ABSTRACT
Excessive number of dyes in water is becoming the main cause of water pollution, which is very important to remove because it is harmful. Dye contaminated water is being treated by various methods. Adsorption method can be considered best for the study of dye removal due to several technological reasons. The adsorption method has also been emphasized in this study. In the present work, a nano-bio-composite was fabricated by growing manganese oxide nanoparticles on abundant cellulosic guava leaf powder. This allows nanocomposite to be prepared in large quantities at nominal cost. The characterization technique confirmed the irregular growth of manganese oxide nanoparticles onto the guava leaf powder. The electrostatic and non-electrostatic interactions was confirmed in between manganese oxide nanoparticles and the carbon structure of guava leaf powder. The massive functional groups were found to be in the prepared nano-bio-composite. The grain size of prepared material was in nano range. The developed nano-bio-composite was used to remove methylene blue from water. This showed a very good adsorptive capacity for methylene blue. The analyzed adsorption data was modelled through isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics models. The nature of the adsorption process was determined to be spontaneous and exothermic. The reusability test was carried out for five adsorption-desorption cycles. The reusability results suggested the better removal efficiency (%) in the first two cycles with only 20 % reduction in removal efficiency (%). The leaching test result revealed the good stability of MnO2/GL at neutral pH. It was a unique and cheap adsorbent of its kind, which had not been noticed anywhere before.
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BACKGROUND: Chemical fortification and dose supplementation of vitamin B12 are widely implemented to combat deficiency symptoms. However, in situ, fortification of vitamin B12 in food matrixes can be a promising alternative to chemical fortification. The present study aimed to produce vitamin B12-rich, probiotic guava juice fermented with Levilactobacillus brevis strain KU15152. Pasteurized fresh guava juice was inoculated with 7.2 log CFU mL-1 L. brevis strain KU15152 and incubated for 72 h at 37 °C anaerobically. The antioxidants, total phenolic compounds, vitamin B12 production, sugars, organic acids, pH and viable count were analyzed at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. The fermented juice was stored at 4 °C, and the changes in its functional properties were analyzed at 7-day intervals up to 28 days of storage. RESULTS: During fermentation, the bacteria cell count was increased from 7.01 ± 0.06 to 9.76 ± 0.42 log CFU mL-1 after 72 h of fermentation and was decreased to 6.94 ± 0.34 CFU mL-1 during storage at 4 °C after 28 days. The pH, total soluble solids, crude fiber, citric acid and total sugars decreased, while titratable acidity, total protein, antioxidants, phenolic compounds and lactic acid contents increased during fermentation. The fermented guava juice exhibited higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)) radical scavenging activities (85.97% and 75.97%, respectively) at 48 h of fermentation. The concentration of active vitamin B12 in the sample reached 109.5 µg L-1 at 72 h of fermentation. However, this concentration gradually decreased to 70.2 µg L-1 during the storage period. During storage for 28 days at 4 °C, both the fermented and control guava juices exhibited a decline in antioxidant and phenolic compound concentrations. Furthermore, the addition of 20% honey and guava flavor enhanced the organoleptic properties and acceptability of fermented guava juice. CONCLUSION: The value-added fermented guava juice could be a novel functional food product to combat vitamin B12 deficiency. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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This study investigated the hypoglycemic mechanism of guava polysaccharides (GP) through the gut microbiota (GM) and related metabolites. Our findings demonstrated that GP significantly mitigated high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, elevated alanine aminotransferase, high hepatic inflammation levels, and prevented pancreatic atrophy and hepatomegaly. Interestingly, the benefits of GP were attributed to alterations in the GM. GP decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, significantly inhibiting deleterious bacteria, including Uncultured_f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Bilophila, and Desulfovibrio, while promoting the proliferation of probiotic Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides. In addition, GP promoted the generation of short-chain fatty acids. Notably, the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism pathway was enriched in liver metabolites. GP significantly elevated hepatic AA and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, while reducing prostaglandin E2 and 5- and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. This modulation is accompanied by the downregulation of hepatic cyclooxygenase-1, 12-lipoxygenase, P38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mRNA expression, and the upregulation of cytochrome P4502J5 and insulin receptor substrate 1/2 mRNA expression. However, GP antibiotic treatment did not induce significant alterations in FBG and AA levels or gene expression. Overall, our findings suggest that the hypoglycemic effect of GP may be intricately linked to alterations in AA metabolism, which depends on the GM.
