ABSTRACT
The number of options for effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) is steadily increasing. Although older regimens may achieve the goal of virologic suppression, newer options can offer advantages in safety, tolerability, and convenience. In this article, we offer guiding principles for switching ART, highlighting reasons to pursue a switch and key factors to consider when selecting a new regimen.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , Humans , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/virology , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Substitution , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methodsABSTRACT
Highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care in the past 3 decades. 30 years ago, how many would have imagined that a single-tablet daily ART regimen containing different drug classes could achieve sustained HIV-1 suppression and halt disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Despite this remarkable achievement, challenges in HIV care remain that require further innovation for ART. In this review, we focus on newly approved antiretroviral agents and those undergoing phase 2/3 clinical trials. These new antiretrovirals hold great promise to expand treatment options and fill gaps in HIV care.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Humans , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/virology , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , HIV-1/drug effects , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
In China, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are integral to the antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen for persons living with HIV (PWH), comprising over 80% of such treatments. To broaden treatment options and improve therapeutic effectiveness, Ainuovirine (ANV), a new NNRTI, was authorized for ART in 2021. Nevertheless, the clinical efficacy of ANV and its impact on blood biochemical markers remain somewhat underexplored. This study seeks to evaluate ANV's clinical performance in ART and its influence on relevant treatment parameters. A retrospective analysis was performed on 208 patients treated with an ANV-based regimen from July 2021 to July 2023, monitoring indicator changes from baseline to week 24. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA levels of less than 50 copies/mL by week 24. Secondary endpoints involved assessing variations in CD4+ T cell counts and blood biochemical markers from baseline. These outcomes were also compared with data from 241 patients treated with an Efavirenz (EFV)-based regimen in the same time frame. The findings suggest that the ANV-based regimen is as effective as the EFV-based regimen in viral suppression (p > .05) and offers superior improvements in lipid profiles, liver function, and immune system indicators, alongside fewer adverse reactions. These results affirm ANV's efficacy and safety as an antiretroviral therapy option, offering Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome patients a wider array of treatment possibilities and the potential for better treatment outcomes.
Subject(s)
Alkynes , Anti-HIV Agents , Benzoxazines , Cyclopropanes , HIV Infections , Humans , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Male , Benzoxazines/therapeutic use , Benzoxazines/adverse effects , Cyclopropanes/therapeutic use , Alkynes/therapeutic use , Female , China , Adult , Retrospective Studies , Middle Aged , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-HIV Agents/adverse effects , Viral Load/drug effects , Treatment Outcome , HIV-1/drug effects , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/adverse effects , RNA, Viral/blood , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/adverse effects , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methodsABSTRACT
Following the World Health Organization's guidelines for rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation [≤7 days after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis], China implemented Treat-All in 2016 and has made significant efforts to provide timely ART since 2017. This study included newly diagnosed HIV adults from Tianjin, China, between 2016 and 2022. Our primary outcome was loss to follow-up (LTFU) at 12 months after enrollment. The secondary outcome was 12-month virological failure. The association between rapid ART and LTFU, as well as virological failure, was assessed via Cox regression and logistic regression. A total of 896 (19.1%) of 4688 participants received ART ≤7 days postdiagnosis. The rate of rapid ART has increased from 7.5% in 2016 to 33.3% by 2022. The rapid ART group had an LTFU rate of 3.3%, as opposed to 5.0% in the delayed group. The rapid ART group had a much reduced virological failure rate (0.6% vs. 1.8%). Rapid ART individuals had a reduced likelihood of LTFU [adjusted hazard ratio: 0.65, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.44-0.96] and virological failure (adjusted odds ratio: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.12-0.80). The real-world data indicated that rapid ART is practicable and beneficial for Chinese people with HIV, providing evidence for its widespread implementation and scaling up.