A Case Report of a Cold Chest Wall Abscess Following Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination.

The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, a cornerstone in global immunization programs for tuberculosis prevention, has generally proven to be safe and effective. However, rare complications, including localized abscess formation, have been reported. This case report highlights a two-year-old male who developed a painless swelling on the left chest wall, noticed six weeks post-BCG vaccination. Physical and imaging evaluations confirmed a cold abscess. Laboratory tests ruled out alternative diagnoses. Antitubercular therapy led to a favorable response, avoiding surgical intervention. Follow-up revealed complete resolution, showcasing successful management of this rare BCG-related complication in a pediatric patient. The success of antimycobacterial therapy supports a tailored and conservative approach, raising questions about the necessity of surgical intervention. The presented case sheds light on the complex interplay between BCG vaccination, host response, and rare complications, providing valuable insights for further research. Vigilance, robust surveillance, and collaborative efforts are essential to unravel vaccine-related adverse events. This case contributes to a deeper understanding of rare BCG-related complications, guiding clinical practice, and advancing the knowledge base.

Salmonella Subcutaneous Abscess: A Rare Complication Post Salmonella Gastroenteritis.

Salmonella is a gram-negative bacilli bacterium that can infect and colonize humans, causing a wide range of clinical manifestations. The most common manifestation is gastroenteritis, usually after ingestion of undercooked and ill-prepared food, particularly in developing countries. Indonesia is among those reported to have a high incidence of Salmonella infection. Uncommonly, extraintestinal manifestations can affect distant body sites, either during or after the episode of bacteremia. This case report presents a rare case of a healthy 19-year-old female who developed an atypical chest wall abscess colonized by Salmonella in the context of experiencing gastroenteritis three weeks prior on her return from Bali, Indonesia. This case highlights the indolent course associated with a Salmonella chest wall abscess with a discussion of the current literature and management.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection in a 15-year-old boy with pulmonary empyema: a case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), previously known as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, is a slow-growing Gram-negative coccobacillus, member of the HACEK group of bacteria colonizing oral flora. Besides causing infectious diseases in the oral cavity such as dental caries and periodontitis, it is responsible for severe extra-oral infections secondary to hematogenous spread or aspiration, such as endocarditis, soft tissue abscesses and osteomyelitis. The diagnosis depends on prolonged bacterial culture of biological material obtained through biopsy. Aa is susceptible to most antibiotics but complete eradication often requires a long term treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 15-year-old previously healthy boy diagnosed with both pulmonary empyema and subphrenic chest wall abscess caused by Aa. He was admitted to our Pediatric Emergency department for evaluation of a right mass associated with marked asthenia and dry cough. After radiological findings etiological diagnosis was made by culture of fluid drainage of pleural empyema. He started empirical antibiotic therapy with intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam, whose sensibility was confirmed by the antibiogram, then, for occurrance of hepatopathy it was switched to ciprofloxacin: the patient almost completely recovered after 6-month therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Extra-oral infections caused by Aa are extremely rare, especially in children, and not well described yet. To our knowledge, there is only another similar case described in literature. However, the case described in our manuscript represents the only one presenting with pulmonary empyema without involvement of lung parenchyma in children. We also conducted a brief review of published cases of Aa infection in the pediatric population. This case report reminds us the importance of an accurate inspection of the oral cavity during the examination of pediatric patients.

A Rare Case of Chest Wall Abscess by Nocardia in a Patient With Sarcoidosis.

Nocardia is a rare gram-positive pathogen reported to cause infections in immunocompromised individuals. It usually involves the lungs but may also lead to abscess formation; cases of disseminated nocardiosis have also been reported. We are presenting a case of an Asian male who had sarcoidosis with pulmonary and skin involvement. The patient was on long-term immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids with good control of the disease. He developed a fever, weight loss, and right-sided chest pain. CT of the chest showed new nodular infiltrates. Worsening of sarcoidosis was suspected; the corticosteroid dose was increased and methotrexate was started. There was no favorable response to the increase in immunosuppressive therapy. Weight loss was followed by worsening shortness of breath and fluctuant swelling in the right lateral half of the chest. Bronchoalveolar lavage was done to rule out tuberculosis but it did not show any organism's growth. Ultrasound-guided needle aspiration from the abscess was done that showed growth of Nocardia species. Therapeutic dose co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) was started as first-line therapy after confirming the organism's drug susceptibility pattern along with needle aspiration of the collection on the chest wall. Immunosuppressive agents were stopped. There was a good response to treatment with resolution of symptoms within two months. However, complete radiological recovery took 10 months. Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) therapy continued for two months after radiological recovery. Physicians, therefore, should keep Nocardia as an important differential diagnosis while treating the immunosuppressed population.