Subject(s)
Arachidonic Acid , Diet, High-Fat , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Hyperglycemia , Polysaccharides , Psidium , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Animals , Arachidonic Acid/metabolism , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Psidium/chemistry , Hyperglycemia/drug therapy , Hyperglycemia/metabolism , Male , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Streptozocin , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Liver/pathology , Mice , Rats , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolismABSTRACT
The dataset explained the details on how pruning techniques significantly affected the seasonal variations on fruit availability and edible quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.) under fluctuating sub-tropical weather conditions. The present pruning data also directed a way of enhancing lean season (off-season) harvest without sacrificing the main season yield and fruit quality. In detail, the pruning strategies included branch removal of 0 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm from shoot-tip once a year during spring (early March), monsoon (early June) and autumn (early September) starting with spring pruning. Over two consecutive years (2019-2020 and 2020-2021), the pruning treatments were assigned in triplicates following a randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) where the same plants received the same treatments during observation period. Data on crop load like number of fruits and fruit yield per plant and fruit biochemical traits namely total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total sugars, vitamin C and fruit specific gravity were recorded. To assess the seasonal variations, data collection was performed continuously and grouped at quarter intervals i.e., March-May, June-August, September-November and December-February of the year. Plants under pruning produced greater number of flowers and fruits for superior yield and quality compared to non-pruned plants. Irrespective of pruning techniques, June-August and September-November quarters had superior yield over others, whereas March-May harvests retained utmost fruit quality. Considering pruning time, plants reserved maximum harvestable fruits in June-August quarter under spring pruning followed by March-May quarter for autumn pruning compared to other combinations. Moreover, fruit biochemical attributes were examined the best at March-May harvests under autumn pruning. Alongside, June-August and September-November periods exhibited superiority for yield over others when plants were pruned at 30 cm level, but 45 cm pruning had best yield at March-May quarter. Whether, fruits had notable TSS, sugars, vitamin C and specific gravity obtained during March-May period from 45 cm pruning treatment. June-August was noted to produce inferior quality fruits in guava.
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Psidium guajava L. is widely cultivated in southern China. In May 2021, guava scab on cv. Zhenzhu was observed in Zhanjiang (21.18° N, 110.21° E), Guangdong province, China. Guava scab was corky with ovoid or round lesions on the surfaces of green fruits. Gradually the lesions sunk. Disease incidence was estimated as 85% in 500 investigated plants in about 50 ha. Twenty diseased fruits were collected from twenty trees in the field. From each fruit the margin of the diseased tissues was cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces; surface disinfected with 75% ethanol and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 30 and 60 s, successively; and rinsed thrice with sterile water. The tissues were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28 â. Thirty-four isolates were obtained. Single-spore isolation method (Liu et al. 2021) was used to recover pure cultures of three isolates (PGNC-1, PGNC-2, and PGNC-3) . The colonies were initially white with cottony aerial mycelium at 7 days on PDA. Then, these colonies form black acervular conidiomata at 10 days. Conidia were clavate to fusiform, four-septate, straight or slightly curved, and measured 15.8 to 21.2 µm × 4.5 to 6.5 µm (n = 40). The three median cells were versicolored, whereas the basal and apical cells were hyaline. Conidia had a single basal appendage (4.5 to 5.5 µm long; n = 40) and three apical appendages (19.2 to 24.5 µm long; n = 40). The morphological characteristics of the isolates were consistent with the description of Neopestalotiopsis clavispora (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2012). Molecular identification was performed using PCR method with MightyAmp DNA Polymerase (Takara-Bio, Dalian, China) (Lu et al. 2012). Sequences were generated from the isolates using primers for the rDNA ITS (ITS1/ITS4), TEF1-α (EF1-728F/EF1-986R), and ß-tubulin (T1/ßt2b) loci (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2012). The sequences of the isolates were submitted to GenBank (ITS, OQ996557 to OQ996559; TEF, OR101037 to OR101039; ß-tubulin, OR100971 to OR100973). The sequences of the isolates were 100% identical to the type strain MFLUCC12-0281 (accession nos. JX398979, JX399014, and JX399045) through BLAST analysis. The isolates clustered with N. clavispora (MFLUCC12-0280 and MFLUCC12-0281). N. clavispora and Pestalotiopsis clavispora are synonyms. The pathogenicity was tested