Multimorbidity in people living with HIV and cancer in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The proportion of older people living with HIV (PLWH) has increased. Non-communicable diseases occur earlier in PLWH than in the general population. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of comorbidities in PLWH and cancer in a tertiary referral center in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we included PLWH > 40 years with a history of cancer, coming to Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia from 2010 through 2019. All patients needed to be on antiretrovirals for at least six months. Data collected included cancer type, comorbidities, frequency of polypharmacy, FRAX score and 10-year cardiovascular risk. Patients were evaluated for depression with the Beck Inventory Depression-II Scale. Variables associated to multimorbidity (2 or more comorbidities) were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 125 patients, 69% had at least one comorbidity; 32% had ≥ 2. Common comorbidities were dyslipidemia (54%), hypertension (19%), obesity (14%) and Diabetes (12%). In patients ≥ 50 years, 29 (62%) already undergone a densitometry and 9 (31%) had osteoporosis; 56 depression questionnaires were used: 30% had mild-to-severe depression. Being ≥ 50 years was associated with multimorbidity (aOR 2.57 (1.18-5.58), p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of multimorbidity and poor screening of bone disease and mental health is reported in patients with PLWH and cancer. A holistic approach to the PLWH in the Infectious Diseases consultation is needed to improve the detection and management of non-communicable diseases, to go beyond viral suppression and towards an improved quality of life.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La proporción de personas mayores que viven con VIH (PVVIH) va en aumento, y las enfermedades no transmisibles ocurren antes en PVVIH comparado con la población general. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de las comorbilidades en PVVIH con cáncer de un centro de tercer nivel de la Ciudad de México. MÉTODOS: Este estudio retrospectivo incluyó todas las PVVIH > 40 años con cáncer, que acudieron al Instituto Nacional de Cancerología entre 2010 y 2019). Se incluyeron datos sobre el tipo de cáncer, comorbilidades y polifarmacia. Se calcularon la puntuación FRAX, el riesgo cardiovascular a 10 años, y se aplicó un cuestionario para evaluar depresión (Beck Inventory Depression-II Scale). RESULTADOS: De 125 pacientes, 69% tenía al menos una comorbilidad; 32% tenía ≥ 2. Las comorbilidades más comunes fueron dislipidemia (54%), hipertensión (19%), obesidad (14%) y diabetes (12%). En pacientes ≥ 50 años, 29% tenía una densitometría osea; 31% tenía osteoporosis. Se aplicaron 56 cuestionarios: 30% tenía algún grado de depresión. Tener ≥ 50 años se asoció con multimorbilidad (aOR 2.57, 1.18-5.58), p = 0.017. CONCLUSIONES: Se reporta una alta prevalencia de multimorbilidad en PVVIH y cancer, con pobre escrutinio de enfermedad ósea y salud mental. Se requiere un enfoque holístico para las PVVIH en la consulta de infectología, para mejorar el manejo de las enfermedades no transmisibles, yendo más alla de la supresión virológica.

Comparative efficacy of antifungal drugs for the treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients: A Bayesian network meta-analysis.

Oral candidiasis infection is particularly prevalent among individuals in HIV-positive patients. Antifungal drugs have shown promising therapeutic effects in treating oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. However, the selection of specific antifungal drugs for the treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients lacks evidence-based guidelines. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a comprehensive review of relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and performing a network meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of different antifungal drugs in treating oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. A systematic search was conducted in databases including EMBASE, Web of Science, Medline, and Cochrane databases to identify relevant articles. Additionally, key pertinent sources in the literatures were also reviewed. All studies published prior to August 2023 were eligible for inclusion. Two researchers independently conducted the screening of literature, extraction of data, and evaluation of quality. Pairwise and network meta-analysis were then performed to assess the primary outcomes of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) included. The protocol was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42024513912). Twenty-six RCTs were included in this meta-analysis, involving a total of 3145 patients and evaluating seven interventions (placebo, fluconazole, itraconazole, nystatin, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole). Pairwise meta-analysis and network meta-analysis showed fluconazole was significantly efficacy in increasing mycological cure rates when compared with placebo, clotrimazole, and nystatin. Ketoconazole and miconazole were significantly efficacy in increasing mycological cure rates when compared with nystatin. Network meta-analysis also suggested the efficacy of the seven interventions in increasing mycological cure rates was ranked as follows: placebo (35.3%), fluconazole (95.2%), itraconazole (61.6%), nystatin (17.0%), clotrimazole (52.7%), ketoconazole (69.2%), miconazole (69.1%). The available evidence indicates that fluconazole had the greatest possibility to increase mycological cure rates in HIV-positive patients, while, nystatin was the least effective antifungal drug in increasing mycological cure rates in HIV-positive patients.

Association between cardiovascular inflammation and alterations in immune system induced by HIV infection detected on [18F]FDG PET/MRI.

