[Preparation and Performance of a Novel Polyurethane Microporous Film on Polypropylene Medical Mesh Surface]. / ä¸€ç§èšæ°¨é ¯å¾®å­”è–„è†œåŒ»ç”¨è¡¥ç‰‡è¡¨å±‚ææ–™çš„åˆ¶å¤‡åŠå ¶æ€§èƒ½ç ”ç©¶.

Objective: This study aims to develop a medical patch surface material featuring a microporous polyurethane (PU) membrane and to assess the material's properties and biological performance. The goal is to enhance the clinical applicability of pelvic floor repair patch materials. Methods: PU films with a microporous surface were prepared using PU prepolymer foaming technology. The films were produced by optimizing the PU prepolymer isocyanate index (R value) and the relative humidity (RH) of the foaming environment. The surface morphology of the PU microporous films was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the chemical properties of the PU microporous films, including hydrophilicity, were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and water contact angle measurements. In vitro evaluations included testing the effects of PU microporous film extracts on the proliferation of L929 mouse fibroblasts and observing the adhesion and morphology of these fibroblasts. Additionally, the effect of the PU microporous films on RAW264.7 mouse macrophages was studied. Immune response and tissue regeneration were assessed in vivo using Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Results: The PU films exhibited a well-defined and uniform microporous structure when the R value of PU prepolymer=1.5 and the foaming environment RH=70%. The chemical structure of the PU microporous films was not significantly altered compared to the PU films, with a significantly lower water contact angle ([55.7±1.5]° ) compared to PU films ([69.5±1.7]° ) and polypropylene (PP) ([ 104.3±2.5]°), indicating superior hydrophilicity. The extracts from PU microporous films demonstrated good in vitro biocompatibility, promoting the proliferation of L929 mouse fibroblasts. The surface morphology of the PU microporous films facilitated fibroblast adhesion and spreading. The films also inhibited the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1ß by RAW264.7 macrophages while enhancing IL-10 and IL-4 secretion. Compared to 24 hours, after 72 hours of culture, the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß were reduced in both the PU film and PU microporous film groups and were significantly lower than those in the PP film group (P<0.05), with the most notable decreases observed in the PU microporous film group. IL-10 and IL-4 levels increased significantly in the PU microporous film group, surpassing those in the PP film group (P<0.01), with the most pronounced increase in IL-4. The PU microporous film induced mild inflammation with no significant fibrous capsule formation in vivo. After 60 days of implantation, the film partially degraded, showing extensive collagen fiber growth and muscle formation in its central region. Conclusion: The PU microporous film exhibits good hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. Its surface morphology enhances cell adhesion, regulates the function of RAW264.7 macrophages, and promotes tissue repair, offering new insights for the design of pelvic floor repair and reconstruction patch materials.

[Research Progress in Organocatalysts Used in the Synthesis of Medical Polyurethanes and Their Biotoxicity]. / åŒ»ç”¨èšæ°¨é ¯åˆæˆæ‰€ç”¨æœ‰æœºå‚¬åŒ–å‰‚åŠå ¶ç”Ÿç‰©æ¯’æ€§ç ”ç©¶è¿›å±•.

Medical polyurethanes have emerged as a leading choice for biomedical applications owing to their exceptional biocompatibility and good physical and mechanical properties. Catalysts play a crucial role as additives in the synthesis of medical polyurethanes, enhancing synthesis efficiency and material properties. However, the catalysts used may affect the biocompatibility of polyurethanes and pose potential harm to human health. This review encapsulates the latest findings regarding the catalysts employed in the synthesis of medical polyurethane materials and their biotoxicity. Initially, we reviewed the prevalent types of catalysts used in the synthesis of medical polyurethane materials and described their distinctive characteristics. Subsequently, our focus shifted to exploring the potential biotoxicity associated with these catalysts. Finally, we provided a forward-looking perspective and recommendations for the future trajectory of catalyst selection in the synthesis of medical polyurethane materials. By acquiring a more profound understanding of the properties and biotoxicity of catalysts used in the synthesis of medical polyurethane materials, and by uncovering existing issues and challenges, we can better guide the design of medical polyurethane materials. This, in turn, enables us to chart the course for future development and ultimately enhance the biocompatibility and safety profiles of medical polyurethane materials. Such advancements will promote the continued development and application of medical polyurethane materials in clinical settings.