in vivo. Plants (cv. Zhenzhu) were grown ( 3 years old) in a quarantine orchard at 25 â to 32 â with 60 to 80% relative humidity in May 2022. Disease-free green fruits were inoculated. Sterile cotton balls were immersed in the spore suspension (1 × 105 per mL) and sterile distilled water (control) for about 15 s before they were fixed on the wounded fruits with transparent tape. Five fruits on one plant per isolate were inoculated. Five fruits on one plant severed as control. The test was performed thrice. Disease symptoms were found on the inoculated fruits after 20 days, whereas the controls remained healthy. The pathogen was re-isolated from infected fruits and was phenotypically identical to the original isolates thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Neopestalotiopsis or Pestalotiopsis spp. were reported to be the causal agents of guava scab in Colombia and in Hawaii (Keith et al. 2006; Solarte et al. 2018). N. clavispora has been reported to cause disease in a broad range of hosts (Ge et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2018), but not in guava. This is the first report of N. clavispora causing guava scab in China. There would be no harvest if this disease is left unmanaged.
ABSTRACT
Production of quality fruits in the dry and low humid October-May period has been a challenge in the tropics and sub-tropics having wide weather fluctuations throughout the year. Henceforth, the research aimed at investigating the seasonal variations in vegetative developments as well as flowering, fruiting, yield, and fruit quality of guava emphasizing the off-seasonality by pruning 0 cm (control), 15 cm, 30 cm, and 45 cm from shoot-tip, once a year at spring (early March), monsoon (early June) and autumn (early September) under such atmospheric implications. Yearly and quarterly documentation at wet (June-August and September-November) and dry (December-February and March-May) seasons revealed that pruning in spring and autumn exhibited statistical parity for higher yearly yield of 31.71 kg and 31.58 kg plant-1, respectively. Moreover, spring pruning had maximum yield in the wet season (23.94 kg plant-1), while autumn pruning governed the dry season production (18.11 kg plant-1) having a notable wet period yield (13.47 kg plant-1). Considering the yearly and quarterly in March-May and December-February harvests, autumn pruning exhibited statistical supremacy for total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total sugar, vitamin C, and specific gravity. However, pruning time didn't influence the fruit physiochemical traits at the June-August and September-November quarters producing fruits of inferior quality compared to those of March-May and December-February harvests. On the other hand, pruning lengths of 30 cm and 45 cm demonstrated statistical consistency for auspicious vegetative, reproductive and fruit biochemical properties. Meanwhile, 30 cm pruning produced maximum number of flowers (224.71 plant-1) and fruits (155.89 plant-1), consequently the highest yield (38.38 kg plant-1). Treatment interactions too ascertained that off-season production of superior quality guava can be enhanced by 30 cm shoot-tip pruning in autumn without compromising the year-round harvests.
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BACKGROUND: Guava is a fruit prone to rapid spoilage following harvest, attributed to continuous and swift physicochemical transformations, leading to substantial postharvest losses. This study explored the efficacy of xanthan gum (XG) coatings applied at various concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%) on guava fruits (Gola cultivar) over a 15-day storage period. RESULTS: The results indicated that XG coatings, particularly at 0.75%, substantially mitigated moisture loss and decay, presenting an optimal concentration. The coated fruits exhibited a modified total soluble soluble solids, an increased total titratable acidity, and an enhanced sugar-acid ratio, collectively enhancing overall quality. Furthermore, the XG coatings demonstrated the remarkable ability to preserve bioactive compounds, such as total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants, while minimizing the levels of oxidative stress markers, such as electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and H2O2. The coatings also influenced cell wall components, maintaining levels of hemicellulose, cellulose, and protopectin while reducing water-soluble pectin. Quantitative analysis of ROS-scavenging enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, revealed significant increases in their activities in the XG-coated fruits compared to those in the control fruits. Specifically, on day 15, the 0.75% XG coating demonstrated the highest SOD and CAT activities while minimizing the reduction in APX activity. Moreover, XG coatings mitigated the activities of fruit-softening enzymes, including pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, and cellulase. CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that XG coatings play a crucial role in preserving postharvest quality of guava fruits by regulating various physiological and biochemical processes. These findings offer valuable insights into the potential application of XG as a natural coating to extend the shelf life and maintain the quality of guava fruits during storage.