OBJECTIVE: To assess by [18F]FDG PET/MR the biomarkers of HIV-induced inflammation at baseline and 1 year post-antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS: Prospective study, 14 patients, newly diagnosed HIV-positive, asymptomatic. [18F]FDG PET/MRI (PET/MR-3.0T, Signa.GE) whole body and heart was performed, baseline and 1 year post-ART. Qualitative vascular assessment (hepatic reference). Quantitative assessment (SUVmax) of the whole body. T1 and T2 value estimation in 16 myocardial segments. RESULTS: Baseline CMR showed in 3 (21.4%) a decreased LVEF, normalising post-TAR. Fibrosis was ruled out (T1), with no signs of myocardial oedema (T2) at baseline or post-TAR. Four (28.6%) showed baseline vascular [18F]FDG uptake, two in ascending thoracic aorta and two in ascending and descending thoracic aorta, normalising post-TAR. All (100%) showed basal lymph-nodes activity; supra (n:14) and infradiaphragmatic (n:13), laterocervical (n:14) and inguinal (n:13), with variable number of territories (9 patients >6;64.3%). Post-ART, 7 patients (50%) showed resolution and the other 7 reduction in extension (0 patients >5): 7 supra (100%) and 2 infradiaphragmatic (28.6%), 5 in the axilla and 2 in the groin. All (100%) had persistent basal adenoid uptake post-ART, 9 (64.3%) splenic all resolved post-ART and 7 (50.5%) gastric, persistent 3 post-ART. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular biomarkers by [18F]FDG PET/MR have shown baseline 28.6% of patients with large vessel activity and 21.4% with low LVEF, normalising post-ART. Inflammatory/immune biomarkers showed baseline activity in 100% of lymph-nodes, 100% adenoids, 64.3% splenic and 50.5% gastric. Post-TAR the reduction was 50% lymph-nodes, 0% adenoid, 100% splenic and 57.1% gastric.

Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence, Including Psychological Partner Violence, in a Multisite U.S. Cohort of People in HIV Care.

We examined past-year intimate partner violence (IPV), including psychological violence without physical/sexual violence, and health outcomes among people with HIV (PWH) in care in a multi-site U.S. cohort. Between 2016 and 2022, PWH reported 12-month psychological, physical, and sexual IPV in a routine assessment. We used linear and logistic regression models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and site to examine relationships with health outcomes. Among 9748 PWH (median age 50 years, 81% cisgender male/16% cisgender female/1% transgender female; 44% non-Hispanic white/36% non-Hispanic Black/15% Hispanic), 9.3% (n = 905) reported any IPV in the past 12 months; half reported psychological IPV without physical/sexual IPV (n = 453). PWH reporting any type of IPV were on average younger than those who did not experience IPV. In adjusted models, any IPV was associated with increased likelihood of unstable housing, HIV viral load detection (HIV viral load ≥ 75 copies/mL), moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms, anxiety with panic symptoms, substance use (methamphetamines, cocaine/crack, illicit opioids, marijuana, heavy episodic/hazardous drinking), and concern about exposure to sexually transmitted infection. PWH reporting any IPV in the past 12 months had 4.2% lower adherence to antiretroviral therapy, 2.4 more HIV-related symptoms, a 1.9 point higher HIV stigma score, and a 9.5% lower quality of life score than those without IPV. We found similar associations among PWH reporting only psychological IPV, without physical/sexual IPV. IPV was common among PWH. Half reporting IPV reported only psychological IPV and had similarly poor outcomes as those reporting physical/sexual IPV, demonstrating the need to assess psychological as well as physical and sexual IPV.

RESUMEN: Examinamos la violencia de la pareja íntima (intimate partner violence, IPV) del año anterior, incluida la violencia psicológica sin violencia física y sexual, así como los resultados sanitarios entre las personas con VIH (people with HIV, PWH) que reciben atención en una cohorte multicéntrica de los Estados Unidos. Entre 2016 y 2022, las PWH informaron situaciones de IPV psicológica, física y sexual durante los 12 meses en una evaluación de rutina. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal y logística ajustados por edad, raza/etnia y centro para examinar las relaciones con los resultados sanitarios. Entre 9748 PWH (mediana de edad de 50 años, 81% de hombres cisgénero/16% de mujeres cisgénero/1% de mujeres transgénero; 44% de blancos no hispanos/36% de negros no hispanos/15% de hispanos), el 9,3% (n = 905) informaron haber sufrido algún tipo de IPV en los últimos 12 meses; la mitad informó situaciones de IPV psicológica sin IPV física y sexual (n = 453). Las PWH que informaron de cualquier tipo de IPV fueron, en promedio, más jóvenes que las que no sufrieron IPV. En los modelos ajustados, cualquier IPV se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de vivienda inestable, detección de carga viral del VIH (carga viral del VIH ≥ 75 copias/ml), síntomas depresivos de moderados a graves, ansiedad con síntomas de pánico, consumo de sustancias (metanfetaminas, cocaína/crack, opioides ilícitos, marihuana, consumo excesivo episódico/peligroso de alcohol) y preocupación por la exposición a infecciones de transmisión sexual. Las PWH que informaron alguna situación de IPV en los últimos 12 meses tuvieron un 4,2% menos de cumplimiento de la terapia antirretrovírica, un 2,4% más de síntomas relacionados con el VIH, una puntuación de estigma del VIH 1,9 puntos más alta y una puntuación de calidad de vida un 9,5% más baja que las que no sufrieron IPV. Se encontraron asociaciones similares entre las PWH que informaron solo IPV psicológica, sin IPV física y sexual. La IPV fue común entre las PWH. La mitad de las personas que informaron IPV solo informaron IPV psicológica y tuvieron resultados igualmente deficientes que los que informaron IPV física y sexual, lo que demuestra la necesidad de evaluar la IPV psicológica, al igual que la IPV física y sexual.