Costal tubercular osteomyelitis presenting as an orbital abscess.

Orbital abscesses are most commonly associated with co-existing active paranasal sinus infection. Herein, the authors present the case of an orbital abscess in the setting of costal tubercular osteomyelitis and an anterior chest wall abscess in the absence of any paranasal sinus pathology in an immunocompetent patient. Costal tuberculosis is a very rare form of extrapulmonary skeletal tuberculosis and is challenging to diagnose. Initial presentation as an orbital abscess remote from the site of the primary pathology is of extremely rare occurrence. In this instance, the diagnosis of tuberculous osteomyelitis was suspected primarily on the basis of clinicoradiological features. The patient was treated with, and responded well to, standard first-line anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) for extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

A Rare Case of Escherichia coli Chest Wall Abscess With Rib Osteomyelitis in a Patient With Crohn's Disease.

Primary chest wall abscess due to hematogenous spread is very rare and has seldom been documented in the literature, with most reported cases attributed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Prompt diagnosis and management with antibiotics, and evacuation of the abscess, is imperative as the infection can lead to systemic or disseminated infection, including erosion into surrounding bone if left untreated. We describe the case of a 67-year-old female with severe Crohn's disease receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) therapy, Etanercept presenting with localized Escherichia coli (E. coli) chest wall abscess with erosion into the surrounding rib. This case highlights a rare clinical entity, chest wall abscess, which is also an unusual site of E. coli infection. Only three previous cases of E. coli primary chest wall abscess can be found in the published literature. This case also highlights a possible association of severe Crohn's disease predisposing to complicated soft tissue infection.

Ancient foe spectra: Case series of Mycobacterium tuberculosis presentations.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis frequently eludes assessment through atypical presentations and constitute diagnostic challenges. High degree of suspicion with aids of GeneXpert MTB/RIF can clinch the diagnosis and avoid unnecessary consequences.

Metastatic tuberculous chest wall and massive psoas abscesses in an immunocompetent patient.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is rare in immunocompetent healthy adults. TB of the chest wall accounts for 1%-5% of all cases of musculoskeletal TB. Psoas abscess can be either primary or secondary to diseases like Pott's spine. We describe a patient with massive lower chest wall abscess extending to abdominal muscles and an asymptomatic large psoas abscess detected on imaging due to spine TB which responded well to antitubercular therapy and drainage without surgical measures. The concomitant presence of a massive chest wall abscess and psoas abscess due to TB in an immunocompetent patient was not reported previously.

Late-onset chest wall abscess due to a biodegradable rib pin infection after lung transplantation.

A 55-year-old man with end-stage emphysema underwent a right single-lung transplantation through a posterolateral thoracotomy. The fifth rib was divided and fused back using a biodegradable pin made of polylactide acid and hydroxyapatite. Two weeks postoperatively, he suffered from central vein catheter-related sepsis due to methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. After being successfully treated for sepsis, he was discharged. However, 3 months later, computed tomography revealed multiple loculated abscesses in the chest wall and the right pleural space. Reoperative thoracotomy revealed abscesses mainly located around the fifth rib, where the pin was inserted. Both cultures of the abscess and the fifth rib were positive for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, which suggested that the rib pin was the cause of the secondary infection. This case suggests the rib pins, even if they are biodegradable, could have a risk of infections side effect especially for the immunosuppressed patients.