Progress in chitin/chitosan and their derivatives for biomedical applications: Where we stand.

Chitin and its deacetylated form, chitosan, have demonstrated remarkable versatility in the realm of biomaterials. Their exceptional biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, pro- and anticoagulant characteristics, robust antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory potential make them highly sought-after in various applications. This review delves into the mechanisms underlying chitin/chitosan's biological activity and provides a comprehensive overview of their derivatives in fields such as tissue engineering, hemostasis, wound healing, drug delivery, and hemoperfusion. However, despite the wealth of studies on chitin/chitosan, there exists a notable trend of homogeneity in research, which could hinder the comprehensive development of these biomaterials. This review, taking a clinician's perspective, identifies current research gaps and medical challenges yet to be addressed, aiming to pave the way for a more sustainable future in chitin/chitosan research and application.

In situ shaping of intricated 3D bacterial cellulose constructs using sacrificial agarose and diverted oxygen inflow.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is gathering increased attention due to its remarkable physico-chemical features. The high biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and mechanical and thermal stability endorse BC as a suitable candidate for biomedical applications. Nonetheless, exploiting BC for tissue regeneration demands three-dimensional, intricately shaped implants, a highly ambitious endeavor. This challenge is addressed here by growing BC within a sacrificial viscoelastic medium consisting of an agarose gel cast inside polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds imprinted with the features of the desired implant. BC produced with and without agarose has been compared through SEM, TGA, FTIR, and XRD, probing the mild impact of the agarose on the BC properties. As a first proof of concept, a PDMS mold shaped as a doll's ear was used to produce a BC perfect replica, even for the smallest features. The second trial comprised a doll face imprinted on a PDMS mold. In that case, the BC production included consecutive deactivation and activation of the aerial oxygen stream. The resulting BC face clone fitted perfectly and conformally with the template doll face, while its rheological properties were comparable to those of collagen. This streamlining concept conveys to the biosynthesized nanocelluloses broader opportunities for more advanced prosthetics and soft tissue engineering uses.

Assessment of cranial reconstruction utilizing various implant materials: finite element study.

The human head can sometimes experience impact loads that result in skull fractures or other injuries, leading to the need for a craniectomy. Cranioplasty is a procedure that involves replacing the removed portion with either autologous bone or alloplastic material. While titanium has traditionally been the preferred material for cranial implants due to its excellent properties and biocompatibility, its limitations have prompted the search for alternative materials. This research aimed to explore alternative materials to titanium for cranial implants in order to address the limitations of titanium implants and improve the performance of the cranioplasty process. A 3D model of a defective skull was reconstructed with a cranial implant, and the implant was simulated using various stiff and soft materials (such as alumina, zirconia, hydroxyapatite, zirconia-reinforced PMMA, and PMMA) as alternatives to titanium under 2000N impact forces. Alumina and zirconia implants were found to reduce stresses and strains on the skull and brain compared to titanium implants. However, PMMA implants showed potential for causing skull damage under current loading conditions. Additionally, PMMA and hydroxyapatite implants were prone to fracture. Despite these findings, none of the implants exceeded the limits for tensile and compressive stresses and strains on the brain. Zirconia-reinforced PMMA implants were also shown to reduce stresses and strains on the skull and brain compared to PMMA implants. Alumina and zirconia show promise as alternatives to titanium for the production of cranial implants. The use of alternative implant materials to titanium has the potential to enhance the success of cranial reconstruction by overcoming the limitations associated with titanium implants.