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , Lost to Follow-Up , Viral Load , Humans , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/virology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Female , Male , China/epidemiology , Adult , Retrospective Studies , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Middle Aged , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Treatment Failure , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Time Factors , Time-to-Treatment/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We developed a robust characterization of immune recovery trajectories in people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment (ART) and relate our findings to epidemiological risk factors and bacterial pneumonia. METHODS: Using data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and the Zurich Primary HIV Infection Cohort Study (n = 5907), we analyzed the long-term trajectories of CD4 cell and CD8 cell counts and their ratio in people living with HIV on ART for at least 8 years by fitting nonlinear mixed-effects models. The determinants of long-term immune recovery were investigated using generalized additive models. In addition, prediction accuracy of the modeled trajectories and their impact on the fit of a model for bacterial pneumonia was assessed. RESULTS: Overall, our population showed good immune recovery (median plateau [interquartile range]-CD4: 718 [555-900] cells/µL, CD8: 709 [547-893] cells/µL, CD4/CD8: 1.01 [0.76-1.37]). The following factors were predictive of recovery: age, sex, nadir/zenith value, pre-ART HIV-1 viral load, hepatitis C, ethnicity, acquisition risk, and timing of ART initiation. The fitted models proved to be an accurate and efficient way of predicting future CD4 and CD8 cell recovery dynamics: Compared with carrying forward the last observation, mean squared errors of the fitted values were lower by 1.3%-18.3% across outcomes. When modeling future episodes of bacterial pneumonia, using predictors derived from the recovery dynamics improved most model fits. CONCLUSION: We described and validated a method to characterize individual immune recovery trajectories of people living with HIV on suppressive ART. These trajectories accurately predict long-term immune recovery and the occurrence of bacterial pneumonia.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , Pneumonia, Bacterial , Humans , Cohort Studies , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Bacterial/etiology , Viral Load , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Most international treatment guidelines recommend rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people newly diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection, but experiences with rapid ART initiation remain limited in China. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of efavirenz (400 mg) plus lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV + 3TC + TDF) versus coformulated bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) in rapid ART initiation among men who have sex with men (MSM) who have been diagnosed with HIV. METHODS: This multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial enrolled MSM aged ≥18 years to start ART within 14 days of confirmed HIV diagnosis. The participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive EFV (400 mg) + 3TC + TDF or BIC/FTC/TAF. The primary end point was viral suppression (<50â copies/mL) at 48 weeks per US Food and Drug Administration Snapshot analysis. RESULTS: Between March 2021 and July 2022, 300 participants were enrolled; 154 were assigned to receive EFV + 3TC + TDF (EFV group) and 146 BIC/FTC/TAF (BIC group). At week 48, 118 (79.2%) and 140 (95.9%) participants in the EFV and BIC group, respectively, were retained in care with viral suppression, and 24 (16.1%) and 1 (0.7%) participant in the EFV and BIC group (P < .001), respectively, discontinued treatment because of adverse effects, death, or lost to follow-up. The median increase of CD4 count was 181 and 223â cells/µL (P = .020), respectively, for the EFV and BIC group, at week 48. The overall incidence of adverse effects was significantly higher for the EFV group (65.8% vs 37.7%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: BIC/FTC/TAF was more efficacious and safer than EFV (400 mg) + 3TC + TDF for rapid ART initiation among HIV-positive MSM in China.
Subject(s)
Alkynes , Anti-HIV Agents , Benzoxazines , Cyclopropanes , Emtricitabine , HIV Infections , Homosexuality, Male , Lamivudine , Tenofovir , Humans , Male , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Adult , Tenofovir/therapeutic use , Tenofovir/analogs & derivatives , China , Emtricitabine/therapeutic use , Emtricitabine/administration & dosage , Cyclopropanes/therapeutic use , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-HIV Agents/adverse effects , Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Alkynes/therapeutic use , Lamivudine/therapeutic use , Lamivudine/administration & dosage , Lamivudine/adverse effects , Benzoxazines/therapeutic use , Alanine/therapeutic use , Middle Aged , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/therapeutic use , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/adverse effects , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/administration & dosage , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Dioxolanes/therapeutic use , Dioxolanes/administration & dosage , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/therapeutic use , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/adverse effects , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/administration & dosage , Piperazines/therapeutic use , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Viral Load , Young Adult , Drug Combinations , HIV-1/drug effects , Amides , PyridonesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Immediate start of antiretroviral treatment (ART) among non-hospitalized outpatient children living with HIV may improve or worsen clinical outcomes due to immune reconstitution. OBJECTIVE: Role of immediate versus post-stabilization start of antiretroviral treatment in children and youths living with HIV on CD4 count and