Sternoclavicular joint septic arthritis with chest wall abscess in a healthy adult: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint is rare. It can be associated with serious complications such as osteomyelitis, chest wall abscess, and mediastinitis. In this report, we describe a case of an otherwise healthy adult with septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint with chest wall abscess. CASE PRESENTATION: A 68-year-old Japanese man presented to our hospital complaining of pain and erythema near the right sternoclavicular joint. Despite 1 week of oral antibiotics, his symptoms did not improve. Computed tomography revealed an abscess with air around the right pectoralis major muscle. After being transferred to a tertiary hospital, emergency surgery was performed. Operative findings included necrotic tissue around the right sternoclavicular joint and sternoclavicular joint destruction, which was debrided and packed open. Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was identified in blood and wound cultures. Negative pressure wound therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy were performed for infection control and wound healing. The patient's general condition improved, and good granulation tissue developed. The wound was closed using a V-Y flap on hospital day 48. The patient has been free of relapse for 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint is an unusual infection, especially in otherwise healthy adults. Because it is associated with serious complications such as chest wall abscess, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are required.

Surgical Treatment of 13 Cases of Delayed Traumatic Chest Wall Abscess / 中国微创外科杂志

This paper reported 13 cases of delayed traumatic chest wall abscess from January 2012 to January 2015.All the patients were associated with type 2 diabetes.After local puncture for confirmative diagnosis, a chest wall abscess dissection was carried out as soon as possible.At each site of upper and lower pole, an indwelling drainage tube was placed for irrigation and negative pressure suction.Sensitive antibiotics were selected based on susceptibility test results.The drainage tubes were removed 7-14 days after surgery.There were 8 cases of primary healing of incision and 5 cases of secondary healing of incision.All the patients were cured.Follow-ups for 6-36 months (average, 17 months) showed no recurrence.

Melioidosis with a Pericardial Effusion, which Relapsed as a Chest Wall Abscess: A Rare Presentation.

Melioidosis, which is caused by a soil saprophyte, Burkholderia pseudomallei, is most prevalent in the south-west coast of India. Although it is frequently seen in immunocompromised patients, melioidosis can occur in apparently normal individuals. Melioidosis can involve almost any organ. A relapse of melioidosis is usually associated with a poor adherence to the eradication therapy, a multifocal involvement and bacteraemia. A relapsing melioidosis is usually known to follow a similar pattern of organ involvement in the first and second episodes of the infection. We are discussing here, a rare case of melioidosis in a 38-year-old construction-worker, with no risk factors, who presented initially with a pericardial effusion. It relapsed 6 months after he completed the prescribed eradication therapy for 3 months, as an anterior chest wall abscess. The author recommends a high index of suspicion for the relapsed melioidosis cases, inspite of the primary episode being non-bacteraemic and compliant with the recommended therapy, in order to avoid further complications.

Tuberculous empyema presenting as a persistent chest wall mass: case report.

Empyema necessitatis is an empyema that spreads outside of the pleural space involving the chest wall. Tuberculosis is the most common cause. It occurs in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Due to the long latency period and the paucity of symptoms, diagnosis can be challenging. Clinicians must have a high awareness of this disease, especially in patients from endemic regions. The disease is treatable with surgical and medical interventions. Failure to diagnose can lead to grave consequences for both the individual patient and public health. This is particularly true in endemic regions where controlling the spread of TB is challenging. We report a rare presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis in an otherwise healthy 72-year-old USA immigrant from Thailand. He presented with a painless, chronic chest wall swelling with minimal systemic symptoms. Imaging revealed empyema necessitatis. Histopathology could not give a definitive diagnosis because the tissue was too necrotic. Despite negative acid-fast staining, sputum cultures were positive for tuberculosis. The case presentation is followed by a brief review of the current relevant literature. This case highlights the importance of clinical suspicion and increased awareness for this silent but serious infection.

Melioidosis of chest wall masquerading as a tubercular cold abscess.

Melioidosis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, an important human pathogen in the tropical regions causes protean and multisystem clinical manifestations. A 50-year-old man on treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis developed a chest wall abscess. With a suspicion of tuberculous cold abscess, pus culture was done and it revealed Burkholderia pseudomallei. He was treated with 10 days of ceftazidime and incision and drainage was done. Wound healed well and he has now completed three months of oral cotrimoxazole eradication therapy and is on follow-up without recurrence. We report this case for the unusual presentation of melioidosis and the diagnostic challenge posed due to clinical similarity with tuberculosis.