samples. Viral RNA was detected in 16 (30%) of 53 solid tissue samples collected at 1 month, 38 (27%) of 141 collected at 2 months, and seven (11%) of 66 collected at 4 months. Viral RNA was distributed across ten different types of solid tissues, including liver, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, blood vessel, lung, breast, skin, and thyroid. Additionally, subgenomic RNA was detected in 26 (43%) of 61 solid tissue samples tested for subgenomic RNA that also tested positive for viral RNA. At 2 months after infection, viral RNA was detected in the plasma of three (33%), granulocytes of one (11%), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of two (22%) of nine patients who were immunocompromised, but in none of these blood compartments in ten patients who were immunocompetent. Among 213 patients who completed the telephone questionnaire, 72 (34%) reported at least one long COVID symptom, with fatigue (21%, 44 of 213) being the most frequent symptom. Detection of viral RNA in recovered patients was significantly associated with the development of long COVID symptoms (odds ratio 5·17, 95% CI 2·64-10·13, p<0·0001). Patients with higher virus copy numbers had a higher likelihood of developing long COVID symptoms. INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that residual SARS-CoV-2 can persist in patients who have recovered from mild COVID-19 and that there is a significant association between viral persistence and long COVID symptoms. Further research is needed to verify a mechanistic link and identify potential targets to improve long COVID symptoms. FUNDING: National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key R&D Program of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences, and New Cornerstone Science Foundation. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Biology of tongue coating in different disease stages of RA and its value in disease progression.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the composition of tongue coating microbiota among patients at different stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: A total of 47 patients diagnosed with RA, as per the American College of Rheumatology criteria, and 10 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. The RA patients were stratified considering their Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28), a composite measure based on the 28 tender and swollen joint count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The study population was further categorized into active phase group (LMH group) and inactive phase group (RE group) according to their DAS28 values. DNA extraction was extracted from tongue coating samples. Subsequently, the V3-V4 16S rDNA region was selectively amplified and sequenced through high-throughput 16S rDNA analysis. The resulting data were then utilized to ascertain the microbial contents. RESULTS: Significant variations were observed in the tongue coating microbiota of patients with RA during active and inactive phases, in comparison to healthy individuals (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the presence of Prevotellan, Veillonella, Rothia, and Neisseria in RA patients was notably more evident than in the healthy control (HC) group. These disparities find support in existing research on gut and oral microbiota. During the active phase of RA, the relative abundance of Veillonella, Rothia, and Neisseria in the tongue coating microbiota of patients was significantly higher than in those with inactive RA. These findings underscore the need for further and in-depth research on the potential impact of these microorganisms on the progression of RA disease. CONCLUSION: The results substantiate the hypothesis that tongue coating microbes actively contribute to the progression of RA.

Shared and distinct prefrontal cortex alterations of implicit emotion regulation in depression and anxiety: An fNIRS investigation.

BACKGROUND: Emotion regulation deficits, particularly in cognitive reappraisal, are crucial in depression and anxiety. However, research on the neural mechanisms of implicit emotion regulation is lacking, and it remains unclear whether these mechanisms are shared or distinct between the two disorders. METHODS: We investigated the neural mechanisms of implicit cognitive reappraisal in 28 individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD), 25 with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and 30 healthy controls (HC) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Participants completed an implicit cognitive reappraisal task and underwent neuropsychological and clinical assessments. RESULTS: We found that MDD patients reported higher levels of rumination and lower utilization of cognitive reappraisal, while GAD patients reported reduced use of perspective-taking. Notably, both MDD and GAD patients exhibited decreased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) compared to HC participants during implicit cognitive reappraisal. Specifically, inadequate OFC activation was observed in MDD patients, while GAD patients demonstrated OFC deactivation during the task. Furthermore, DLPFC activation showed a negative correlation with depression severity in MDD patients, while OFC activation was positively correlated with perspective-taking in GAD patients. LIMITATIONS: fNIRS has limited depth and spatial resolution. CONCLUSION: Our fNIRS study is the first to reveal shared and distinct neurobiological profiles of depression and anxiety in implicit emotion regulation. These findings underscore the significance of reduced DLPFC/OFC activation in emotion regulation impairment and highlight unique OFC activation patterns in these disorders. These insights have potential implications for developing cognitive-behavioral therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation as treatment approaches.