Qualidade do acesso percebida por usuários de serviços especializados em HIV/AIDS da Bahia, Brasil / Quality of access perceived by users of HIV/AIDS specialized services in Bahia, Brazil / Calidad de acceso percibida por los usuarios de servicios especializados en VIH/SIDA en Bahía, Brasil

Este artigo descreve o acesso e a percepção do acesso de usuários a serviços especializados no tratamento do vírus da imunodeficiência humana e da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV/AIDS) em municípios baianos por meio de um recorte epidemiológico descritivo-analítico, com abordagem quantitativa de dados primários de estudo realizado em cinco serviços localizados na capital e oito no interior do estado da Bahia, Brasil. Participaram deste estudo 475 usuários, de 21 municípios baianos, predominantemente do sexo feminino, com faixa etária entre 25 e 44 anos, negros, cristãos, desempregados, com escolaridade compreendendo o ensino fundamental, renda de até três salários mínimos, heterossexual e cisgênero. O acesso à testagem para HIV e outras Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST), profilaxias de pós-exposição e pré-exposição e outros insumos de prevenção não constituíram motivação de inserção no serviço. O tratamento específico e a assistência médica para HIV e outras IST foi motivação para que a maioria dos participantes se direcionassem ao serviço especializado. O deslocamento até o serviço de referência é realizado principalmente por transportes coletivos, e o trajeto casa-serviço tem duração de pelo menos uma hora. O horário de funcionamento da unidade atende às necessidades da maior parte dos participantes, mas parcela dos usuários mencionaram o desejo de funcionamento em horários alternativos. A marcação de consultas é realizada principalmente de forma presencial e por telefone, com possibilidade de agendamento diário, assim a maioria dos usuários avaliaram a organização do serviço para marcação de consultas como boa ou muito boa. O tempo de espera, entre marcação e consulta, mais comum é de uma semana a um mês.

This article describes user access and perception of access to specialized HIV/AIDS services in Bahia municipalities by applying a qualitative epidemiological, descriptive-analytical approach to primary data from research conducted in five services located in the capital and eight in the countryside. A total of 475 users from 21 municipalities in Bahia participated in this study. Most were female, between 25 and 44 years old, Black, Christian, unemployed, with complete primary education, income of up to 3 minimum wages, heterosexual and cisgender. Access to HIV testing and other STIs, post-exposure and pre-exposure prophylaxis and other prevention inputs did not constitute motivation for procuring the service. Specific treatment and medical care for HIV and other STIs motivated most participants to turn to specialized services. Commuting to the reference service is made mainly by public transport and the home-service journey takes at least one hour. The unit's opening hours meet the needs of most participants, but some mentioned the desire for alternative operating times. Appointments are booked mainly in person and over the phone, with the possibility of daily scheduling, so most users rated the service organization for scheduling appointments as good or very good. The most common waiting time between booking and consultation is one week to one month.

Este artículo describe el acceso y la percepción de acceso de los usuarios a servicios especializados en el tratamiento del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana y síndrome de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH/sida) en municipios de Bahía (Brasil) mediante un enfoque epidemiológico, descriptivo-analítico, y un enfoque cuantitativo de datos primarios de un estudio realizado en cinco servicios ubicados en la capital y ocho en el interior del estado de Bahía. Participaron en este estudio 475 usuarios, de 21 municipios de Bahía, con mayor predominio femenino, con edades de entre 25 y 44 años, negros, cristianos, desempleados, con educación primaria, ingresos de hasta tres salarios mínimos, heterosexuales y cisgénero. El acceso a pruebas de VIH y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), profilaxis posexposición y preexposición, y otros insumos de prevención no constituyeron una motivación para ingresar al servicio. El tratamiento específico y la asistencia médica para el VIH y otras ITS fueron la razón para que la mayoría de los participantes buscaran servicios especializados. El desplazamiento al servicio de referencia se realiza principalmente en transporte público, y el trayecto desde el domicilio al servicio tiene una duración mínima de una hora. El horario de atención de la unidad satisface las necesidades de la mayoría de los participantes, pero algunos usuarios mencionaron el deseo de que operase en horarios alternativos. Las citas se realizan principalmente de forma presencial y telefónica, con posibilidad de concertación diaria, por lo que la mayoría de los usuarios valoran como buena o muy buena la organización del servicio de citas. El tiempo de espera más habitual entre la reserva y la consulta es de una semana a un mes.