Preparation of composite calcium phosphate cement scaffold loaded with Hedysarum polysaccharides and its efficacy in repairing bone defects.

It's imperative to create a more ideal biological scaffold for bone defect repair. Calcium phosphate bone cements (CPC) could be used as a scaffold. Some ingredients and osteogenic factors could be added to improve its poor mechanical properties and biological activity. As a macromolecule extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, Hedysarum polysaccharides (HPS) would significantly promote the osteogenic activity of bone biomaterials. Zirconium oxide and starch were added to the solid phase and citric acid was added to the liquid phase to optimize CPC. HPS was loaded onto the scaffold as an osteogenic factor, and the prepared CPS + HPS was characterized. Further, the cytocompatibility of CPS + HPS was assessed according to activity, differentiation, and calcification in neonatal rat calvarial osteoblasts, and the biosafety of CPS + HPS was evaluated according to acute toxicity, pyrogen, sensitization, and hemolysis. The success of CPS + HPS in repairing bone defects was evaluated by using a rabbit femur implantation experiment. After optimization, CPS-20-CA-5 containing 10% starch and 5% citric acid displayed the highest mechanical strength of 28.96 ± 0.03 MPa. HPS-50 was demonstrated to exert the best osteogenic effect. The combination of CPS + HPS achieved HPS-loaded CPC. Material characterization, cytocompatibility, biosafety, and femoral implantation experiments indicated that CPS + HPS possessed better pressure resistance and improved osteogenic ability in bone defect repair.CPS + HPS demonstrated effective pressure resistance and superior osteogenic ability, which may be of great significance for bone defects and bone tissue engineering to promote bone regeneration and repair.

Feasibility of using diamond-like carbon films in total joint replacements: a review.

Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) has been used as a coating material of choice for a variety of technological applications owing to its favorable bio-tribo-thermo-mechanical characteristics. Here, the possibility of bringing DLC into orthopedic joint implants is examined. With ever increasing number of patients suffering from osteoarthritis as well as with the ingress of the osteoarthritic joints' malaise into younger and more active demographics, there is a pressing need to augment the performance and integrity of conventional total joint replacements (TJRs). Contemporary joint replacement devices use metal-on-polymer articulations to restore function to worn, damaged or diseased cartilage. The wear of polymeric components has been addressed using crosslinking and antioxidants; however, in the context of the metallic components, complications pertaining to corrosion and metal ion release inside the body still persist. Through this review article, we explore the use of DLC coatings on metallic bearing surfaces and elucidate why this technology might be a viable solution for ongoing electrochemical challenges in orthopedics. The different characteristics of DLC coatings and their feasibility in TJRs are examined through assessment of tribo-material characterization methods. A holistic characterization of the coating-substrate interface and the wear performance of such systems are discussed. As with all biomaterials used in TJRs, we need mindful consideration of potential in-vivo challenges. We present a few caveats for DLC coatings including delamination, hydrophobicity, and other conflicting as well as outdating findings in the literature. We recommend prudently exploring DLC films as potential coatings on metallic TJR components to solve the problems pertaining to wear, metal ion release, and corrosion. Ultimately, we advise bringing DLC into clinical use only after addressing all challenges and concerns outlined in this article.

Improving normothermic machine perfusion and blood transfusion through biocompatible blood silicification.

The growing world population and increasing life expectancy are driving the need to improve the quality of blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and preservation. Here, to improve the ability of red blood cells (RBCs) for normothermic machine perfusion, a biocompatible blood silicification approach termed "shielding-augmenting RBC-in-nanoscale amorphous silica (SARNAS)" has been developed. The key to RBC surface engineering and structure augmentation is the precise control of the hydrolysis form of silicic acid to realize stabilization of RBC within conformal nanoscale silica-based exoskeletons. The formed silicified RBCs (Si-RBCs) maintain membrane/structural integrity, normal cellular functions (e.g., metabolism, oxygen-carrying capability), and enhance resistance to external stressors as well as tunable mechanical properties, resulting in nearly 100% RBC cryoprotection. In vivo experiments confirm their excellent biocompatibility. By shielding RBC surface antigens, the Si-RBCs provide universal blood compatibility, the ability for allogeneic mechanical perfusion, and more importantly, the possibility for cross-species transfusion. Being simple, reliable, and easily scalable, the SARNAS strategy holds great promise to revolutionize the use of engineered blood for future clinical applications.