The accuracy of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy compared to fluoroscopy in navigation of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy in patients with interstitial lung disease.

BACKGROUND: Safely implementing transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) requires accurate navigation. Traditional fluoroscopy falls short in reducing the risk of post-procedure pneumothorax. The potential of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) as a more precise navigation method warrants further exploration. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted on ILD patients undergoing TBLC. Patients were assigned either fluoroscopy or ENB for cryoprobe positioning. Navigation accuracy was evaluated using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images as the standard. Safety and diagnostic yield were also observed. RESULTS: Seventeen patients underwent TBLC, with 10 guided by fluoroscopy and seven by ENB. Fluoroscopy-guided cryoprobe navigation required more adjustments [9/15 (60%) v.s. 1/9 (11%), p = 0.018] for subsequent TBLC compared to ENB, as confirmed by CBCT images. Clinical characteristics, post-procedure complications, and biopsy specimen size showed no significant differences between the groups. Fourteen patients obtained a pathological diagnosis, and 15 received a multidisciplinary discussion (MDD) diagnosis. In the fluoroscopy group, three patients failed to obtain a pathological diagnosis, and two failed to obtain an MDD diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: ENB demonstrates significantly superior accuracy in TBLC navigation compared to traditional fluoroscopy when CBCT images are used as a reference. Further studies are necessary to determine the value of ENB in TBLC navigation for ILD patients.

Clinical evolution of antisynthetase syndrome-associated interstitial lung disease after COVID-19 in a man with Klinefelter syndrome: A case report.

BACKGROUND: This study presents a case of rapidly developing respiratory failure due to antisynthetase syndrome (AS) following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a 33-year-old man diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome (KS). CASE SUMMARY: A 33-year-old man with a diagnosis of KS was admitted to the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of a tertiary hospital in China for fever and shortness of breath 2 wk after the onset of COVID-19. Computed tomography of both lungs revealed diffuse multiple patchy heightened shadows in both lungs, accompanied by signs of partial bronchial inflation. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid suggested absence of pathogen. A biopsy specimen revealed organizing pneumonia with alveolar septal thickening. Additionally, extensive auto-antibody tests showed strong positivity for anti-SSA, anti-SSB, anti-Jo-1, and anti-Ro-52. Following multidisciplinary discussions, the patient received a final diagnosis of AS, leading to rapidly progressing respiratory failure. CONCLUSION: This study underscores the clinical progression of AS-associated interstitial lung disease subsequent to viral infections such as COVID-19 in patients diagnosed with KS.

Near-gapless and haplotype-resolved apple genomes provide insights into the genetic basis of rootstock-induced dwarfing.

Dwarfing rootstocks have transformed the production of cultivated apples; however, the genetic basis of rootstock-induced dwarfing remains largely unclear. We have assembled chromosome-level, near-gapless and haplotype-resolved genomes for the popular dwarfing rootstock 'M9', the semi-vigorous rootstock 'MM106' and 'Fuji', one of the most commonly grown apple cultivars. The apple orthologue of auxin response factor 3 (MdARF3) is in the Dw1 region of 'M9', the major locus for rootstock-induced dwarfing. Comparing 'M9' and 'MM106' genomes revealed a 9,723-bp allele-specific long terminal repeat retrotransposon/gypsy insertion, DwTE, located upstream of MdARF3. DwTE is cosegregated with the dwarfing trait in two segregating populations, suggesting its prospective utility in future dwarfing rootstock breeding. In addition, our pipeline discovered mobile mRNAs that may contribute to the development of dwarfed scion architecture. Our research provides valuable genomic resources and applicable methodology, which have the potential to accelerate breeding dwarfing rootstocks for apple and other perennial woody fruit trees.

High intrinsic phase stability of ultrathin 2M WS2.