viral load suppression. METHODS: This was a single blinded, randomized controlled trial conducted on outpatients attending a tertiary care hospital associated HIV clinic in North India. We enrolled ART-naive children and youths living with HIV aged 18 months to 21 years in a 1:1 ratio. Block randomization was done using computerized software. Children and youths living with HIV were either started with ART on diagnosis immediately within 24 h (Group A) or post stabilization at 2 weeks (Group B) as per National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) India guidelines. Both groups were comparable for baseline characteristics. RESULTS: There was no significant difference seen in CD4 counts between two groups at 6 months follow up. CD4 count increased significantly in immediate group but not in post-stabilization group at 6 months. No significant changes/differences was seen in WHO clinical staging or anthropometry; one patient developed tuberculosis in both groups. Viral load at 6 months in both the groups did not differ significantly. CONCLUSION: Immediate ART in children and youths living with HIV results in significant increase in CD4 count at 6 months follow up exemplifying immunological response to ART.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , Child , Humans , Adolescent , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Viral Load , IndiaABSTRACT
Objetivo: Nos últimos anos, a epidemia de HIV tem incidido consideravelmente e de forma silenciosa na população de mulheres gestantes, sobretudo devido à subnotificação, ao diagnóstico tardio e à negligência quanto à realização de teste anti-HIV pelas infectadas. Diante disso, este estudo tem por objetivo descrever o perfil clínico e epidemiológico de gestantes que vivem com HIV na Macrorregião Sul de Saúde de Santa Catarina. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, ana- lítico, retrospectivo, com base em dados secundários retirados das plataformas Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) e Sistema de Monitora- mento Clínico das Pessoas Vivendo com HIV/AIDS (SIMC), acerca de gestantes que vivem com HIV na Macrorregião Sul de Saúde de Santa Catarina, no período entre 2019 e 2022. Resultados: A partir dos dados sociodemográficos, obteve-se um perfil epidemiológico prevalente de mulheres com idade entre 30 e 49 anos, brancas, com baixo nível de escolaridade e entre 1 a 13 semanas de gestação no momento da notificação de infecção por HIV. O perfil clínico apontou para a prevalência de mulheres em uso de terapia antirretroviral, com carga viral acima de 1.000 cópias/ mL e contagem de linfócitos T-CD4+ superior a 350 células/mm3. Conclusão: Apesar do baixo nível de escolaridade e da elevada carga viral, o resultado foi positivo para a população selecionada, uma vez que foi demonstrada boa adesão ao tra- tamento e alta contagem de linfócitos, sendo esses bons preditores de evolução clínica para o HIV.
Objective: In recent years, the HIV epidemic has significantly and silently affected the population of pregnant women, mainly due to underreporting, late diagnosis, and neglect of HIV testing among infected individuals. In light of this, the aim of this study is to describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of pregnant women living with HIV in the Southern Health Macroregion of Santa Catarina. Methods: This is an ecological, analytical, retrospective study based on secondary data retrieved from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sinan) and the Clinical Monitoring System for People Living with HIV/ AIDS (SIMC), regarding pregnant women living with HIV in the Southern Health Macroregion of Santa Catarina from 2019 to 2022. Results: Based on sociodemographic data, a prevalent epidemiological profile was identified, with women aged 30 to 49 years, white, with low educational level, and between 1 to 13 weeks of gestation at the time of HIV infection notifica- tion. The clinical profile revealed a prevalence of women on antiretroviral therapy, with a viral load above 1,000 copies/ mL and a T-CD4+ lymphocyte count above 350 cells/mm3. Conclusion: Despite the low educational level and high viral load, the outcome was positive for the selected population, as good treatment adherence and high lymphocyte count were demonstrated, both of which are good predictors of clinical progression for HIV.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Health Profile , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Medical Records/statistics & numerical data , Public Health/statistics & numerical data , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Delayed Diagnosis , Health Information Systems/statistics & numerical data , Maternal Health/statistics & numerical data , HIV TestingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of age at antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation with CD4 + â:âCD8 + T-cell ratio in virally suppressed people with HIV on long-term ART, and to characterize potential CD4 + â:âCD8 + ratio recovery in this population by age. DESIGN: A longitudinal study of people attending an HIV clinic at the Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, who initiated ART between 2001 and 2015, and achieved and maintained HIV-1 viral suppression (viral load <1,000âcopies/ml). The association of age group at ART initiation with CD4 + â:âCD8 + ratio at 5 and 10âyears was assessed. METHODS: Multivariable linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between age at ART initiation and log CD4 + â:âCD8 + ratio, adjusting for demographic factors (gender/HIV transmission route, ethnicity), baseline CD4 + count and calendar year. RESULTS: The sample included 1859 people aged 20-78 (75% men, 56% white ethnicity). Overall, median CD4 + â:âCD8 + T-cell ratio increased from 0.24 at baseline to 0.77 at year 5 and 0.88 at year 10. Ratios increased among all age groups in unadjusted and adjusted models but increased less among older ages (baseline ages 60-69 and 70-79). Median ratios at year 5 were 0.85, 0.80, 0.72, 0.76, 0.6, and 0.44, respectively, among people aged 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and 70-79âyears at baseline. CONCLUSION: In a virally suppressed London population, age had a substantial impact on CD4 + â:âCD8 + ratio recovery, especially for those starting ART after age 60 years. Results may indicate the level of CD4 + â:âCD8 + ratio recovery possible in an HIV-positive, virally suppressed, aging population.