Comparison of bioactive material failure rates in vital pulp treatment of permanent matured teeth - a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is the gold standard for vital pulp treatment (VPT), but its superiority over novel calcium silicate-based cements in permanent teeth lacks systematic evidence. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of these materials in VPT through a network meta-analysis. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science until January 20, 2024. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials involving VPT with biomaterials and reversible or irreversible pulpitis diagnoses in mature permanent teeth. The primary outcome was the odds ratio (OR) of failure rates with 95% confidence intervals. In the 21 eligible trials, failure rates were significantly higher with calcium-hydroxide than MTA at six (OR 2.26 [1.52-3.36]), 12 (OR 2.53 [1.76-3.62]), and 24 months (OR 2.46 [1.60-3.79]). Failure rates for Totalfill at six (OR 1.19 [0.55-2.58]) and 12 months (OR 1.43 [0.71-2.92]), and Biodentine at six (OR 1.09 [0.66-1.78]), 12 (OR 1.21 [0.74-1.96]), and 24 months (OR 1.47 [0.81-2.68]) were not significantly different from MTA. The results were similar in the direct pulp capping subgroup, whereas, in the partial and full pulpotomy subgroup, there was not enough evidence to achieve significant differences. MTA, Biodentine, and Totalfill are the most efficient materials for VPT. However, calcium-hydroxide-based materials are not recommended in VPT.

Multi-shell gold nanoparticles functionalized with methotrexate: a novel nanotherapeutic approach for improved antitumoral and antioxidant activity and enhanced biocompatibility.

Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid antagonist routinely used in cancer treatment, characterized by poor water solubility and low skin permeability. These issues could be mitigated by using drug delivery systems, such as functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), known for their versatility and unique properties. This study aimed to develop multi-shell AuNPs functionalized with MTX for the improvement of MTX antitumoral, antioxidant, and biocompatibility features. Stable phosphine-coated AuNPs were synthesized and functionalized with tailored polyethylene glycol (PEG) and short-branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) moieties, followed by MTX covalent binding. Physicochemical characterization by UV-vis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the synthesis at each step. The antioxidant activity of functionalized AuNPs was determined using DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric ions' reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity were assessed using MTT and LDH assays on HaCaT human keratinocytes and CAL27 squamous cell carcinoma. MTX functionalized AuNPs demonstrated enhanced antioxidant activity and a pronounced cytotoxic effect on the tumoral cells compared to their individual components, highlighting their potential for improving cancer therapy.

GO/Cu Nanosheet-Integrated Hydrogel Platform as a Bioactive and Biocompatible Scaffold for Enhanced Calvarial Bone Regeneration.