Metallic 2M or 1T'-phase transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) attract increasing interests owing to their fascinating physicochemical properties, such as superconductivity, optical nonlinearity, and enhanced electrochemical activity. However, these TMDs are metastable and tend to transform to the thermodynamically stable 2H phase. In this study, through systematic investigation and theoretical simulation of phase change of 2M WS2, we demonstrate that ultrathin 2M WS2 has significantly higher intrinsic thermal stabilities than the bulk counterparts. The 2M-to-2H phase transition temperature increases from 120 °C to 210 °C in the air as thickness of WS2 is reduced from bulk to bilayer. Monolayered 1T' WS2 can withstand temperatures up to 350 °C in the air before being oxidized, and up to 450 °C in argon atmosphere before transforming to 1H phase. The higher stability of thinner 2M WS2 is attributed to stiffened intralayer bonds, enhanced thermal conductivity and higher average barrier per layer during the layer(s)-by-layer(s) phase transition process. The observed high intrinsic phase stability can expand the practical applications of ultrathin 2M TMDs.

h-MBenes: Promising Two-Dimensional Material Family for Room-Temperature Antiferromagnetic and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Applications.

Recently, a new class of two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal transition-metal borides (h-MBenes) was discovered through a combination of ab initio predictions and experimental studies. These h-MBenes are derived from ternary hexagonal MAB (h-MAB) phases and have demonstrated promising potential for practical applications. In this study, we conducted first-principles calculations on 15 h-MBenes and identified four antiferromagnetic metals and 11 electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Notably, the h-MnB material exhibited a remarkable Néel temperature of 340 K and a high magnetic anisotropy energy of 154 µeV/atom. Additionally, the hydrogen adsorption Gibbs free energies (ΔGH*) for h-ZrBO, h-MoBO, and h-Nb2BO2 are close to the ideal value of 0 eV, indicating their potential as electrochemical catalysts for HER. Further investigations revealed that the electronic structure, Néel temperature, and HER activity of the studied h-MBenes can be tuned by applying biaxial strains. These findings suggest that h-MBenes have wide-ranging applicability in areas such as antiferromagnetic spintronics, flexible electronic devices, and electrocatalysis, thereby expanding the potential applications of 2D transition-metal borides.

Resting-state cortico-limbic functional connectivity pattern in panic disorder: Relationships with emotion regulation strategy use and symptom severity.

Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy involving prefrontal cortex (PFC) control of the amygdala. Its aberrant functioning is closely associated with panic disorder (PD). However, the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the PFC, implicated in cognitive reappraisal, and the amygdala in PD has not been studied. Thus, this study aims to investigate the rsFC patterns and their association with cognitive reappraisal and PD. This study involved 51 participants, including 26 untreated patients with PD and 25 healthy controls (HC). We evaluated the habit of cognitive reappraisal assessment and the severity of PD using neuropsychological and clinical measures. Resting-state fMRI was utilized to evaluate the rsFC pattern between the PFC, engaged in cognitive reappraisal, and the amygdala. Mediation analysis was performed to explore the role of this rsFC in the relationship between cognitive reappraisal and PD severity. PD patients showed reduced rsFC between the PFC and the amygdala compared to HC. This weakened rsFC was associated with the severity of PD symptoms. Moreover, cognitive reappraisal was negatively correlated with PD severity, and mediation analysis indicated that the rsFC of the PFC-amygdala played a mediating role in this association. Abnormal PFC-amygdala rsFC may play a pivotal role in PD development and/or manifestation and mediate the association between cognitive reappraisal and PD severity, potentially serving as a clinical indicator for monitoring and intervention.

Honeycomb Electron Lattice Induced Dirac Fermion with Trigonal Warping in Bilayer Electrides.

Emergent fermions arising from the excess electrons of electrides provide a new perspective for exploring semimetal states with unique Fermi surface geometries. In this study, a class of unique two-dimensional (2D) highly anisotropic Dirac fermions is designed using a sandwich structure. Based on the structural design and first-principles calculations, 2D electride MB (M = Ca/Sr, B = Cl/Br/I) is an ideal candidate material. The excess electrons of the bilayer MB could be stably localized in the interstitial cavities, constructing a natural zigzag honeycomb electron sublattice that further forms a Dirac fermion. Compared with traditional Dirac semimetals, 2D Dirac electrides exhibited rich physical properties: i) The Fermi surface shows trigonal warping in low-energy regions. In particular, the geometry of the Fermi surface determines the high anisotropy of the Fermi velocity. ii) A pair of Dirac fermions are protected by three-fold rotational symmetry and exhibit strong robustness. iii) Electride MB possesses a lower work function that strongly correlates with the surface area of the emission channel. Based on these properties, an electron-emitting device with multifunctional applications is fabricated. Therefore, this study provides an ideal platform for studying potential entanglement between structures, electrides, and topological states.

