Simultaneous Acquisition of T790M Mutation and SCLC Transformation during Targeted Therapy in EGFR-Mutated Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Rare Case Report.

BACKGROUND Various resistance mechanisms of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) have been reported, and approximately half of the cases show a T790M point mutation as resistance to EGFR-TKI. In addition, 3-14% of cases of non-small cell lung cancer transform into small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) during treatment. However, there are few reported cases in which 2 mechanisms of resistance have been observed simultaneously. This report describes a 66-year-old man with initial presentation of stage IIA right-sided lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR gene exon 21 L858R mutation and 3 years of stable disease. During treatment with erlotinib, the patient developed SCLC and adenocarcinoma with EGFR exon 21 L858R and exon 20 T790M mutation. CASE REPORT A 66-year-old man underwent right pneumonectomy plus nodal dissection 2a for right hilar lung cancer and was diagnosed with an EGFR exon21 L858R mutated lung adenocarcinoma. Three years later, pleural dissemination was observed in the right chest wall. Although erlotinib was continued for 52 months, new metastases to the right ribs were detected. Chest wall tumor resection was performed. Based on the World Health Organization classification, the patient was diagnosed with combined SCLC, with EGFR exon21 L858R and exon20 T790M mutation. The patient received 4 cycles of carboplatin plus etoposide, 14 cycles of amrubicin, and 2 cycles of irinotecan. Chemotherapy continued for 25 months. CONCLUSIONS Long-term survival was achieved by chemotherapy after transformation. Since EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer shows a variety of acquired resistances, it is important to consider the treatment strategy of performing re-biopsy.

Antitumor activity and phenolic profile of Melissa officinalis extract against human gastric adenocarcinoma cells.

Gastric cancer remains a global health concern, driving the exploration of natural products with anticancer potential. This study investigated the antiproliferative activity and chemical composition of a 70% ethanolic extract from Melissa officinalis L. against human gastric cancer cells. The extract was prepared and evaluated for total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content. The MTT test checked how well it stopped the growth of human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) and normal dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. Data analysis (SPSS Statistics) determined viable cell percentages and performed regression analysis (p<0.05). The extract exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against AGS cells compared to normal cells (p<0.05), with decreasing IC50 values (564.3, 258.0 and 122.5 µg/ml) over 24, 48 and 72 hours. It also displayed antioxidant activity (IC50=16.8±1.41µg/ml) and contained substantial phenolics (225.76±4.1 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (22.36±2.6 mg RUT/g). This study suggests the 70% ethanolic extract of M. officinalis effectively suppresses AGS cell growth and possesses promising antioxidant properties, highlighting its potential as a natural source of anticancer and antioxidant agents, deserving further investigation.

Interpretable machine learning for predicting the response duration to Sintilimab plus chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer.

Background: Sintilimab plus chemotherapy has proven effective as a combination immunotherapy for patients with advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GC/GEJC). A multi-center study conducted in China revealed a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 7.1 months. However, the prediction of response duration to this immunotherapy has not been thoroughly investigated. Additionally, the potential of baseline laboratory features in predicting PFS remains largely unexplored. Therefore, we developed an interpretable machine learning (ML) framework, iPFS-SC, aimed at predicting PFS using baseline (pre-treatment) laboratory features and providing interpretations of the predictions. Materials and methods: A cohort of 146 patients with advanced GC/GEJC, along with their baseline laboratory features, was included in the iPFS-SC framework. Through a forward feature selection process, predictive baseline features were identified, and four ML algorithms were developed to categorize PFS duration based on a threshold of 7.1 months. Furthermore, we employed explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methodologies to elucidate the relationship between features and model predictions. Results: The findings demonstrated that LightGBM achieved an accuracy of 0.70 in predicting PFS for advanced GC/GEJC patients. Furthermore, an F1-score of 0.77 was attained for identifying patients with PFS durations shorter than 7.1 months. Through the feature selection process, we identified 11 predictive features. Additionally, our framework facilitated the discovery of relationships between laboratory features and PFS. Conclusion: A ML-based framework was developed to predict Sintilimab plus chemotherapy response duration with high accuracy. The suggested predictive features are easily accessible through routine laboratory tests. Furthermore, XAI techniques offer comprehensive explanations, both at the global and individual level, regarding PFS predictions. This framework enables patients to better understand their treatment plans, while clinicians can customize therapeutic approaches based on the explanations provided by the model.