"Sin reconocer la historicidad de la comunidad y la propia, no se puede hacer trabajo en y con la comunidad": Entrevista a Lucía Vivanco en sus cuarenta años de ejercicio profesional en Chile / "Without recognizing the community and one's own historicity, work cannot be done in and with communities": Interview with Lucía Vivanco based on her forty years of professional practice in Chile / "Sem reconhecer a historicidade da comunidade e a própria, o trabalho não pode ser feito nas e com as comunidades": entrevista com Lucía Vivanco, em seus quarenta anos de prática profissional no Chile

Lucía Vivanco Muñoz es terapeuta ocupacional, egresada de la Universidad de Chile en 1983 y una de las primeras en incursionar en la Terapia Ocupacional social y comunitaria en Chile. En esta entrevista, realizada por su colega Débora Grandón, analiza el desarrollo de la Terapia Ocupacional social y comunitaria a través de su incursión, a finales de la década de 1980 y durante los años 90, en áreas no tradicionales de la Terapia Ocupacional, como el acompañamiento a personas viviendo con VIH-SIDA, la desinstitucionalización de niñeces vulneradas y la reinserción en sus familias y comunidades. También, colaboró en el diseño de políticas públicas para la superación de la pobreza desde el Estado chileno y en otros países, en su rol de consultora para el Banco Mundial. Actualmente, es académica de la Escuela de Terapia Ocupacional en la Universidad de Santiago de Chile -USACH. Esta experiencia como iniciadora de áreas de práctica hoy instituidas en el ejercicio de la profesión tiene un relevante valor histórico y constituye un aporte significativo al desarrollo de estos campos y a la formación de nuevas generaciones.

Lucía Vivanco Muñoz is an occupational therapist who graduated from the University of Chile in 1983 and is one of the pioneers in the development of a social and community Occupational Therapy in Chile. In this interview, conducted by her colleague Débora Grandón, she analyzes the development of a social and community Occupational Therapy throughout her involvement at the end of the 1980s and during the 1990s in non-traditional areas such as accompanying people living with HIV/AIDS, the deinstitutionalization of vulnerable children, and their reintegration into their families and communities. She also participated in designing public policies for overcoming poverty within the Chilean government and other countries in her role as a consultant for the World Bank. She is currently an academic at the School of Occupatio-nal Therapy at the University of Santiago de Chile -USACH. This experience as an initiator of areas of practice established today in the exercise of the profession has a relevant historical value and constitutes a significant contribution to the development of these fields and the training of new generations

Lucía Vivanco Muñoz é terapeuta ocupacional, formada pela Universidade do Chile em 1983, e uma das primeiras a se aventurar na Terapia Ocupacional social e comunitária no Chile. Nesta entrevista, conduzida por sua colega Débora Grandón, se analisa o desenvolvimento da Terapia Ocupacional social e comunitária por meio de sua incursão no final dos anos 80 e durante os anos 90, em áreas não tradicionais da Terapia Ocupacional, como o acompanhamento de pessoas vivendo com HIV-AIDS, a desinstitucionalização de crianças em situação de vulnerabilidade e a reintegração em suas famílias e comunidades. Além disso, colaborou no desenho de políticas públicas para a superação da pobreza no Estado chileno e em outros países, atuando como consultora para o Banco Mundial. Atualmente, é professora na Escola de Terapia Ocupacional da Universidade de Santiago do Chile - USACH. A experiência da professora como pioneira em áreas de prática, hoje instituídas no exercício da profissão, tem um valor histórico relevante e constitui uma contribuição significativa para o desenvolvimento desses campos e para a formação de novas gerações

[Translated article] Digital health for promoting adherence to antiretroviral treatment in patients with HIV/AIDS: A meta-review.

INTRODUCTION: Digital health or "e-health" is a set of applications based on information and communication technologies (ICTs) that can be used to promote self-care and medication adherence in patients with chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to carry out a review of systematic reviews (meta-review) on efficacy studies of e-health interventions to promote adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with HIV/AIDS. METHODOLOGY: A review of systematic reviews ("meta-review") was performed using the Medline-PubMed database on efficacy studies of e-health components to promote adherence to ART, in patients with HIV/AIDS, proposing a structured search strategy (PICO question). A selection process for systematic reviews was conducted based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, the corresponding data were extracted, and the analysis was accomplished in descriptive tables. RESULTS: A total of 29 systematic reviews were identified, from which 11 were selected. These reviews comprised 55 RCTs with different e-health interventions and enrolled a total of 15,311 HIV/AIDS patients. Studies included a total of 66 comparisons (experimental group vs. control group) in indirect adherence measurements based on different measurement techniques (36 statistically significant); 21 comparisons of viral load (VL) measurements (10 statistically significant); and 8 comparisons of CD4+ cell count measurements (3 statistically significant). m-Health was the most studied component followed by the telephone call and e-learning. CONCLUSION: Evidence was found that supports that some e-health interventions are effective in promoting adherence to ART and improving health outcomes in patients with HIV/AIDS, although it is identified that more studies are needed for more robust evidence.