Subject(s)
Fruit , Polysaccharides, Bacterial , Psidium , Psidium/chemistry , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/pharmacology , Fruit/chemistry , Fruit/drug effects , Food Preservation/methods , Antioxidants/metabolismABSTRACT
In this study, the oils of açaí, passion fruit, pequi, and guava were submitted to physicochemical analysis to investigate their potential application in the food industry. Gas chromatography associated with mass spectroscopy showed that oleic and linoleic acids are mainly responsible for the nutritional quality of açaí, passion fruit, pequi, and guava oils, which exhibited 46.71%, 38.11%, 43.78%, and 35.69% of the former fatty acid, and 18.93%, 47.64%, 20.90%, and 44.72% of the latter, respectively. The atherogenicity index of the oils varied from 0.11 to 0.65, while the thrombogenicity index was 0.93 for açaí, 0.35 for guava, and 0.3 for passion fruit oils, but 1.39 for pequi oil, suggesting that the use of the first three oils may lead to a low incidence of coronary heart disease. Thermogravimetry showed that all tested oils were thermally stable above 180 °C; therefore, they can be considered resistant to cooking and frying temperatures. In general, the results of this study highlight possible applications of these oils in the food industry, either in natura or in typical food production processes.
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BACKGROUND: To mitigate post-harvest losses and inform harvesting decisions at the same time as ensuring fruit quality, precise ripeness determination is essential. The complexity arises in assessing guava ripeness as a result of subtle alterations in some varieties during the ripening process, making visual assessment less reliable. The present study proposes a non-destructive method employing thermal imaging for guava ripeness assessment, involving obtaining thermal images of guava samples at different ripeness stages, followed by data pre-processing. Five deep learning models (AlexNet, Inception-v3, GoogLeNet, ResNet-50 and VGGNet-16) were applied, and their performances were systematically evaluated and compared. RESULTS: VGGNet-16 demonstrated outstanding performance, achieving average precision of 0.92, average sensitivity of 0.93, average specificity of 0.96, average F1-score of 0.92 and accuracy of 0.92 within a training duration of 484 s. CONCLUSION: The present study presents a scalable and non-destructive approach for guava ripeness determination, contributing to waste reduction and enhancing efficiency in supply chains and fruit production. These initiatives align with environmentally friendly practices in agriculture. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Most research on trinucleotide repeats (TRs) focuses on human diseases, with few on the impact of TR expansions on plant gene expression. This work investigates TRs' effect on global gene expression in Psidium guajava L., a plant species with widespread distribution and significant relevance in the food, pharmacology, and economics sectors. We analyzed TR-containing coding sequences in 1,107 transcripts from 2,256 genes across root, shoot, young leaf, old leaf, and flower bud tissues of the Brazilian guava cultivars Cortibel RM and Paluma. Structural analysis revealed TR sequences with small repeat numbers (5-9) starting with cytosine or guanine or containing these bases. Functional annotation indicated TR-containing genes' involvement in cellular structures and processes (especially cell membranes and signal recognition), stress response, and resistance. Gene expression analysis showed significant variation, with a subset of highly expressed genes in both cultivars. Differential expression highlighted numerous down-regulated genes in Cortibel RM tissues, but not in Paluma, suggesting interplay between tissues and cultivars. Among 72 differentially expressed genes with TRs, 24 form miRNAs, 13 encode transcription factors, and 11 are associated with transposable elements. In addition, a set of 20 SSR-annotated, transcribed, and differentially expressed genes with TRs was selected as phenotypic markers for Psidium guajava and, potentially for closely related species as well.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Microsatellite Repeats , Psidium , Psidium/genetics , Microsatellite Repeats/genetics , Trinucleotide Repeats/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
Weeds that compete with valuable crops can also host plant-parasitic nematodes, acting as a source of nematode inoculum in a field and further damaging crops. The host status of 10 weed species commonly found in North Carolina, USA, was determined for the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne enterolobii and M. incognita race 4 in the greenhouse. Each weed species was challenged with 5,000 eggs/plant of either M. enterolobii or M. incognita race 4, with five replicate plants per treatment in two separate greenhouse trials. Root galling severity and total number of nematode eggs per root system were recorded 60 days after inoculation. Reproduction factor (Rf = final nematode population/initial nematode population) was calculated to determine the host status of each weed species to M. enterolobii and M. incognita race 4. Four weed species (Datura stramonium, Digitaria sanguinalis, Senna obtusifolia, and Cyperus esculentus) were poor hosts (Rf < 1) to both nematode species, and roots of these weed plants did not display galling. Four weed species (Ipomoea hederacea, Amaranthus palmeri, Portulaca pilosa, and Ipomoea lacunosa) were hosts (Rf > 1) to both nematode species, and all had observable root gall formation. Sida rhombifolia and Cyperus rotundus were poor hosts to M. enterolobii but susceptible hosts to M. incognita. This study documents a differential host status of some common weeds to M. enterolobii and M. incognita race 4, and these results highlight the necessity of managing root-knot nematodes through controlling weeds in order to protect valuable crops.