Clinical outcomes and biomarker exploration of first-line PD-1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy in patients with low PD-L1-expressing of gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The beneficial effects of first-line programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors plus chemotherapy in patients with low programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-expressing advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma are controversial. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with G/GEJ adenocarcinoma who had undergone first-line treatment with PD-1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy between October 2017 and May 2022. The primary outcomes were objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS). SPSS software V27.0 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Of 345 enrolled patients, 290 had measurable lesions. The overall ORR was 59.3%. PD-L1 status was available in 171 patients, and 67.8% of them were considered as low PD-L1 expression level (combined positive score (CPS) < 5). Patients with PD-L1 CPS < 5 showed a lower response rate (51.1% vs 70.8%, P = 0.024) and a worse PFS (P = 0.009) compared to those with PD-L1 CPS ≥ 5. In the PD-L1 low-expression cohort, patients with non-diffuse type, GEJ cancer, synchronous metastasis, distant lymph node metastasis, liver metastasis, non-peritoneal metastasis, and HER2 positive were significantly associated with higher response rates to PD-1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy (P < 0.05). The presence of peritoneal metastasis (P = 0.028) and diffuse type (P = 0.046) were identified as independent predictors of poor PFS in multivariate analysis of the PD-L1 CPS < 5 subgroup. When evaluated for correlation with overall survival (OS) in the PD-L1 low-expression subgroup, peritoneal metastasis was found to be the only independent prognostic factor of an increased risk of death (hazard ratio: 2.31, 95% CI 1.09-4.90; P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: PD-L1 CPS ≥ 5 is significantly associated with improved response and extended PFS in G/GEJ cancer patients treated with a combination of PD-1 inhibitors and chemotherapy. Specific subgroups within the low PD-L1-expressing population, such as those with non-diffuse-type tumors and without peritoneal metastases, may also benefit from immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy.

Nanocarrier - Mediated Salinomycin Delivery Induces Apoptosis and Alters EMT Phenomenon in Prostate Adenocarcinoma.

Salinomycin (Sal) has been recently discovered as a novel chemotherapeutic agent against various cancers including prostate cancer which is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers affecting male populations worldwide. Herein we designed salinomycin nanocarrier (Sal-NPs) to extend its systemic circulation and to increase its anticancer potential. Prepared nanoform showed high encapsulation and sustained release profile for salinomycin. The present study elucidated the cytotoxicity and mechanism of apoptotic cell death of Sal-NPs against prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo. At all measured concentrations, Sal-NPs showed more significant cytotoxicity to DU145 and PC3 cells than Sal alone. This effect was mediated by apoptosis, as confirmed by ROS generation, loss of MMP and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in both cells. Sal-NPs efficiently inhibited migration of PC3 and DU145 cells via effectively downregulating the epithelial mesenchymal transition. Also, the results confirmed that Sal-NPs can effectively inhibit the induction of Prostate adenocarcinoma in male Wistar rats. Sal-NPs treatment exhibited a decrease in tumour sizes, a reduction in prostate weight, and an increase in body weight, which suggests that Sal-NPs is more effective than salinomycin alone. Our results suggest that the molecular mechanism underlying the Sal-NPs anticancer effect may lead to the development of a potential therapeutic strategy for treating prostate adenocarcinoma.

Efficacy and safety of surufatinib plus toripalimab, a chemotherapy-free regimen, in patients with advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, or biliary tract cancer.