Plan de monitoreo y evaluación del PENM VIH e ITS de El Salvador 2022-2026 / Monitoring and evaluation plan of the PENM HIV and STIs of El Salvador 2022-2026

Este documento prioriza 32 indicadores del Plan Estratégico Nacional Multisectorial de VIH e ITS 2022-2026, a los cuales se dará vigilancia y evaluación durante el período. El Salvador ha priorizado sus acciones enfocadas en poblaciones clave, personas con VIH, para este quinquenio, se ha enfocado en estrategias de prevención, diagnóstico, atención profundizando el enfoque en el alcance de las metas

This document prioritizes 32 indicators of the National Multisector Strategic Plan for HIV and STIs 2022-2026, which will be monitored and evaluated during the period. El Salvador has prioritized its actions focused on key populations, people with HIV, for this five-year period, it has focused on prevention, diagnosis, and care strategies, deepening the focus on achieving the goals

Estrategia de información, educación y comunicación en el abordaje de las ITS y VIH / Information, education and communication strategy in addressing STIs and HIV

El Ministerio de Salud, promueve el ejercicio del derecho humano a la salud, por lo anterior es importante redimensionar la Estrategia nacional de información, educación y comunicación para el cambio de comportamiento (IEC/CC), con el objetivo de que el personal de salud disponga de procesos sistemáticos para la promoción de la salud con enfoque de las determinantes sociales de la salud y comportamientos saludables que pudieran ser adaptados y adoptados según el perfil epidemiológico local, las prioridades de salud y los recursos humanos, materiales y financieros disponibles. Con base a lo anterior la Unidad de programa de ITS/VIH/sida, incorpora el abordaje de ITS/VIH a la Estrategia nacional de IEC/CC del MINSAL, dirigida hacia poblaciones de mayor vulnerabilidad, definidas en este documento como audiencia primaria siendo estas: adolescentes, trabajadores(as) sexuales, poblaciones clave, personas con capacidades especiales, personas privadas de libertad, población móvil y población de uniformados, con el fin de mejorar la salud en correspondencia a las estrategias planteadas

The Ministry of Health promotes the exercise of the human right to health, therefore it is important to resize the National Information, Education and Communication Strategy for Behavior Change (IEC/CC), with the objective that health personnel have systematic processes for health promotion with a focus on the social determinants of health and healthy behaviors that could be adapted and adopted according to the local epidemiological profile, health priorities and available human, material and financial resources. Based on the above, the STI/HIV/AIDS Program Unit incorporates the STI/HIV approach into the National IEC/CC Strategy of the MINSAL, aimed at the most vulnerable populations, defined in this document as the primary audience, these being : adolescents, sex workers, key populations, people with special abilities, people deprived of liberty, mobile population and uniformed population, in order to improve health in accordance with the proposed strategies

Manual para la formación de consejeros en ITS VIH / Manual for the training of counselors in STIs HIV

El presente manual se constituye en una herramienta metodológica para el abordaje de la consejería y contribuir al logro del reto 95-95-95 marcado por la ONU para luchar contra el Sida para el 2030, durante la Conferencia Mundial del Sida 2020, en donde se estableció que el 95% de las personas que viven con el VIH conozcan su estado serológico con respecto al virus; que un 95% de los que conocen dicho estado tengan acceso a tratamiento; y que un 95% de las personas en tratamiento contra el VIH tengan la carga viral suprimida, por lo tanto, el presente manual deberá ser utilizado para todo proceso de capacitación y acreditación en consejería para VIH en todas las instituciones del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud y organizaciones de la sociedad civil.