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Acute diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. Psidium guajava has been globally used for its antidiarrheal potential. We conducted a systematic review of scientific articles published up to the year 2021, which included in vivo pre-clinical tests and clinical trials involving patients with acute infectious diarrhea to verify the antidiarrheal, antibacterial and antispasmodic effects of galenic preparations or phytopharmaceuticals from P. guajava. PRISMA and Rayyan were used as tools for the selection of studies collected in four databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct). The keywords used to carry out the search were: 'Psidium guajava', 'guava', 'antidiarrhe*' and 'diarrhe*', joined by Boolean operators 'OR' or 'AND'. The characteristics of studies in animal models of acute diarrhea induction, as well as in vivo and in vitro motility and microbiological tests linked with its main pathophysiological mechanisms, were collected. Twenty-three articles were included. Twenty (87%) of these reported heterogenic preclinical studies, predominating pharmacological studies of efficacy against conventional antidiarrheal agents, which utilized relevant outcomes and models of infectious diarrhea from the top pathogens in the clinic along with classical castor oil-induced diarrhea associated with motility tests. Only three articles (13%) corresponded to clinical trials investigating the efficacy, dose and safety of these preparations. Most studies reported positive results and significant mechanistic evidence from antibacterial, anti-motility, anti-secretory and protective/anti-inflammatory perspectives. However, further studies are needed to define the clinical significance and safety treatment with P. guajava extracts. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Psidium guajava L. is an important fruit crop in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The advanced breeding methods are not employed for important commercial traits like peel and pulp color, seed hardiness, fruit size, etc., due to the scarcity of genome-wide molecular markers and high-density linkage maps. In this study, we employed single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions that are associated with color traits of leaf, peel, and pulp in the guava intervarietal mapping population. The mapping population was developed from the contrasting genotypes of fruit and leaf color. Variations in color among the segregating hybrids were recorded both visually and using a Color reader. A high-density linkage map of guava was constructed using the SNP markers from genotyping by sequencing (GBS) of 150 hybrid individuals of the cross 'Arka Poorna' (green) x 'Purple Local' (purple). The integrated linkage map consisted of 1426 SNPs mapped on 11 linkage groups (LG), spanning a total distance of around 730 cM with an average of 129.6 markers per LG. Through QTL analysis for color traits, a minor QTL region was identified for visually scored leaf color and peel color on LG1, whereas a major QTL was detected for pulp color in LG4. The Hunter color values (L* and, a*) also had major QTLs with overlapping marker intervals for leaf and peel colors, establishing the association of SNP markers to the trait. The QTLs harbored genes and transcription factors involved in lycopene and anthocyanin pigment biosynthesis. This is the first report of a high-density linkage map based on SNP markers in guava and QTL mapping for color characters in leaf, fruit peel and pulp. The genotyping information generated in this study can aid in genetic engineering and marker-assisted breeding in guava.