Purpose: The treatment of craniofacial bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, and infectious and degenerative diseases is a significant issue in current clinical practice. Following the rapid development of bone tissue engineering (BTE) in the last decade, bioactive scaffolds coupled with multifunctional properties are in high demand with regard to effective therapy for bone defects. Herein, an innovative bone scaffold consisting of GO/Cu nanoderivatives and GelMA-based organic-inorganic hybrids was reported for repairing full-thickness calvarial bone defect. Methods: In this study, motivated by the versatile biological functions of nanomaterials and synthetic hydrogels, copper nanoparticle (CuNP)-decorated graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets (GO/Cu) were combined with methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)-based organic-inorganic hybrids to construct porous bone scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone tissues by photocrosslinking. The material characterizations, in vitro cytocompatibility, macrophage polarization and osteogenesis of the biohybrid hydrogel scaffolds were investigated, and two different animal models (BALB/c mice and SD rats) were established to further confirm the in vivo neovascularization, macrophage recruitment, biocompatibility, biosafety and bone regenerative potential. Results: We found that GO/Cu-functionalized GelMA/ß-TCP hydrogel scaffolds exhibited evidently promoted osteogenic activities, M2 type macrophage polarization, increased secretion of anti-inflammatory factors and excellent cytocompatibility, with favorable surface characteristics and sustainable release of Cu2+. Additionally, improved neovascularization, macrophage recruitment and tissue integration were found in mice implanted with the bioactive hydrogels. More importantly, the observations of microCT reconstruction and histological analysis in a calvarial bone defect model in rats treated with GO/Cu-incorporated hydrogel scaffolds demonstrated significantly increased bone morphometric values and newly formed bone tissues, indicating accelerated bone healing. Conclusion: Taken together, this BTE-based bone repair strategy provides a promising and feasible method for constructing multifunctional GO/Cu nanocomposite-incorporated biohybrid hydrogel scaffolds with facilitated osteogenesis, angiogenesis and immunoregulation in one system, with the optimization of material properties and biosafety, it thereby demonstrates great application potential for correcting craniofacial bone defects in future clinical scenarios.

Advances in Nanomedicine and Biomaterials for Endometrial Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review.

The endometrium is an extremely important component of the uterus and is crucial for individual health and human reproduction. However, traditional methods still struggle to ideally repair the structure and function of damaged endometrium and restore fertility. Therefore, seeking and developing innovative technologies and materials has the potential to repair and regenerate damaged or diseased endometrium. The emergence and functionalization of various nanomedicine and biomaterials, as well as the proposal and development of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering techniques, have brought great hope for solving these problems. In this review, we will summarize various nanomedicine, biomaterials, and innovative technologies that contribute to endometrial regeneration, including nanoscale exosomes, nanomaterials, stem cell-based materials, naturally sourced biomaterials, chemically synthesized biomaterials, approaches and methods for functionalizing biomaterials, as well as the application of revolutionary new technologies such as organoids, organ-on-chips, artificial intelligence, etc. The diverse design and modification of new biomaterials endow them with new functionalities, such as microstructure or nanostructure, mechanical properties, biological functions, and cellular microenvironment regulation. It will provide new options for the regeneration of endometrium, bring new hope for the reconstruction and recovery of patients' reproductive abilities.

Bacteria-Derived Cellulose Membranes Modified with Graphene Oxide-Silver Nanoparticles for Accelerating Wound Healing.

This study reports on the modification of bacterial cellulose (BC) membranes produced by static fermentation of Komagataeibacter xylinus bacterial strains with graphene oxide-silver nanoparticles (GO-Ag) to yield skin wound dressings with improved antibacterial properties. The GO-Ag sheets were synthesized through chemical reduction with sodium citrate and were utilized to functionalize the BC membranes (BC/GO-Ag). The BC/GO-Ag composites were characterized to determine their surface charge, morphology, exudate absorption, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity by using fibroblast cells. The antimicrobial activity of the wound dressings was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results indicate that the BC/GO-Ag dressings can inhibit ∼70% of E. coli cells. Our findings also revealed that the porous BC/GO-Ag antimicrobial dressings can efficiently retain 94% of exudate absorption after exposure to simulated body fluid (SBF) for 24 h. These results suggest that the dressings could absorb excess exudate from the wound during clinical application, maintaining adequate moisture, and promoting the proliferation of epithelial cells. The BC/GO-Ag hybrid materials exhibited excellent mechanical flexibility and low cytotoxicity to fibroblast cells, making excellent wound dressings able to control bacterial infectious processes and promote the fast healing of dermal lesions.

Highly Porous, Ultralight, Biocompatible Silk Fibroin Aerogel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator.