This manual constitutes a methodological tool for approaching counseling and contributing to the achievement of the 95-95-95 challenge set by the UN to fight AIDS by 2030, during the 2020 World AIDS Conference, where established that 95% of people living with HIV know their serological status with respect to the virus; that 95% of those who know this condition have access to treatment; and that 95% of people undergoing HIV treatment have a suppressed viral load, therefore, this manual should be used for all training and accreditation processes in HIV counseling in all institutions of the National Integrated Health System. and civil society organizations

Lineamientos técnicos para la ejecución de pruebas para ITS y VIH en laboratorios clínicos y bancos de sangre / Technical guidelines for performing tests for STIs and HIV in clinical laboratories and blood banks

La presente guía clínica se constituye en la actualización de la Guía clínica de atención integral en salud de las personas con VIH, de diciembre de 2014, la cual se hace necesaria para contribuir a los objetivos del Plan Estratégico Nacional Multisectorial (PENM) cuya misión es la de conducir acciones en la repuesta nacional al VIH y las ITS, garantizando el acceso a la atención de las personas con VIH e ITS con estándares internacionales, previniendo nuevas infecciones; propiciando un entorno de respeto a los derechos humanos, equidad de género y la diversidad sexual, encaminada hacia la eliminación del VIH en El Salvador, reducción de nuevas infecciones de VIH, reducción de muertes relacionadas a sida y eliminación de la transmisión materno infantil. Se incluyen las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), sobre nuevos medicamentos antirretrovirales en tratamientos de primera, segunda y tercera línea, en todas las poblaciones incluidas, embarazadas y mujeres en edad fértil; se presentan diferentes esquemas de tratamiento, con el propósito de mejorar la calidad en la atención de la persona con VIH

This clinical guide is an update of the Clinical Guide for Comprehensive Health Care for People with HIV, dated December 2014, which is necessary to contribute to the objectives of the National Multisector Strategic Plan (PENM), whose mission is that of leading actions in the national response to HIV and STIs, guaranteeing access to care for people with HIV and STIs with international standards, preventing new infections; promoting an environment of respect for human rights, gender equality and sexual diversity, aimed at eliminating HIV in El Salvador, reducing new HIV infections, reducing AIDS-related deaths and eliminating mother-to-child transmission. The recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) on new antiretroviral drugs in first, second- and third-line treatments are included, in all populations included, pregnant women and women of childbearing age; Different treatment schemes are presented, with the purpose of improving the quality of care for people with HIV

Lineamientos técnicos de consejería en ITS/VIH / Technical guidelines for STI/HIV counseling

La consejería es reconocida a nivel mundial como una estrategia importante que contribuye a la educación y prevención de riesgos contra la infección por ITS/VIH, se reconoce que no basta con transmitir el conocimiento de manera mecánica, sino que es necesario sensibilizar y dialogar con las personas que acuden a los servicios de salud, sobre la importancia del autocuidado, contribuyendo a la toma de decisiones de cada usuario para que mejoren su calidad de vida. A través de los presentes lineamientos se pretende unificar y fortalecer los procedimientos en el área de consejería

Counseling is recognized worldwide as an important strategy that contributes to education and risk prevention against STI/HIV infection. It is recognized that it is not enough to transmit knowledge mechanically, but it is necessary to raise awareness and dialogue with people who go to health services, about the importance of self-care, contributing to the decision-making of each user to improve their quality of life. Through these guidelines it is intended to unify and strengthen the procedures in the area of counseling

Lineamientos técnicos para la prevención del VIH en las poblaciones móviles / Technical guidelines for HIV prevention in populations mobiles

En la actualidad, se reconoce que las poblaciones móviles son más vulnerables al riesgo para contraer el VIH con respecto a las poblaciones que no se desplazan; las poblaciones móviles pueden contraer el VIH durante su desplazamiento y llevar la infección de vuelta al hogar, con frecuencia incluso sin saberlo. Asimismo, afrontan obstáculos por su estado migratorio, por las barreras del idioma, el acceso al diagnóstico, la atención y el apoyo al conocer su estado serológico. Teniendo en cuenta la cantidad de poblaciones móviles que transitan en El Salvador, existe la necesidad de contar con lineamientos que aborden las vulnerabilidades concretas de esas personas ante la infección por VIH. Esas respuestas son decisivas para la eficacia de los esfuerzos regionales e internacionales para luchar contra la enfermedad y lograr el control de la pandemia por parte del Programa Nacional de ITS/VIH-sida, que junto a otras instituciones trabajan la respuesta nacional, en los componentes de migración y de movilidad demográfica

Currently, it is recognized that mobile populations are more vulnerable to the risk of contracting HIV compared to non-mobile populations; Mobile populations can contract HIV while on the move and bring the infection back home, often without knowing it. Likewise, they face obstacles due to their immigration status, language barriers, access to diagnosis, care and support when knowing their serological status. Taking into account the number of mobile populations that move through El Salvador, there is a need to have guidelines that address the specific vulnerabilities of these people to HIV infection. These responses are decisive for the effectiveness of regional and international efforts to fight the disease and achieve control of the pandemic by the National STI/HIV-AIDS Program, which together with other institutions work on the national response, in the components migration and demographic mobility

Guía clínica para la atención integral en salud de las personas con VIH / Clinical guide for comprehensive health care for people with HIV