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In this study, we performed a quantitative analysis of 12 compounds derived from Piper sarmentosum extract (PSE) and guava leaf extract (GE). In addition, we investigated the effects of mixed extract (ME) of PSE and GE (1:1) on piglets' gut microbiome and metabolome. A total of 200 piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large Yorkshire, 21-day-old) were randomly assigned into two groups with five replicates of 20 piglets/pen having the same initial body weight. Piglets were fed a basal diet supplemented with ME at 0 (T0) or 200 mg/kg (T1) for 3 weeks. The quantitation results by ultraperformance liquid chromatography linked to triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry showed that vitexin 2-O-rhamnoside and pellitorine were the greatest abundant among six compounds detected in the PSE. In addition, quercetin, isoquercitrin and avicularin were found to be the richest of all detected compounds in the GE. Findings on experimental animals indicated that three differential metabolites, comprising L-alanine, sarcosine and dihydrofolic acid, in T1 compared with T0 groups, have exactly opposite levels trends in serum and faeces. Moreover, two metabolic pathways (i.e., urea cycle and glutamate metabolism) differed significantly in the serum and faeces of piglets between T0 and T1 (p < 0.05). At the same time, T1 had significantly higher relative abundances of Agathobacter and Alloprevotella than T0 at genus level (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that the genus Agathobacter correlated positively with carbamoyl phosphate (p < 0.01) and oxoglutaric acid (p < 0.05), and negatively with succinic acid (p < 0.01) and ornithine (p < 0.05). These four differential metabolites were also involved in the urea cycle and/or glutamate metabolism pathways. The results here indicated that the tested plant extract mixture represents a worthy feed additive with obvious antioxidative properties.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Diet , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Metabolome , Plant Extracts , Animals , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Swine , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Animal Feed/analysis , Diet/veterinary , Psidium/chemistryABSTRACT
Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) and A. obliqua (Macquart) are important pests of fruit crops. In Brazil, these species cause damage to fruit growing in the South (annual average temperature of 20.9 °C) and Northeast (average yearly temperature of 24 °C). We evaluated the effect of temperature on the viability and development time of A. fraterculus and A. obliqua immature stages in their respective preferred hosts, guava (Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae) and mango (Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae). The duration of egg and pupal stages, egg to pre-pupa, and viability of egg and pupal stages under different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) were assessed. For both species, development time decreased with increasing temperature. Viability in the evaluated stages was only observed between 15 and 30 °C. However, the species responded differently to the exposure temperatures (15 and 30 °C), especially in the pupal stage and from egg to pre-pupa. Anastrepha fraterculus showed a lower tolerance to high temperatures, especially in the pupal stage and from egg to pre-pupa, which may explain its lower importance and economic impact in warmer Brazilian regions. Anastrepha obliqua had a lower tolerance at 15 °C, indicating greater adequacy for temperatures above 20 °C, characteristic of Northeast Brazil, suggesting the capacity to spread to cooler areas with rising temperatures.
Subject(s)
Myrtaceae , Psidium , Tephritidae , Animals , Tephritidae/physiology , Temperature , Fruit , PupaABSTRACT
Fresh fruits are highly needed for the health benefits of human beings because of the presence of high content of natural nutrition in the form of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other phenolic compounds. However, some nutritional fruits such as guava are climacteric in nature with very less post-harvest shelf-life because of the ripening in a very short period and possibility of microbial infections. Thus security of natural nutrients is a serious concern in order to properly utilize guava without generating a huge amount of waste. Among reported various methods for the enhancement of fruits shelf-life, the application of edible coatings with antimicrobial activities on the outer surface of fruits have attracted significant attention because of their eco-friendly nature, easy applicability, high efficacy, and good durability. In recent years, researchers are paying more and more attention in the development of antimicrobial edible coatings to enhance the post-harvest shelf-life of guava using polysaccharides, protein and lipids. In this review, basic approaches and recent advancements in development of antimicrobial and edible coatings on guava fruit by the application of polysaccharides and protein and lipids along with the combination of nanomaterials are summarized. In addition, improvements in basic properties of edible coatings to significantly control the permeation of gases (O2/CO2) by the optimization of coating components as well as delay in ripening process are reviewed and discussed.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents , Edible Films , Psidium , Humans , Fruit , Food Preservation/methods , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Proteins/pharmacology , Lipids/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Red guava, distinguished by its elevated lycopene content, emerges as a promising natural source of carotenoids. This study systematically evaluates the impact of diverse processing techniques on the efficient release of carotenoids. The primary objective is to facilitate the transfer of carotenoids into the juice fraction, yielding carotenoid-enriched juice seamlessly integrable into aqueous-based food matrices. The untreated guava puree exhibited a modest release of carotenoids, with only 66.26% of ß-carotene and 57.08% of lycopene reaching the juice. Contrastly, both high-pressure homogenization (HPH) at 25 MPa and enzyme (EM) treatment significantly enhanced carotenoid release efficiency (p < 0.05), while high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at 400 MPa and pulsed electric field (PEF) of 4 kV/cm did not (p > 0.05). Notably, HPH demonstrated the most substantial release effect, with ß-carotene and lycopene reaching 90.78% and 73.85%, respectively. However, the stability of EM-treated samples was relatively poor, evident in a zeta-potential value of -6.51 mV observed in the juice. Correlation analysis highlighted the interactions between pectin and carotenoids likely a key factor influencing the stable dissolution or dispersion of carotenoids in the aqueous phase. The findings underscore HPH as a potent tool for obtaining carotenoid-enriched guava juice, positioning it as a desirable ingredient for clean-label foods.