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , Male , Humans , Aged , Female , CD4-CD8 Ratio , Longitudinal Studies , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Viral Load , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methodsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the effect of probiotics and of probiotic-fermented foods on CD4 T-cell count, viral load, anaemia and body mass index (BMI) among people living with HIV (PLHIV). METHODS: In this article, we systematically reviewed the evidence on the influence of probiotic supplementation on CD4 lymphocyte count, viral load and anaemia among PLHIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and those who were HAART-naive. Medical literature databases identified randomised trials and pre-post studies of probiotic supplementation and HIV-related outcomes, and random effects meta-analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The preponderance of the evidence suggests that probiotic supplementation only improved CD4 lymphocyte count modestly, with quantitatively greater impact among individuals who were HAART-naive compared to HAART-experienced individuals. Probiotic supplementation improved CD4 lymphocyte count by 53 cells/mm3 (95% CI: 22 to 85) from 18 studies. Probiotic supplementation however reduced haemoglobin concentration by -2.1 g/L (95% CI: -4.0 to -0.2). Although viral load remain unchanged in HAART-experienced participants following probiotic supplementation, HAART-naïve participants saw a decrease in viral load. There were too few studies on the impact of probiotic supplementation on viral load (N = 1). CONCLUSION: Probiotic supplementation resulted in a modest increase in CD4 lymphocyte count among HAART-naive individuals with no significant change observed among HAART-experienced ones. Viral load and haemoglobin concentration also remained unchanged following probiotic supplementation. Further rigorous and well-powered studies may evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on important clinical outcomes among PLHIV on HAART.
Subject(s)
Anemia , HIV Infections , Probiotics , Humans , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Probiotics/therapeutic use , Hemoglobins , Viral LoadABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy include the use of a dual-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with either an integrase strand transfer inhibitor or a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor, although there is no designation of which is the preferred option. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare viral suppression at delivery among patients on dual-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors combined with either an integrase strand transfer inhibitor or a protease inhibitor. A hypothesis was made that the incidence of viral suppression is higher with the use of a dual-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone combined with an integrase strand transfer inhibitor than with the use of a dual-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone combined with a protease inhibitor. STUDY DESIGN: This study was an observational study of pregnant patients living with HIV who received prenatal care and delivered after 20 weeks of gestation at an urban safety net hospital. All pregnant patients with HIV were referred to a centralized clinic for HIV counseling, medication management, and prenatal care. Antiretroviral therapy was continued or initiated according to protocols based on national guidance. Among patients on a dual-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone combined with integrase strand transfer inhibitor vs protease inhibitor at delivery, we compared the demographics and HIV disease characteristics, including year of diagnosis, viral load, and antiretroviral therapy class. The outcome of interest was viral suppression at delivery, defined as a viral load of <50 copies/mL. RESULTS: From January 2011 to December 2021, 604 patients on dual-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor met the inclusion criteria, including 411 patients (68%) on protease inhibitor and 193 patients (32%) on integrase strand transfer inhibitor at delivery. Demographic distribution was similar, and prenatal care was initiated at 12 weeks of gestation. Among the integrase strand transfer inhibitor group, 101 (17%) were on antiretroviral therapy at initiation of prenatal care compared with 169 (28%) in the protease inhibitor group. At delivery, the frequency of viral load suppression was higher among those on an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (147/193 [76%]) than among those on a protease inhibitor (275/411 [67%]) (odds ratio, 1.