This study presents the fabrication of an ultralight, porous, and high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) utilizing silk fibroin (SF) aerogels and PDMS sponges as the friction layer. The transition from two-dimensional film friction layers to three-dimensional porous aerogels significantly increased the specific surface area, offering an effective strategy for designing high-performance SF aerogel-based TENGs. The TENG incorporating the porous SF aerogel exhibited optimal output performance at a 3% SF concentration, achieving a maximum open circuit voltage of 365 V, a maximum short-circuit current of 11.8 µA, and a maximum power density of 7.52 W/m2. In comparison to SF-film-based TENGs, the SF-aerogel based TENG demonstrated a remarkable 6.5-fold increase in voltage and a 4.5-fold increase in current. Furthermore, the power density of our SF-based TENG surpassed the previously reported optimal values for SF-based TENGs by 2.4 times. Leveraging the excellent mechanical stability and biocompatibility of TENGs, we developed an SF-based TENG self-powered sensor for the real-time monitoring of subtle biological movements. The SF-based TENG exhibits promising potential as a wearable bioelectronic device for health monitoring.

In vitro evaluation of the biocompatibility and bioactivity of a SLM-fabricated NiTi alloy with superior tensile property.

Because nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys have unique functions, such as superelasticity, shape memory, and hysteresis similar to bone in the loading-unloading cycles of their recoverable deformations. They likely offer good bone integration, a low loosening rate, individual customization, and ease of insertion. Due to the poor processability of NITI, traditional methods cannot manufacture NiTi products with complex shapes. Orthopedic NiTi implants need to show an adequate fracture elongation of at least 8%. Additive manufacturing can be used to prepare NiTi implants with complex structures and tunable porosity. However, as previously reported, additively manufactured NiTi alloys could only exhibit a maximum tensile fracture strain of 7%. In new reports, a selective laser melting (SLM)-NiTi alloy has shown greater tensile strain (15.6%). Nevertheless, due to the unique microstructure of additive manufacturing NiTi that differs from traditional NITI, the biocompatibility of SLM-NITI manufactured by this new process requires further evaluation In this study, the effects of the improved NiTi alloy on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) proliferation, adhesion, and cell viability were investigated via in vitro studies. A commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy was studied side-by-side for comparison. Like the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the SLM-NiTi alloy exhibited low cytotoxicity toward BMSCs and similar effect on cell adhesion or cell viability. This study demonstrates that the new SLM-NiTi alloy, which has exhibited improved mechanical properties, also displays excellent biocompatibility. Therefore, this alloy may be a superior implant material in biomedical implantation.

Anti-inflammatory potential of casein enzymatic hydrolysate/gelatin methacryloyl scaffolds for vital pulp therapy.

OBJECTIVES: To synthesize casein enzymatic hydrolysate (CEH)-laden gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) fibrous scaffolds and evaluate the cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory effects on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: GelMA fibrous scaffolds with 10%, 20%, and 30% CEH (w/w) and without CEH (control) were obtained via electrospinning. Chemo-morphological, degradation, and mechanical analyses were conducted to evaluate the morphology and composition of the fibers, mass loss, and mechanical properties, respectively. Adhesion/spreading and viability of DPSCs seeded on the scaffolds were also assessed. The anti-inflammatory potential on DPSCs was tested after the chronic challenge of cells with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), followed by treatment with extracts obtained after immersing the scaffolds in α-MEM. The synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1α, and TNF-α was measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/post-hoc tests (α = 5%). RESULTS: CEH-laden electrospun fibers had a larger diameter than pure GelMA (p ≤ 0.036). GelMA scaffolds laden with 20% and 30% CEH had a greater mass loss. Tensile strength was reduced for the 10% CEH fibers (p = 0.0052), whereas no difference was observed for the 20% and 30% fibers (p ≥ 0.6736) compared to the control. Young's modulus decreased with CEH (p < 0.0001). Elongation at break increased for the 20% and 30% CEH scaffolds (p ≤ 0.0038). Over time, DPSCs viability increased across all groups, indicating cytocompatibility, with CEH-laden scaffolds exhibiting greater cell viability after seven days (p ≤ 0.0166). Also, 10% CEH-GelMA scaffolds decreased the IL-6, IL-1α, and TNF-α synthesis (p ≤ 0.035). CONCLUSION: CEH-laden GelMA scaffolds facilitated both adhesion and proliferation of DPSCs, and 10% CEH provided anti-inflammatory potential after chronic LPS challenge. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CEH incorporated in GelMA fibrous scaffolds demonstrated the potential to be used as a cytocompatible and anti-inflammatory biomaterial for vital pulp therapy.