BACKGROUND: The programmed death 1 inhibitor toripalimab plus the angio-immuno kinase inhibitor surufatinib showed a tolerable safety profile and preliminary efficacy in patients with advanced solid tumors in a phase I study. METHODS: This open-label, multi-cohort study in China enrolled patients with advanced solid tumors who had failed or were intolerable to standard treatment into tumor-specific cohorts. Patients received surufatinib (250 mg orally, once daily) plus toripalimab (240 mg intravenously, once every three weeks). Results for three cohorts (gastric/gastroesophageal junction [GC/GEJ] adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [ESCC], and biliary tract carcinoma [BTC]) are reported here. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed objective response rate (ORR) per Response Evaluation criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. RESULTS: Between December 17, 2019, and January 29, 2021, 60 patients were enrolled (GC/GEJ, n = 20; ESCC, n = 20; BTC, n = 20). At data cutoff (February 28, 2023), ORRs were 31.6%, 30.0%, and 11.1%, respectively. Median progression-free survival was 4.1, 2.7, and 2.9 months, respectively. Median overall survival was 13.7, 10.4, and 7.0 months, respectively. Overall, grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 28 (46.7%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Surufatinib plus toripalimab showed promising antitumor activity and a tolerable safety profile in immunotherapy-naïve patients with GC/GEJ adenocarcinoma, ESCC, or BTC. These findings warrant further study in larger randomized trials comparing surufatinib plus toripalimab with standard therapies in these tumors. CLINICALTRIALS: gov NCT04169672.

Implementation of perioperative FLOT compared to ECX/EOX chemotherapy regimens in resectable esophagogastric adenocarcinomas: an analysis of real-world data.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Perioperative 5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel (FLOT) is recommended in resectable esophagogastric adenocarcinoma based on randomised trials. However, the effectiveness of FLOT in routine clinical practice remains unknown as randomised trials are subject to selection bias limiting their generalisability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of FLOT in real-world patients. METHODS: Retrospectively collected data were analysed in consecutive patients treated before or after the implementation of FLOT. The primary endpoint was complete pathological response (pCR) and secondary endpoints were margin-free resection (R0), overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS) tolerability of chemotherapy and surgical complications. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time for patients treated with FLOT (n = 205) was 37.7 versus 47.0 months for epirubicin, cis- or oxaliplatin, and capecitabine (ECX/EOX, n = 186). Surgical resection was performed in 88.0% versus 92.0%; pCR were observed in 3.8% versus 2.4%; and R0 resections were achieved in 78.0% versus 86.0% (p = 0.03) in the ECX/EOX and FLOT cohorts, respectively. Survival analysis indicated no significant difference in RFS (p = 0.17) or OS (p = 0.37) between the cohorts with a trend towards increased OS in performance status 0 (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50-1.04). More patients treated with ECX/EOX completed chemotherapy (39% vs. 28%, p = 0.02). Febrile neutropenia was more common in the FLOT cohort (3.8% vs. 11%, p = 0.0086). 90-days mortality (1.2% vs. 0%) and frequency of anastomotic leakage (8% vs. 6%) were equal and low. INTERPRETATION: Patients receiving FLOT did not demonstrate improved pCR, RFS or OS. However, R0 rate was improved and patients in good PS trended towards improved OS.

Impact of the number of therapy lines on survival in advanced gastric and esophagogastric adenocarcinoma - a real-world retrospective analysis from Croatia.

The aim of the study was to conduct a retrospective database analysis to understand the current treatment patterns and outcomes to plan potential improvements in therapy delivery and patient selection. The electronic patient medical records of 225 patients with advanced gastric and esophagogastric adenocarcinoma treated at two Croatian high-volume tertiary centers from January 2018 to December 2021 were analyzed. Patients ineligible for chemotherapy (66 of 291, 22.7%) due to poor general condition or co-morbidities were not included in the study. The median overall survival (OS) for the whole cohort was 11.0 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.7-12.0). Of the 225 patients who received first-line therapy, 47.6%, 16.9%, and 3.1% received second-, third-, and fourth-line therapy, respectively. Survival correlated significantly with the number of treatment lines received (p<0.001), with a median OS from diagnosis of 7.8 (95% CI 6.6-9.4), 12.0 (95% CI 10.0-14.0), and 20.0 months (95% CI 18.0-23.0) for patients receiving 1, 2, and ≥3 lines of treatment, respectively. This study confirmed the positive impact of the number of chemotherapy lines on OS. This highlights the importance of the ratio of patients receiving multiple lines of therapy as well as the availability of new and effective drugs in real-life clinical practice. The selection of optimal therapy for each patient in the first-line therapy is important because a significant number of patients do not receive second-line therapy.