Machine Learning-Accelerated Discovery of A2BC2 Ternary Electrides with Diverse Anionic Electron Densities.

This study combines machine learning (ML) and high-throughput calculations to uncover new ternary electrides in the A2BC2 family of compounds with the P4/mbm space group. Starting from a library of 214 known A2BC2 phases, density functional theory calculations were used to compute the maximum value of the electron localization function, indicating that 42 are potential electrides. A model was then trained on this data set and used to predict the electride behavior of 14,437 hypothetical compounds generated by structural prototyping. Then, the stability and electride features of the 1254 electride candidates predicted by the model were carefully checked by high-throughput calculations. Through this tiered approach, 41 stable and 104 metastable new A2BC2 electrides were predicted. Interestingly, all three kinds of electrides, i.e., electron-deficient, electron-neutral, and electron-rich electrides, are present in the set of predicted compounds. Three of the most promising new electrides (two electron-rich, Nd2ScSi2 and La2YbGe2, and one electron-deficient Y2LiSi2) were then successfully synthesized and characterized experimentally. Furthermore, the synthesized electrides were found to exhibit high catalytic activities for NH3 synthesis under mild conditions when Ru-loaded. The electron-deficient Y2LiSi2, in particular, was seen to exhibit a good balance of catalytic activity and chemical stability, suggesting its future application in catalysis.

Blinding assessment in clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine: Exploratory principles and protocol.

As one of the key components of clinical trials, blinding, if successfully implemented, can help to mitigate the risks of implementation bias and measurement bias, consequently improving the validity and reliability of the trial results. However, successful blinding in clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is hard to achieve, and the evaluation of blinding success through blinding assessment lacks established guidelines. Taking into account the challenges associated with blinding in the TCM field, here we present a framework for assessing blinding. Further, this study proposes a blinding assessment protocol for TCM clinical trials, building upon the framework and the existing methods. An assessment report checklist and an approach for evaluating the assessment results are presented based on the proposed protocol. It is anticipated that these improvements to blinding assessment will generate greater awareness among researchers, facilitate the standardization of blinding, and augment the blinding effectiveness. The use of this blinding assessment may further advance the quality and precision of TCM clinical trials and improve the accuracy of the trial results. The blinding assessment protocol will undergo continued optimization and refinement, drawing upon expert consensus and experience derived from clinical trials. Please cite this article as: Wang XC, Liu XY, Shi KL, Meng QG, Yu YF, Wang SY, Wang J, Qu C, Lei C, Yu XP. Blinding assessment in clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine: Exploratory principles and protocol. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(6): 528-536.

Elastic Registration Algorithm Based on Three-dimensional Pulmonary MRI in Quantitative Assessment of Severity of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