Subject(s)
Psidium , beta Carotene , Lycopene , Carotenoids , ElectricityABSTRACT
Abstract Understanding morphological and physiological changes under different light conditions in native fruit species in juveniles' stage is important, as it indicate the appropriate environment to achieve vigorous saplings. We aimed to verify growth and morphophysiological changes under shade gradient in feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) to achieve good quality saplings adequate to improve cultivation in orchards. The saplings were grown for twenty-one-month under four shading treatments (0%, 30%, 50%, and 80%). Growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf anatomy parameters were evaluated. Saplings under full sun and 30% shade had higher height and diameter growth and dry mass accumulation due to higher photosynthesis rate. As main acclimatization mechanisms in feijoa saplings under 80% shade were developed larger leaf area, reduced leaf blade thickness, and enhanced quantum yield of photosystem II. Even so, the net CO2 assimilation and the electron transport rate was lower and, consequently, there was a restriction on the growth and dry mass in saplings under deep shade. Therefore, to obtain higher quality feijoa saplings, we recommend that it be carried out in full sun or up to 30% shade, to maximize the sapling vigor in nurseries and, later, this light environment can also be used in orchards for favor growth and fruit production.
Resumo A verificação de mudanças morfológicas e fisiológicas sob diferentes condições luminosas em espécies frutíferas nativas em estágio juvenil é importante, uma vez que indicam o ambiente adequado para a formação de mudas com alto vigor. Objetivou-se verificar o crescimento e as alterações morfofisiológicas sob gradiente de sombreamento em mudas de feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) para obter mudas de boa qualidade, adequadas para fomentar os plantios da espécie em pomares. As mudas foram cultivadas por vinte e um meses sob quatro tratamentos de sombreamento (0%, 30%, 50% e 80%). Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, pigmentos fotossintéticos, trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila e anatomia foliar. Mudas a pleno sol e 30% de sombra apresentaram maior crescimento em altura, diâmetro e acúmulo de massa seca, devido à maior taxa de fotossíntese. Como principais mecanismos de aclimatação sob 80% de sombra, as mudas desenvolveram maior área foliar, redução da espessura do limbo foliar e aumento do rendimento quântico do fotossistema II. Mesmo assim, a assimilação líquida de CO2 e a taxa de transporte de elétrons foram menores e, consequentemente, houve restrição ao crescimento e acúmulo de massa seca das mudas no maior nível de sombreamento. Portanto, para a obtenção de mudas de feijoa de maior qualidade, recomendamos que seja realizada a pleno sol ou até 30% de sombra, para maximizar o vigor das mudas em viveiros e, posteriormente, este ambiente de luz também pode ser utilizado em pomares para favorecer o crescimento e a produção de frutos.