The optimal threshold of PD-L1 combined positive score to predict the benefit of PD-1 antibody plus chemotherapy for patients with HER2-negative gastric adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with chemotherapy have become the first-line treatment of metastatic gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas (GEACs). This study aims to figure out the optimal combined positive score (CPS) cutoff value. METHODS: We searched for randomized phase III trials to investigate the efficacy of ICIs plus chemotherapy for metastatic GEACs compared with chemotherapy alone. Pooled analyses of hazard ratios (HRs) based on PD-L1 expression were performed. RESULTS: A total of six trials (KEYNOTE-062, KEYNOTE-590, KEYNOTE-859, ATTRACTION-04, CheckMate 649, and ORIENT-16) were included, comprising 5,242 patients. ICIs plus chemotherapy significantly improved OS (HR: 0.79, 95% CI 0.72-0.86 in global patients; HR: 0.75, 95% CI 0.57-0.98 in Asian patients) and PFS (HR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.68-0.82 in global patients; HR: 0.64, 95% CI 0.56-0.73 in Asian patients) compared with chemotherapy alone. The differences in OS (ratio of HR: 1.05, 95% CI 0.79-1.40; predictive value: - 5.1%) and PFS (ratio of HR: 1.16, 95% CI 0.98-1.36; predictive value: - 13.5%) were not statistically significant between the global and Asian patients. Subgroup analyses indicated that the optimal CPS threshold was at ≥ 5 for OS and ≥ 10 for PFS with the highest predictive values. CONCLUSIONS: The benefit derived from ICIs plus chemotherapy is similar between Asian and global GEAC patients. However, those with a PD-L1 CPS < 5 or CPS < 10 may not have significant benefits from ICIs therapy. Therefore, it is advisable to routinely assess PD-L1 expression in GEAC patients considered for ICIs treatment.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw after radiation followed by bevacizumab.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a recognized complication associated with bevacizumab. Here, we present a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil who experienced minimal skin fibrosis following intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Subsequently, the patient developed rectal adenocarcinoma and encountered osteonecrosis of the jaw after receiving two cycles of bevacizumab. Close monitoring, accompanied by thorough examination to detect early signs of osteonecrosis of the jaw, should be considered for patients who have undergone radiation therapy in the head and neck region and are receiving bevacizumab or other medications known to be associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Real-world efficacy and safety of capecitabine with oxaliplatin in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.

BACKGROUND: Adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (AoV) is one of the rare periampullary cancers, and due to its anatomical location, it is categorized into various histologic subtypes. Its rarity and diversity pose challenges in treatment decision-making for patients with advanced AoV carcinoma. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of the combined regimen of capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CAPOX) in a real-world clinical setting. METHODS: This investigation encompassed patients with advanced AoV carcinoma who underwent CAPOX treatment. Histologic phenotypes were identified through a combination of histopathological analysis and protein expression markers, including MUC1, CDX2, CK20, and MUC2. The correlation between histopathological determinants and survival outcomes was explored, in addition to an evaluation of the safety profile of CAPOX therapy. RESULTS: From January 2010 to June 2023, 42 patients received CAPOX. Of these, 14 patients (33.3%) had not received any prior palliative chemotherapy, while 28 patients (66.7%) had undergone one prior line of chemotherapy. At a median follow up of 9.0 months, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.38 months (95% CI, 2.78-5.69) and the median overall survival (OS) was 9.57 months (95% CI 7.56-11.6). The objective response and disease control rates were 38.1% and 61.9%, respectively. Patients who received CAPOX as a second-line treatment had poorer PFS (HR = 2.62; 95% CI, 1.49-4.90, p = 0.003) and OS (HR = 2.82, 95% CI, 1.47-5.38, p = 0.001) compared to those who received CAPOX as a first-line chemotherapy. There were no statistically significant differences in PFS (p = 0.185) and OS (p = 0.097) between groups based on histologic subtypes. Neutropenia (14.3%) emerged as the predominant grade 3-4 toxicity. Notably, treatment cessation occurred in select instances owing to grade 3 fatigue (9.5%) and peripheral neuropathy (9.5%). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the therapeutic efficacy and safety of CAPOX in a real-world setting, consistent with prior phase II trial results. While CAPOX proved feasible for advanced AoV carcinoma regardless of histologic subtype, its reduced effectiveness in second-line settings necessitates further research to determine its optimal palliative use.

Tislelizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy as first line treatment for advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: RATIONALE-305 randomised, double blind, phase 3 trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tislelizumab added to chemotherapy as first line (primary) treatment for advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma compared with placebo plus chemotherapy. DESIGN: Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, phase 3 study. SETTING: 146 medical centres across Asia, Europe, and North America, between 13 December 2018 and 28 February 2023. PARTICIPANTS: 1657 patients aged ≥18 years with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative locally advanced unresectable or metastatic gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, regardless of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status, who had not received systemic anticancer therapy for advanced disease. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly (1:1) assigned to receive either tislelizumab 200 mg or placebo intravenously every three weeks in combination with chemotherapy (investigator's choice of oxaliplatin and capecitabine, or cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) and stratified by region, PD-L1 expression, presence or absence of peritoneal metastases, and investigator's choice of chemotherapy. Treatment continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was overall survival, both in patients with a PD-L1 tumour area positivity (TAP) score of ≥5% and in all randomised patients. Safety was assessed in all those who received at least one dose of study treatment. RESULTS: Of 1657 patients screened between 13 December 2018 and 9 February 2021, 660 were ineligible due to not meeting the eligibility criteria, withdrawal of consent, adverse events, or other reasons. Overall, 997 were randomly assigned to receive tislelizumab plus chemotherapy (n=501) or placebo plus chemotherapy (n=496). Tislelizumab plus chemotherapy showed statistically significant improvements in overall survival versus placebo plus chemotherapy in patients with a PD-L1 TAP score of ≥5% (median 17.2 months v 12.6 months; hazard ratio 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.59 to 0.94); P=0.006 (interim analysis)) and in all randomised patients (median 15.0 months v 12.9 months; hazard ratio 0.80 (0.70 to 0.92); P=0.001 (final analysis)). Grade 3 or worse treatment related adverse events were observed in 54% (268/498) of patients in the tislelizumab plus chemotherapy arm versus 50% (246/494) in the placebo plus chemotherapy arm. CONCLUSIONS: Tislelizumab added to chemotherapy as primary treatment for advanced or metastatic gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma provided superior overall survival with a manageable safety profile versus placebo plus chemotherapy in patients with a PD-L1 TAP score of ≥5%, and in all randomised patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03777657.

EGFR and PI3K Signalling Pathways as Promising Targets on Circulating Tumour Cells from Patients with Metastatic Gastric Adenocarcinoma.

The prognosis for metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma (mGAC) remains poor. Gene alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and their downstream effectors including catalytic subunit alpha of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3CA) are common in mGAC. Targeted RTK and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) treatments have demonstrated clinical benefits in other solid tumours and are key potential targets for clinical development against mGAC given the presence of recurrent alterations in these pathways. Furthermore, combination RTK/PI3K treatments may overcome compensatory mechanisms that arise using monotherapies, leading to improved patient outcomes. Herein, we investigated RTK/PI3K single and combination drug responses against our unique human mGAC-derived PIK3CA gain-of-function mutant, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, EGFR-expressing circulating tumour cell line, UWG02CTC, under two- and three-dimensional culture conditions to model different stages of metastasis. UWG02CTCs were highly responsive to the PI3K p110α-subunit targeted drugs PIK-75 (IC50 = 37.0 ± 11.1 nM) or alpelisib (7.05 ± 3.7 µM). Drug sensitivities were significantly increased in 3D conditions. Compensatory MAPK/ERK pathway upregulation by PI3K/Akt suppression was overcome by combination treatment with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib, which was strongly synergistic. PIK-75 plus gefitinib significantly impaired UWG02CTC invasion in an organotypic assay. In conclusion, UWG02CTCs are a powerful ex vivo mGAC drug responsiveness model revealing EGFR/PI3K-targeted drugs as a promising combination treatment option for HER2-negative, RAS wild-type mGAC patients.