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.33). Among those with a detectable virus, quantitative viral load was not different. During the study period, the use of a protease inhibitor decreased, whereas the use of an integrase strand transfer inhibitor increased. CONCLUSION: Among pregnant patients living with HIV, viral suppression was more common among those on a dual-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone combined with integrase strand transfer inhibitor than among those on a dual-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone protease inhibitor at delivery. Our results support the use of dual-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with integrase strand transfer inhibitor as a first-line antiretroviral therapy regimen in pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Integrase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Integrases/therapeutic use , Nucleosides/therapeutic use , Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic useABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To examine the characteristics of people with HIV (PWH) who prefer remaining on daily oral antiretroviral therapy (ART), rather than switching to long-acting ART (LA-ART). DESIGN: Building upon a discrete choice experiment (DCE), we examined characteristics of individuals who always selected their current daily oral tablet regimen over either of two hypothetical LA-ART options presented in a series of 17 choice tasks. METHODS: We used LASSO to select sociodemographic, HIV-related, and other health-related predictors of preferring current therapy over LA-ART, and logistic regression to measure the associations with those characteristics. RESULTS: Among 700 PWH in Washington State and Atlanta, Georgia, 11% of participants ( n â=â74) chose their current daily treatment over LA-ART in all DCE choice tasks. We found that people with lower educational attainment, good adherence, more aversion to injections, and who participated from Atlanta to be more likely to prefer their current daily regimen over LA-ART. CONCLUSIONS: Gaps in ART uptake and adherence remain, and emerging LA-ART treatments show promise to address these challenges and help a larger portion of PWH to achieve viral suppression, but preferences for these new treatments are understudied. Our results show that certain drawbacks of LA-ART may help to maintain demand for daily oral tablets, especially for PWH with certain characteristics. Some of these characteristics (lower educational attainment and Atlanta participation) were also associated with a lack of viral suppression. Future research should focus on overcoming barriers that impact preferences for LA-ART among those patients who could benefit most from this innovation.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Humans , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Injections , Tablets/therapeutic use , GeorgiaABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is common and may result from persistent HIV replication in the central nervous system. METHODS: A5324 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 96-week trial of ART intensification with dolutegravir (DTG) + MVC, DTG + Placebo, or Dual - Placebo in PWH with plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/mL on ART and NCI. The primary outcome was the change on the normalized total z score (ie, the mean of individual NC test z scores) at week 48. RESULTS: Of 357 screened, 191 enrolled: 71% male, 51% Black race, 22% Hispanic ethnicity; mean age 52 years; mean CD4+ T-cells 681 cells/µL. Most (65%) had symptomatic HIV-associated NC disorder. Study drug was discontinued due to an adverse event in 15 (8%) and did not differ between arms (P = .17). Total z score, depressive symptoms, and daily functioning improved over time in all arms with no significant differences between them at week 48 or later. Adjusting for age, sex, race, study site, efavirenz use, or baseline z score did not alter the results. Body mass index modestly increased over 96 weeks (mean increase 0.32 kg/m2, P = .006) and did not differ between arms (P > .10). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ART intensification for NCI in PWH. The findings do not support empiric ART intensification as a treatment for NCI in PWH on suppressive ART. They also do not support that DTG adversely affects cognition, mood, or weight.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , HIV-1 , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Female , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , HIV-1/genetics , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Viral LoadABSTRACT
A TECNOLOGIA: Condição clínica: O vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) é o causador da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (Aids), estágio avançado da infecção que debilita o sistema imunológico e deixa o organismo suscetível a doenças oportunistas. A infecção não possui cura, porém, sua progressão pode ser evitada com o uso de tratamento farmacológico antiretroviral. Dois subtipos de vírus podem causar a infecção, HIV-1 e HIV-2. O subtipo mais virulento e disseminado em todo o mundo é o HIV-1, enquanto o HIV-2 é menos infeccioso e mais frequente em países onde a doença é endêmica (4). A transmissão de ambos os subtipos ocorre por meio de relações sexuais sem proteção, compartilhamento de perfurocortantes contaminados e de mãe para filho durante a gestação, parto ou amamentação. O diagnóstico inicial é realizado por meio de testes rápidos ou laboratoriais para a identificação da presença do vírus ou detecção de anticorpos, a exemplo da Imunocromatografia e o imunoensaio de ELISA (do Inglês, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Caso seja detectada a infecção, exames como o Western Blot (WB), Imunoblot (IB), Imunoblot Rápido (IBR) são utilizados como confirmatórios para o diagnóstico. DESCRIÇÃO DA TECNOLOGIA: Lenacapavir (Sunlenca®), desenvolvido pelo laboratório Gilead Sciences, é um inibidor