PURPOSE: To quantitatively analyze lung elasticity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) using elastic registration based on 3-dimensional pulmonary magnetic resonance imaging (3D-PMRI) and to assess its' correlations with the severity of IPF patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty male patients with IPF (mean age: 62±6 y) and 30 age-matched male healthy controls (mean age: 62±6 y) were prospectively enrolled. 3D-PMRI was acquired with a 3-dimensional ultrashort echo time sequence in end-inspiration and end-expiration. MR images were registered from end-inspiration to end-expiration with the elastic registration algorithm. Jacobian determinants were calculated from deformation fields on color maps. The log means of the Jacobian determinants (Jac-mean) and Dice similarity coefficient were used to describe lung elasticity between 2 groups. Then, the correlation of lung elasticity with dyspnea Medical Research Council (MRC) score, exercise tolerance, health-related quality of life, lung function, and the extent of pulmonary fibrosis on chest computed tomography were analyzed. RESULTS: The Jac-mean of IPF patients (-0.19, [IQR: -0.22, -0.15]) decreased (absolute value), compared with healthy controls (-0.28, [IQR: -0.31, -0.24], P<0.001). The lung elasticity in IPF patients with dyspnea MRC≥3 (Jac-mean: -0.15; Dice: 0.06) was significantly lower than MRC 1 (Jac-mean: -0.22, P=0.001; Dice: 0.10, P=0.001) and MRC 2 (Jac-mean: -0.21, P=0.007; Dice: 0.09, P<0.001). In addition, the Jac-mean negatively correlated with forced vital capacity % (r=-0.487, P<0.001), forced expiratory volume 1% (r=-0.413, P=0.004), TLC% (r=-0.488, P<0.001), diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide % predicted (r=-0.555, P<0.001), 6-minute walk distance (r=-0.441, P=0.030) and positively correlated with respiratory symptoms (r=0.430, P=0.042). Meanwhile, the Dice similarity coefficient positively correlated with forced vital capacity % (r=0.577, P=0.004), forced expiratory volume 1% (r=0.526, P=0.012), diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide % predicted (r=0.435, P=0.048), 6-minute walk distance (r=0.473, P=0.016), final peripheral oxygen saturation (r=0.534, P=0.004), the extent of fibrosis on chest computed tomography (r=-0.421, P=0.021) and negatively correlated with activity (r=-0.431, P=0.048). CONCLUSION: Lung elasticity decreased in IPF patients and correlated with dyspnea, exercise tolerance, health-related quality of life, lung function, and the extent of pulmonary fibrosis. The lung elasticity based on elastic registration of 3D-PMRI may be a new nonradiation imaging biomarker for quantitative evaluation of the severity of IPF.

APPA Increases Lifespan and Stress Resistance via Lipid Metabolism and Insulin/IGF-1 Signal Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Animal studies have proven that 1-acetyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl acetate (APPA) is a powerful antioxidant as a novel aldose reductase inhibitor independently synthesized by our laboratory; however, there is no current information on APPA's anti-aging mechanism. Therefore, this study examined the impact and mechanism of APPA's anti-aging and anti-oxidation capacity using the Caenorhabditis elegans model. The results demonstrated that APPA increases C. elegans' longevity without affecting the typical metabolism of Escherichia coli OP50 (OP50). APPA also had a non-toxic effect on C. elegans, increased locomotor ability, decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species, lipofuscin, and fat, and increased anti-stress capacity. QRT-PCR analysis further revealed that APPA upregulated the expression of antioxidant genes, including sod-3, gst-4, and hsp-16.2, and the critical downstream transcription factors, daf-16, skn-1, and hsf-1 of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor, daf-2. In addition, fat-6 and nhr-80 were upregulated. However, the APPA's life-prolonging effects were absent on the daf-2, daf-16, skn-1, and hsf-1 mutants implying that the APPA's life-prolonging mechanism depends on the insulin/IGF-1 signaling system. The transcriptome sequencing also revealed that the mitochondrial route was also strongly associated with the APPA life extension, consistent with mev-1 and isp-1 mutant life assays. These findings aid in the investigation of APPA's longevity extension mechanism.

In-depth understanding of boosting salinity gradient power generation by ionic diode.

Ionic diodes constructed with asymmetric channel geometry and/or charge layout have shown outstanding performance in ion transport manipulation and reverse electrodialysis (RED) energy collection, but the working mechanism is still indistinct. Herein, we systematically investigated RED energy conversion of straight nanochannel-based bipolar ionic diode by coupling the Poisson-Nernst-Planck and Navier-Strokes equations. The effects of nanochannel structure, charging polarity, and symmetricity as well as properties of working fluids on the output voltage and output power were investigated. The results show that as high-concentration feeding solution is applied, the bipolar ionic diode-based RED system gives higher output voltage and output power compared to the unipolar channel RED system. Under optimal conditions, the voltage output of the bipolar channel is increased by ∼100% and the power output is increased by ∼260%. This work opens a new route for the design and optimization of high-performance salinity energy harvester as well as for water desalination.

Clinical characteristics of hypersensitivity pneumonitis: non-fibrotic and fibrotic subtypes.