Efficacy and Safety of Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab in Appendiceal Adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (AA) remains an orphan disease with limited treatment options for patients unable to undergo surgical resection. Evidence supporting the efficacy of combined VEGF and PD-1 inhibition in other tumor types provided a compelling rationale for investigating this combination in AA, where immune checkpoint inhibitors have not been explored previously. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We conducted a prospective, single-arm phase II study evaluating efficacy and safety of atezolizumab in conjunction with bevacizumab (Atezo+Bev) in advanced, unresectable AA. RESULTS: Patients treated with the Atezo+Bev combination had 100% disease control rate (1 partial response, 15 stable disease) with progression-free survival (PFS) of 18.3 months and overall survival not-yet-reached with median duration of follow-up of 40 months. These survival intervals were significantly longer relative to a clinically and molecularly matched synthetic control cohort treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy designed for colorectal cancer (PFS of 4.4 months, P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: In light of recent data demonstrating a lack of efficacy of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy, Atezo+Bev is a promising treatment option for patients with low-grade unresectable AA; further study is warranted. SIGNIFICANCE: AA remains an orphan disease with limited systemic therapy options for patients who are not candidates for surgical resection. These data suggest activity from combined VEGF and PD-L1 inhibition that warrants further study.

Berberis vulgaris L. Root Extract as a Multi-Target Chemopreventive Agent against Colon Cancer Causing Apoptosis in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines.

Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae) is a shrub that has been widely used in European folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. The purpose of our study was to elucidate the mechanisms of the chemopreventive action of the plant's methanolic root extract (BVR) against colon cancer cells. Studies were conducted in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (LS180 and HT-29) and control colon epithelial CCD841 CoN cells. According to the MTT assay, after 48 h of cell exposure, the IC50 values were as follows: 4.3, 46.1, and 50.2 µg/mL for the LS180, HT-29, and CCD841 CoN cells, respectively, showing the greater sensitivity of the cancer cells to BVR. The Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS kit demonstrated that BVR induced programmed cell death only against HT-29 cells. Nuclear double staining revealed the great proapoptotic BVR properties in HT-29 cells and subtle effect in LS180 cells. RT-qPCR with the relative quantification method showed significant changes in the expression of genes related to apoptosis in both the LS180 and HT-29 cells. The genes BCL2L1 (126.86-421.43%), BCL2L2 (240-286.02%), CASP3 (177.19-247.83%), and CASP9 (157.99-243.75%) had a significantly elevated expression, while BCL2 (25-52.03%) had a reduced expression compared to the untreated control. Furthermore, in a panel of antioxidant tests, BVR showed positive effects (63.93 ± 0.01, 122.92 ± 0.01, and 220.29 ± 0.02 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g in the DPPH•, ABTS•+, and ORAC assays, respectively). In the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition test, BVR revealed 62.60 ± 0.87% of enzyme inhibition. The chemical composition of BVR was determined using a UHPLC-UV-CAD-MS/MS analysis and confirmed the presence of several known alkaloids, including berberine, as well as other alkaloids and two derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acid (ferulic and sinapic acid hexosides). The results are very promising and encourage the use of BVR as a comprehensive chemopreventive agent (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pro-apoptotic) in colorectal cancer, and were widely discussed alongside data from the literature.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor associated diarrhoea.

A man in his 80s was undergoing immunotherapy with pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, following his diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of primary lung origin. 24 weeks into treatment, the patient reported experiencing loose stools associated with malaise and poor appetite but no further symptoms. This progressed in frequency and a clinical diagnosis of grade 2 immune checkpoint inhibitor colitis was made. Management with oral prednisolone was commenced but symptoms persisted. Common enteric infections had been ruled out, as were coeliac disease and hyperthyroidism. Flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy results were not in keeping with colitis, having revealed normal looking mucosa. Following this, a faecal elastase level was found to be low. A diagnosis of pembrolizumab-induced pancreatic exocrine insufficiency was made, and stool frequency and consistency swiftly improved following the use of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy.

Effect of anti-claudin 18.2 monoclonal antibody zolbetuximab alone or combined with chemotherapy or programmed cell death-1 blockade in syngeneic and xenograft gastric cancer models.