de longa duração da função do capsídeo do HIV-1, o primeiro da classe. Esse antirretroviral impede a replicação do vírus a partir de múltiplos mecanismos de ação, afetando as principais etapas necessárias para o ciclo de vida do vírus, tais como: a captação nuclear que é mediada pela cápside do DNA viral, a montagem e libertação do vírus, e a formação do núcleo da cápside, gerando capsídeos malformados (20). Ademais, confere importante vantagem em não apresentar resistência cruzada com outros antirretrovirais. O medicamento está indicado em combinação com outros antirretrovirais para adultos com infeção por HIV-1 multirresistente e que apresentaram falha terapêutica devido à resistência, intolerância ou impossibilidade de uso por questões de segurança. INFORMAÇÕES REGULATÓRIAS: Informações sobre registro: O lenacapavir não possui registro sanitário na Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa). Estratégia de busca: A busca teve dois objetivos, sendo que o primeiro foi recuperar registros de ensaios clínicos de fase 3 envolvendo lenacapavir no tratamento do HIV-1 e o segundo identificar resultados publicados desses estudos. Resultados de eficácia e segurança: Os resultados relatados são referentes ao estudo CAPELLA (NCT04150068), exceto os desfechos medidos em chances, que são provenientes de um estudo de comparação indireta. estudo de comparação indireta, conduzido por Chatzidaki I e colaboradores, teve como objetivo comparar lenacapavir + regime de base otimizado (RBO) versus fostemsavir + RBO e ibalizumabe + RBO versus RBO sozinho considerando os desfechos supressão virológica e alteração na contagem de células CD4+. Para tanto, uma revisão sistemática (RS) foi conduzida e os estudos identificados foram ponderados quanto à adequação para integrar análises comparativas. Tal avaliação tomou por base os seguintes critérios: desenho do estudo, semelhança das características basais dos participantes com as da coorte aleatória do estudo CAPELLA, intervenções investigadas, desfechos e pontos de tempo relatados. Assim, dados de participantes individuais da coorte aleatória do estudo CAPELLA e dados agregados dos estudos identificados na RS foram usados para conduzir comparações indiretas usando a metodologia de comparação de tratamento simulado não ancorada para ajuste da população. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Um dos desafios do tratamento da infecção por HIV é uma adesão subótima ao tratamento e a ocorrência de resistência aos antirretrovirais. PVHIV com histórico de falhas e resistência significativa aos antirretrovirais têm opções terapêuticas limitadas e necessidade de um regime de tratamento altamente individualizado. Esses indivíduos podem não obter supressão viral sustentada do HIV. Nesse cenário em que são necessárias terapias capazes de garantir a preservação e restauração da função imunológica, evitando a progressão para Aids, o lenacapavir apresenta-se como o primeiro antirretroviral da classe inibidor do capsídeo do HIV-1, com um mecanismo de ação que interfere em múltiplos estágios do ciclo de vida do vírus. Além disso, o medicamento apresenta ação prolongada, com regime posológico de manutenção mais conveniente (duas vezes ao ano) em relação às terapias atuais, o que pode contribuir para uma melhor adesão ao tratamento e, consequentemente, com a obtenção de melhores resultados terapêuticos. O antirretroviral também parece não apresentar resistência cruzada com as outras classes disponíveis. Lenacapavir é indicado como adjuvante no tratamento de adultos com infecção HIV-1 multirresistente e falha à terapia atual e possui registro sanitário nos EUA, Canadá e países da União Europeia. A tecnologia apresentou um balanço positivo com relação à eficácia e segurança no estudo CAPELLA, uma vez que se mostrou capaz de promover redução de carga viral e supressão virológica sustentada até a semana 52, sem registro de eventos adversos graves. Adicionalmente, houve aumento na contagem de células CD4+ e redução na proporção de indivíduos com contagens inferiores a 50 células/mm3. Apesar do estudo CAPELLA apresentar algumas limitações, como tamanho amostral pequeno, diferenças nas características basais dos grupos randomizados, período de acompanhamento limitado e inclusão de indivíduos com terapias antirretrovirais muito variada, os resultados parecem promissores para uma população de difícil manejo clínico. O perfil de segurança do lenacapavir no estudo pivotal mostrou-se favorável, com registro de eventos adversos leves a moderados. Apenas um participante descontinuou a terapia em consequência de evento adverso No entanto, uma limitação do uso de lenacapavir é seu potencial de interação medicamentosa com outros antirretrovirais já utilizados no tratamento do HIV, a exemplo de atazanavir, efavirenz, nevirapina e etravirina Ademais, foi identificada resistência em cenários nos quais o lenacapavir estava em monoterapia funcional devido à ausência de antirretrovirais totalmente ativos no RBO ou adesão inadequada a esse regime. O lenacapavir também está sendo estudado para uso em associação de dose fixa oral com bictegravir no tratamento de indivíduos com supressão virológica. A despeito das evidências aqui apresentadas, para que ocorra a oferta desse medicamento no SUS, é necessária sua análise pela Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no SUS (Conitec), conforme disposto na Lei nº 12.401/2011, que alterou a Lei nº 8.080/1990. Os relatórios de recomendação da Conitec levam em consideração as evidências científicas sobre eficácia, acurácia, efetividade e a segurança, além da avaliação econômica comparativa dos benefícios e dos custos em relação às tecnologias já incorporadas e o impacto da incorporação da tecnologia no SUS.
Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV-1/drug effects , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Brazil , Efficacy , Cost-Benefit Analysis/economics , Technological Development and Innovation ProjectsABSTRACT
Protocol adherence may influence measured treatment effectiveness in randomized controlled trials. Using data from a multicenter trial (Europe and the Americas, 2002-2009) of children with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 who had been randomized to receive initial protease inhibitor (PI) versus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) antiretroviral therapy regimens, we generated time-to-event intention-to-treat (ITT) estimates of treatment effectiveness, applied inverse-probability-of-censoring weights to generate per-protocol efficacy estimates, and compared shifts from ITT to per-protocol estimates across and within treatment arms. In ITT analyses, 263 participants experienced 4-year treatment failure probabilities of 41.3% for PIs and 39.5% for NNRTIs (risk difference = 1.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): -10.1, 13.7); hazard ratio = 1.09 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.60)). In per-protocol analyses, failure probabilities were 35.6% for PIs and 29.2% for NNRTIs (risk difference = 6.4% (95% CI: -6.7, 19.4); hazard ratio = 1.30 (95% CI: 0.80, 2.12)). Within-arm shifts in failure probabilities from ITT to per-protocol analyses were 5.7% for PIs and 10.3% for NNRTIs. Protocol nonadherence was nondifferential across arms, suggesting that possibly better NNRTI efficacy may have been masked by differences in within-arm shifts deriving from differential regimen forgiveness, residual confounding, or chance. A per-protocol approach using inverse-probability-of-censoring weights facilitated evaluation of relationships among adherence, efficacy, and forgiveness applicable to pediatric oral antiretroviral regimens.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , HIV Protease Inhibitors , Humans , Child , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , HIV Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Probability , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Viral Load , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Multicenter Studies as TopicABSTRACT
We estimate the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among individuals receiving HIV care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Adults (18y+) initiating ART between Jan/2008 and Dec/2018 (follow-up through Dec/2020) were included. First-line ART (two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus one antiretroviral from another class) was categorized into four categories: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor/NNRTI-based, protease inhibitor/PI-based, integrase strand transfer inhibitor/INSTI-based, and single-tablet regimen (STR, Tenofovir 300mg + Lamivudine 300mg + Efavirenz 600mg). Effectiveness (viral load ≤50 copies/µL) was evaluated at 6(3-9) and 12(9-15) months from ART initiation. Bayesian logistic regression models were used to quantify the association between exposure and outcomes while accounting for missing data. Overall, 1863(57%), 652(19.9%), 412(12.6%), and 342(10.5%) individuals used, respectively, NNRTI-based, PI-based, INSTI-based regimens, and STR. Compared to NNRTIs, the odds of viral suppression with INSTI-based regimens was 76% higher (adjusted OR:1.76, 95%CI:1.23-2.51) at six months but no higher at 12 months. Older age, higher education, CD4 count ≥500 cells/mm3 and viral load <100,000 copies/µL at ART initiation increased the odds of viral suppression. Viral suppression at six months was the strongest predictor of viral suppression at 12 months. These results highlight population groups that could benefit from close monitoring during the first year of ART.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , Adult , Humans , Cohort Studies , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Bayes Theorem , Brazil/epidemiology , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Viral Load , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Pretreatment HIV drug resistance (PHDR) has emerged after scaling-up access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study aimed to compare long-term virological and immunological outcomes between HIV-positive individuals with and without PHDR. METHODS: An observational cohort study was conducted in HIV-positive individuals who had a genotypic resistance test performed prior to ART initiation. RESULTS: Of 335 participants, 39 were in the PHDR group and 296 were in the control group. ART regimen in PHDR group was adjusted at 6-10 weeks after ART initiation when results of baseline genotypic resistance test were available. Proportions