Subject(s)
Myrtaceae , Feijoa , Photosynthesis , Plant Leaves , Acclimatization , LightABSTRACT
Abstract Understanding morphological and physiological changes under different light conditions in native fruit species in juveniles stage is important, as it indicate the appropriate environment to achieve vigorous saplings. We aimed to verify growth and morphophysiological changes under shade gradient in feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) to achieve good quality saplings adequate to improve cultivation in orchards. The saplings were grown for twenty-one-month under four shading treatments (0%, 30%, 50%, and 80%). Growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf anatomy parameters were evaluated. Saplings under full sun and 30% shade had higher height and diameter growth and dry mass accumulation due to higher photosynthesis rate. As main acclimatization mechanisms in feijoa saplings under 80% shade were developed larger leaf area, reduced leaf blade thickness, and enhanced quantum yield of photosystem II. Even so, the net CO2 assimilation and the electron transport rate was lower and, consequently, there was a restriction on the growth and dry mass in saplings under deep shade. Therefore, to obtain higher quality feijoa saplings, we recommend that it be carried out in full sun or up to 30% shade, to maximize the sapling vigor in nurseries and, later, this light environment can also be used in orchards for favor growth and fruit production.
Resumo A verificação de mudanças morfológicas e fisiológicas sob diferentes condições luminosas em espécies frutíferas nativas em estágio juvenil é importante, uma vez que indicam o ambiente adequado para a formação de mudas com alto vigor. Objetivou-se verificar o crescimento e as alterações morfofisiológicas sob gradiente de sombreamento em mudas de feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) para obter mudas de boa qualidade, adequadas para fomentar os plantios da espécie em pomares. As mudas foram cultivadas por vinte e um meses sob quatro tratamentos de sombreamento (0%, 30%, 50% e 80%). Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, pigmentos fotossintéticos, trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila e anatomia foliar. Mudas a pleno sol e 30% de sombra apresentaram maior crescimento em altura, diâmetro e acúmulo de massa seca, devido à maior taxa de fotossíntese. Como principais mecanismos de aclimatação sob 80% de sombra, as mudas desenvolveram maior área foliar, redução da espessura do limbo foliar e aumento do rendimento quântico do fotossistema II. Mesmo assim, a assimilação líquida de CO2 e a taxa de transporte de elétrons foram menores e, consequentemente, houve restrição ao crescimento e acúmulo de massa seca das mudas no maior nível de sombreamento. Portanto, para a obtenção de mudas de feijoa de maior qualidade, recomendamos que seja realizada a pleno sol ou até 30% de sombra, para maximizar o vigor das mudas em viveiros e, posteriormente, este ambiente de luz também pode ser utilizado em pomares para favorecer o crescimento e a produção de frutos.
ABSTRACT
Following the commodity risk assessments of bonsai plants from China consisting of Pinus parviflora grafted on P. thunbergii performed by EFSA, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Pestalotiopsis disseminata, a clearly defined plant pathogenic fungus of the family Pestalotiopsidaceae. The pathogen has been reported on herbaceous, woody and ornamental plants causing symptoms such as leaf blight, shoot blight, seedling blight, pod canker, pre- and post-harvest fruit rot, and gummosis. Moreover, the fungus was reported as an endophyte on a wide range of asymptomatic hosts. The pathogen is present in Africa, North and South America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. It has been reported from the EU, with a restricted distribution (Portugal). There is a key uncertainty on the geographical distribution of P. disseminata in the EU and worldwide, because of the endophytic nature of the fungus, the lack of surveys and since the pathogen might have been misidentified based only on morphology and pathogenicity tests. The pathogen is not included in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. This pest categorisation focuses on those hosts that are relevant for the EU and for which there is robust evidence that the pathogen was formally identified by a combination of morphology, pathogenicity and multilocus sequence analysis. Plants for planting, fresh fruits, bark and wood of host plants as well as soil and other plant growing media are the main pathways for the entry of the pathogen into the EU. Host availability and climate suitability factors occurring in parts of the EU are favourable for the establishment of the pathogen. Despite the low aggressiveness observed in most reported hosts, and the fact that P. disseminata may colonise plants as an endophyte, its introduction and spread in the EU may have an economic and environmental impact (with a key uncertainty) where susceptible hosts are grown. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent the introduction and spread of the pathogen. The Panel cannot conclude on whether P. disseminata satisfies all the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as potential Union quarantine pest, because of the key uncertainties on the restricted distribution in the EU and the magnitude of the impact.