The development of targeted cancer therapies based on monoclonal antibodies against tumor-associated antigens has progressed markedly over recent decades. This approach is dependent on the identification of tumor-specific, normal tissue-sparing antigenic targets. The transmembrane protein claudin-18 splice variant 2 (CLDN18.2) is frequently and preferentially displayed on the surface of primary gastric adenocarcinomas, making it a promising monoclonal antibody target. Phase 3 studies of zolbetuximab, a chimeric immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody targeting CLDN18.2, combined with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin plus oxaliplatin (modified FOLFOX6) or capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX) in advanced or metastatic first-line gastric or gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma have demonstrated favorable clinical results with zolbetuximab. In studies using xenograft or syngeneic models with gastric cancer cell lines, zolbetuximab mediated death of CLDN18.2-positive human cancer cell lines via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro and demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy as monotherapy and combined with chemotherapy in vivo. Mice treated with zolbetuximab plus chemotherapy displayed a significantly higher frequency of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells versus vehicle/isotype control-treated mice. Furthermore, zolbetuximab combined with an anti-mouse programmed cell death-1 antibody more potently inhibited tumor growth compared with either agent alone. These results support the potential of zolbetuximab as a novel treatment option for G/GEJ adenocarcinoma.

Systematic screening of synthetic organochalcogen compounds with anticancer activity using human lung adenocarcinoma spheroids.

Lung adenocarcinoma stands as a leading global cause of cancer-related fatalities, with current therapeutic approaches remaining unsatisfactory. Given the association between elevated oxidative markers and the aggressive nature of cancer cells (including multidrug resistance and metastatic potential) that can predict poor outcome of lung adenocarcinoma patients, any compounds that interfere with their aberrant redox biology should be rationally explored as innovative intervention strategies. This study was designed to screen potential anticancer activities within nine newly synthesized organochalcogen - compounds characterized by the presence of oxygen, sulfur, or selenium elements in their structure and exhibiting antioxidant activity - and systematically evaluated their performance against cisplatin, the cornerstone therapeutic agent for lung adenocarcinoma. Our methodology involved the establishment of optimal conditions for generating single tumor spheroids using A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. The initiation interval for spheroid formation was determined to be four days in vitro (DIV), and these single spheroids demonstrated sustained growth over a period of 20 DIV. Toxic dose-response curves were subsequently performed for each compound after 24 and 48 h of incubation at the 12th DIV. Our findings reveal that at least two of the synthetic organochalcogen compounds exhibited noteworthy anticancer activity, surpassing cisplatin in key parameters such as lower LD (Lethal Dose) 50, larger drug activity area, and maximum amplitude of effect, and are promising drugs for futures studies in the treatment of lung adenocarcinomas. Physicochemical descriptors and prediction ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) parameters of selected compounds were obtained using SwissADME computational tool; Molinspiration server was used to calculate a biological activity score, and possible molecule targets were evaluated by prediction with the SwissTargetPrediction server. This research not only sheds light on novel avenues for therapeutic exploration but also underscores the potential of synthetic organochalcogen compounds as agents with superior efficacy compared to established treatments.

An investigation of the clinical impact and therapeutic relevance of a DNA damage immune response (DDIR) signature in patients with advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: An improved understanding of which gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GOA) patients respond to both chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is needed. We investigated the predictive role and underlying biology of a 44-gene DNA damage immune response (DDIR) signature in patients with advanced GOA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Transcriptional profiling was carried out on pretreatment tissue from 252 GOA patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy (three dose levels) within the randomized phase III GO2 trial. Cross-validation was carried out in two independent GOA cohorts with transcriptional profiling, immune cell immunohistochemistry and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) (n = 430). RESULTS: In the GO2 trial, DDIR-positive tumours had a greater radiological response (51.7% versus 28.5%, P = 0.022) and improved overall survival in a dose-dependent manner (P = 0.028). DDIR positivity was associated with a pretreatment inflamed tumour microenvironment (TME) and increased expression of biomarkers associated with ICI response such as CD274 (programmed death-ligand 1, PD-L1) and a microsatellite instability RNA signature. Consensus pathway analysis identified EGFR as a potential key determinant of the DDIR signature. EGFR amplification was associated with DDIR negativity and an immune cold TME. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate the importance of the GOA TME in chemotherapy response, its relationship to DNA damage repair and EGFR as a targetable driver of an immune cold TME. Chemotherapy-sensitive inflamed GOAs could benefit from ICI delivered in combination with standard chemotherapy. Combining EGFR inhibitors and ICIs warrants further investigation in patients with EGFR-amplified tumours.