of participants with undetectable viral load were significantly lower in PHDR group at 6 and 12 months (46.2% vs 79.4% (p < .001) and 74.4% vs 90.5% (p = .003), respectively). These virological responses became similar between two groups (p > .05) from 18 through 60 months. Mean change of CD4 counts of PHDR group was significantly lower only at 6 months (+59 vs + 81 cells/mm3 (p = .012); these immunological responses were similar between two groups from 12 through 60 months. CONCLUSION: Early virological response was lower in HIV-positive participants with PHDR compared to participants without PHDR. Subsequent adjustment of ART according to pretreatment genotypic resistance has contributed to the long-term virological and immunological success that is similar to participants without PHDR.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , HIV-1 , Humans , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , HIV-1/genetics , Viral Load , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Despite improved access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people with HIV (PWH), HIV continues to contribute considerably to morbidity and mortality. Increasingly, advanced HIV disease (AHD) is found among PWH who are ART-experienced. DESIGN: Using a multi-state model we examined associations between engagement with care and AHD on ART in South Africa. METHODS: Using data from IeDEA Southern Africa, we included PWH from South Africa, initiating ART from 2004 to 2017 aged more than 5 years with a CD4+ cell count at ART start and at least one subsequent measure. We defined a gap as no visit for at least 18 months. Five states were defined: 'AHD on ART' (CD4+ cell count <200 cells/µl), 'Clinically Stable on ART' (CD4+ cell count ≥200 or if no CD4+ cell count, viral load <1000 copies/ml), 'Early Gap' (commencing ≤18 months from ART start), 'Late Gap' (commencing >18 months from ART start) and 'Death'. RESULTS: Among 32â452 PWH, men and those aged 15-25 years were more likely to progress to unfavourable states. Later years of ART start were associated with a lower probability of transitioning from AHD to clinically stable, increasing the risk of death following AHD. In stratified analyses, those starting ART with AHD in later years were more likely to re-engage in care with AHD following a gap and to die following AHD on ART. CONCLUSION: In more recent years, those with AHD on ART were more likely to die, and AHD at re-engagement in care increased. To further reduce HIV-related mortality, efforts to address the challenges facing these more vulnerable patients are needed.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , Male , Humans , South Africa/epidemiology , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people with HIV, even during sustained viral suppression, is associated with persistent inflammation, immune activation, and coagulopathy. Persistently low CD4-CD8 Ratio has been also associated with residual inflammation, is a good predictor of increased risk of death and more widely available than inflammatory biomarkers. We tested the hypothesis that the CD4-CD8 Ratio is associated with ART adherence during periods of complete viral suppression. We used the Medication Possession Ratio based in pharmacy registries as measure of adherence and time-varying, routine care CD4 and CD8 measurements as outcome. We used a linear mixed model for longitudinal data, including fixed effects for sex, age, education, date of ART initiation, AIDS-related conditions, and baseline CD4 to model the outcome. In 988 adults with a median follow-up of 4.13 years, higher ART adherence was independently associated with a modest increase in CD4-CD8. For each increasing percentage point in adherence, the CD4-CD8 Ratio increased 0.000857 (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.000494 to 0.002209, p = .213731) in the first year after achieving viral suppression; 0.001057 (95% CI 0.000262-0.001853, p = .009160) in years 1 to 3; 0.000323 (95% CI -0.000448 to 0.001095, p = .411441) in years 3 to 5; and 0.000850 (95% CI 0.000272-0.001429, p = .003946) 5-10 years after achieving viral suppression. The magnitude of the effect of adherence over CD4-CD8 Ratios varied over time and by baseline CD4 count, with increasing adherence having a larger effect early after ART initiation in people with higher baseline CD4 (>500 cells/µL) and in later years in people with lower baseline CD4 count (≥200 cells/µL). Our findings expand on previous evidence suggesting that the benefits of optimal adherence to modern ART regimens goes beyond maintaining viral suppression. These results highlight the importance of including objective measurements of adherence as part of routine care, even in patients with complete HIV suppression over long-term follow-up.