La presente guía clínica se constituye en la actualización de la Guía clínica de atención integral en salud de las personas con VIH, de diciembre de 2014, la cual se hace necesaria para contribuir a los objetivos del Plan Estratégico Nacional Multisectorial (PENM) cuya misión es la de conducir acciones en la repuesta nacional al VIH y las ITS, garantizando el acceso a la atención de las personas con VIH e ITS con estándares internacionales, previniendo nuevas infecciones; propiciando un entorno de respeto a los derechos humanos, equidad de género y la diversidad sexual, encaminada hacia la eliminación del VIH en El Salvador, reducción de nuevas infecciones de VIH, reducción de muertes relacionadas a sida y eliminación de la transmisión materno infantil. En el presente documento se incluyen las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), sobre nuevos medicamentos antirretrovirales en tratamientos de primera, segunda y tercera línea, en todas las poblaciones incluidas, embarazadas y mujeres en edad fértil; se presentan diferentes esquemas de tratamiento, con el propósito de mejorar la calidad en la atención de la persona con VIH

This clinical guide is an update of the Clinical Guide for Comprehensive Health Care for People with HIV, dated December 2014, which is necessary to contribute to the objectives of the National Multisector Strategic Plan (PENM), whose mission is that of leading actions in the national response to HIV and STIs, guaranteeing access to care for people with HIV and STIs with international standards, preventing new infections; promoting an environment of respect for human rights, gender equality and sexual diversity, aimed at eliminating HIV in El Salvador, reducing new HIV infections, reducing AIDS-related deaths and eliminating mother-to-child transmission. This document includes the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) on new antiretroviral drugs in first, second and third line treatments, in all populations included, pregnant women and women of childbearing age; Different treatment schemes are presented, with the purpose of improving the quality of care for people with HIV.

Lineamientos técnicos para la búsqueda de contactos VIH e ITS / Technical guidelines for searching for HIV and STI contacts

Los presentes lineamientos son el resultado de un proceso de análisis, elaboración y consulta en el cual se tomó en cuenta información sobre los diferentes métodos de notificación asistida, y los pasos que deben llevarse a cabo, partiendo de las consideraciones realizadas por la OMS y el trabajo de diversos organismos de cooperación, los que se adaptaron a la realidad nacional. Estos Lineamientos contienen los principios rectores propuestos por la OMS, los métodos de notificación asistida de parejas o contactos sexuales, etapas de la implementación de la notificación asistida, herramientas utilizadas, forma de priorizar a las personas en mayor riesgo, además un sistema de monitoreo y evaluación del proceso de trabajo

These guidelines are the result of a process of analysis, development and consultation in which information on the different methods of assisted notification was taken into account, and the steps that must be carried out, based on the considerations made by the WHO and the work of various cooperation organizations, which adapted to the national reality. These Guidelines contain the guiding principles proposed by the WHO, the methods of assisted notification of partners or sexual contacts, stages of the implementation of assisted notification, tools used, how to prioritize people at highest risk, as well as a monitoring system and work process evaluation

Plan estratégico nacional multisectorial de VIH e ITS 2022-2027 / National multisector strategic plan for HIV and STIs 2022-2027

El Plan Estratégico Nacional Multisectorial de VIH e ITS 2022-2027 (PENM 2022-2027) es el resultado directo de la evaluación de medio término del PENM 2022-2026, enriquecido con perspectivas clave del "Análisis de la Respuesta del Sector Salud al VIH en El Salvador" realizado por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) en diciembre de 2023. Además, se ha fundamentado en herramientas metodológicas actualizadas, como la "Lista de verificación y lista de referencia para el desarrollo y revisión de un plan estratégico nacional de respuesta al VIH" de ONUSIDA (2023), con el objetivo de complementar y alinear nuestras acciones con las directrices, recomendaciones y estrategias más recientes propuestas por ONUSIDA

The National Multisector Strategic Plan for HIV and STIs 2022-2027 (PENM 2022-2027) is the direct result of the mid-term evaluation of the PENM 2022-2026, enriched with key perspectives of the Analysis of the Health Sector Response to HIV in El Salvador carried out by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in December 2023. In addition, it has been based on updated methodological tools, such as the "Checklist and list of reference for the development and review of a national strategic HIV response plan" of UNAIDS (2023), with the aim of complementing and aligning our actions with the guidelines, most recent recommendations and strategies proposed by UNAIDS

Lineamientos técnicos para la Profilaxis Pre-Exposición al VIH (PrEP) / Technical Guidelines for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

Estos Lineamientos Técnicos se enmarcan en un esfuerzo por poner en práctica la «Prevención Combinada¼, un conjunto de programas comunitarios fundamentados en derechos y la evidencia que combina elementos biomédicos, estructurales y comportamentales para frenar las infecciones del VIH. Como parte del elemento biomédico se enmarca y desarrolla la Profilaxis Pre-Exposición al VIH. (PrEP)la cual consiste en dispensar medicamentos antirretrovirales a personas VIH negativas con alto riesgo de contraer la infección, su prescripción en combinación con el uso correcto del condón hace una estrategia casi 100 % efectiva para prevenir nuevas infecciones.