BACKGROUND: The presence of fibrosis is a criterion for subtype classification in the newly updated hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) guidelines. The present study aimed to summarize differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis of non-fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (NFHP) and fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (FHP) and explore factors associated with the presence of fibrosis. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, patients diagnosed with HP through a multidisciplinary discussion were enrolled. Collected data included demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and radiologic and histopathological features. Logistic regression analyses were performed to explore factors related to the presence of fibrosis. RESULTS: A total of 202 patients with HP were enrolled, including 87 (43.1%) NFHP patients and 115 (56.9%) FHP patients. Patients with FHP were older and more frequently presented with dyspnea, crackles, and digital clubbing than patients with NFHP. Serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 125, carbohydrate antigen 153, gastrin-releasing peptide precursor, squamous cell carcinoma antigen, and antigen cytokeratin 21-1, and count of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophils were higher in the FHP group than in the NFHP group. BAL lymphocytosis was present in both groups, but less pronounced in the FHP group. Multivariable regression analyses revealed that older age, <20% of lymphocyte in BAL, and ≥1.75% of eosinophil in BAL were risk factors for the development of FHP. Twelve patients developed adverse outcomes, with a median survival time of 12.5 months, all of whom had FHP. CONCLUSIONS: Older age, <20% of lymphocyte in BAL, and ≥1.75% of eosinophil in BAL were risk factors associated with the development of FHP. Prognosis of patients with NFHP was better than that of patients with FHP. These results may provide insights into the mechanisms of fibrosis in HP.

Polarization-Sensitive Photodetector Based on High Crystallinity Quasi-1D BiSeI Nanowires Synthesized via Chemical Vapor Deposition.

Bismuth chalcohalides (BiSeI and BiSI), a class of superior light absorbers, have recently garnered great attention owing to their promise in constructing next-generation optoelectronic devices. However, to date, the photodetection application of bismuth chalcohalides is still limited due to the challenge in controllable preparation. Herein, the synthesis of large-scale quasi-1D BiSeI nanowires via chemical vapor deposition growth is reported. By precisely tuning the growth temperature and the Se supply, it can effectively control the growth thermodynamics and kinetics of BiSeI crystal, and thus achieve high purity quasi-1D BiSeI nanowires with high crystal quality, uniform diameter, and tunable domain length. Theory and optical characterizations of the quasi-1D BiSeI nanowires reveal an indirect bandgap of 1.57 eV with prominent optical linear dichroism. As a result, the quasi-1D BiSeI nanowire-based photodetector demonstrates a broadband photoresponse (400-800 nm) with high responsivity of 5880 mA W-1 , fast response speed of 0.11 ms and superior air stability. More importantly, the photodetector displays strong polarization sensitivity (anisotropic ratio = 1.77) under the 532 nm light irradiation. This work will provide important guides to the synthesis of other quais-1D metal chalcohalides and shed light on their potential in constructing novel multifunctional optoelectronic devices.

Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in blueberry (Vaccinium spp.).

As a highly economic small fruit crop, blueberry is enjoyed by most people in terms of color, taste, and rich nutrition. To better understand its coloring mechanism on the process of ripening, an integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome profiles was performed in three blueberry varieties at three developmental stages. In this study, 41 flavonoid metabolites closely related to the coloring in blueberry samples were analyzed. It turned out that the most differential metabolites in the ripening processes were delphinidin-3-O-arabinoside (dpara), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (pnglu), and delphinidin-3-O-galactoside (dpgal), while the most differential metabolites among different varieties were flavonols. Furthermore, to obtain more accurate and comprehensive transcripts of blueberry during the developmental stages, PacBio and Illumina sequencing technology were combined to obtain the transcriptome of the blueberry variety Misty, for the very first time. Finally, by applying the gene coexpression network analysis, the darkviolet and bisque4 modules related to flavonoid synthesis were determined, and the key genes related to two flavonoid 3', 5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) genes in the darkviolet module and one bHLH transcription factor in the bisque4 module were predicted. It is believed that our findings could provide valuable information for the future study on the molecular mechanism of flavonoid metabolites and flavonoid synthesis pathways in blueberries.