These Technical Guidelines are part of an effort to implement "Combined Prevention", a set of community programs based on rights and evidence that combine biomedical, structural and behavioral elements to stop HIV infections. As part of the biomedical element, HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis is framed and developed. (PrEP), which consists of dispensing antiretroviral medications to HIV-negative people at high risk of contracting the infection, its prescription in combination with the correct use of condoms makes it an almost 100% effective strategy to prevent new infections

Concordance between two models of stratification for patients living with HIV infection to providing pharmaceutical care. / [Artículo traducido] Concordancia entre 2 modelos de estratificación de pacientes que viven con el VIH para la prestación de atención farmacéutica.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree of agreement of two differents stratification models for pharmaceutical care to people living with HIV. METHODS: This was a single-centre observational prospective cohort study of patients with regular follow-up in pharmaceutical care consultations according to the Capacity-Motivation-Opportunity methodology, conducted between January 1st and March 31th, 2023. Patients received the pharmacotherapeutic interventions applied routinely to ambulatory care patients according to this model. As part of the usual clinical practice, the presence or absence of the variables that apply to both stratification models were collected. The scores obtained and the corresponding stratification level were collected for each patient according to both stratification models published (ST-2017 and ST-2022). To analyze the reliability between the measurements of two numerical score models of the stratification level with both tools, their degree of concordance was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Likewise, reliability was also evaluated from a qualitative perspective by means of Cohen's Kappa coefficient. Additionally, the existence of correlation between the scores of the two models was assessed by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Of the total of 758 patients being followed in the cohort, finally, 233 patients were enrolled. The distribution of patients for each stratification model was: ST-2017: 59.7% level-3, 25.3% level-2 and 15.0% level-1, while for ST-2022: 60.9% level-3, 26.6% level-2 and 12.4% level-1. It was observed that the reclassification was symmetrical (p=0.317). The qualitative analysis of the agreement between the models showed a good Cohen's kappa value, (K=0.66). A value of 0.563 was found as the intraclass correlation coefficient. Finally, the correlation analysis between the quantitative scores of the two models yielded a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.86. CONCLUSIONS: The concordance between the two models was good, which confirms that the multidimensional adaptation and simplification of the model were correct and that its use can be extended in routine clinical practice.

Real-life application of a stratification model for HIV care.

INTRODUCTION: HIV infection has become a chronic disease with a good long-term prognosis, necessitating a change in the care model. For this study, we applied a proposal for an Optimal Care Model (OCM) for people with HIV (PHIV), which includes tools for assessing patient complexity and their classification into profiles to optimize care provision. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective study. Adult PHIV treated at the Tropical Medicine consultations at Ramón y Cajal Hospital from January 1 to June 30, 2023, were included. The complexity calculation and the stratification into profiles for each patient were done according to the OCM. RESULTS: Ninety-four participants were included, 76.6% cisgender men, with a median age of 41 years (range 23-76). Latin America and Africa were the main regions of origin (72.4%). 98% had an undetectable HIV viral load. The degree of complexity was 78.7% low, 11.7% medium, 1% high, and 8.5% extreme. The predominant profile was blue (64.9%), followed by lilac (11.7%), purple (6.3%), and green (4.3%). 7.4% were unclassifiable, of whom 57.2% had high/extreme complexity. Among the unclassifiable, mental health problems were the most common. CONCLUSIONS: The OCM tools for People Living with HIV (PLWH) allow for the classification and stratification of most patients in a consultation with a non-standard population. Patients who did not fit into the pre-established profiles presented high complexity. Creating a profile focused on mental health or mixed profiles could facilitate the classification of more patients.

[Translated article] Real-world persistence with dolutegravir/lamivudine versus bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir-alafenamide among persons with HIV.

OBJETIVES: The main objective was to compare the persistence between dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) and bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir-alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) and to analyze reasons for discontinuation. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, non-interventional, descriptive, and longitudinal study. All human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients over 18 years treated with DTG/3TC or BIC/FTC/TAF in our center were included. Persistence after first year was compared using the χ2 test. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-eight patients were included. 99.5% versus 90.99% of patients were persistent after the first year for DTG/3TC and BIC/FTC/TAF respectively (p=.001). Persistence with DGT/3TC was 1237 days (IC95% 1216-1258) and persistence with BIC/FTC/TAF was 986 days [(IC95% 950-1021); p<.001]. The difference was remained after adjusting for covariates with the cox regression model [HR=8.2 (IC95% 1.03-64.9), p=.047]. The main reasons for discontinuation for BIC/FTC/TAF were toxicity/tolerability. CONCLUSION: In our study, patients have a high persistence. Patients on DTG/3TC treatment are more persistent compared to BIC/FTC/TAF, although BIC/FTC/TAF have worse baseline characteristics. The main reason for discontinuation of BIC/FTC/TAF is tolerability/toxicity.