Recent advances of bone tissue engineering: carbohydrate and ceramic materials, fundamental properties and advanced biofabrication strategies ‒ a comprehensive review.

Bone is a dynamic tissue that can always regenerate itself through remodeling to maintain biofunctionality. This tissue performs several vital physiological functions. However, bone scaffolds are required for critical-size damages and fractures, and these can be addressed by bone tissue engineering. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has the potential to develop scaffolds for repairing critical-size damaged bone. BTE is a multidisciplinary engineered scaffold with the desired properties for repairing damaged bone tissue. Herein, we have provided an overview of the common carbohydrate polymers, fundamental structural, physicochemical, and biological properties, and fabrication techniques for bone tissue engineering. We also discussed advanced biofabrication strategies and provided the limitations and prospects by highlighting significant issues in bone tissue engineering. There are several review articles available on bone tissue engineering. However, we have provided a state-of-the-art review article that discussed recent progress and trends within the last 3-5 years by emphasizing challenges and future perspectives.

Fabrication of 3D PCL/PVP scaffolds using monosodium glutamate as porogen by solvent casting/particulate leaching method for oral and maxillofacial bone tissue engineering.

The design of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds should focus on creating highly porous, 3D structures with an interconnected pore network that supports cell growth. The scaffold's pore interconnectivity is directly linked to vascularization, cell seeding, guided cell migration, and transportation of nutrients and metabolic waste. In this study, different types of food flavors including monosodium glutamate, sugar, and sodium chloride were used as the porogens along with PCL/PVP blend polymer for solvent casting/particulate leaching method. The morphology, porosity, interconnectivity, chemical composition, water absorption, and mechanical properties of the fabricated scaffolds are carefully characterized. The scaffolds are biocompatible in bothin vitroandin vivoexperiments and do not trigger any inflammatory response while enhancing new bone formation and vascularization in rabbit calvaria critical-sized defects. The new bone merges and becomes denser along with the experiment timeline. The results indicate that the 3D PCL/PVP scaffolds, using monosodium glutamate as porogen, exhibited suitable biological performance and held promise for bone tissue engineering in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Targeted biocompatible Zn-metal-organic framework nanocomposites for intelligent chemotherapy of breast cancer cells.

Finding a novel drug delivery system (DDS) represents one of the most challenging endeavors in cancer therapy. Hence, in this study, we developed a new biocompatible and biodegradable zinc-based nanoscale metal-organic framework (Zn-NMOF) coated with folic acid (FA) functionalized chitosan (CS) to facilitate targeted delivery of doxorubicin (D), a standard chemotherapeutic agent, into breast cancer cells. The synthesis of the NMOF-CS-FA-D nanocomposite preceded its comprehensive characterization via FT-IR, DLS, XRD, SEM, and TEM analyses. Subsequent in vitro studies were conducted on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and HFF-1 normal cells, encompassing assessments of cell viability, expression levels of apoptotic and autophagy genes, cell cycle arrest, and apoptotic analyses. The size of the NMOF-CS-FA-D particles was determined to be less than 80 nm, with a drug loading efficiency of 72 ± 5%. The release kinetics of DOX from the nanocomposite were investigated, revealing controlled release behavior at pH 7.4 and accelerated release at pH 5.0, which is conducive to drug delivery into cancer cells. In vitro results indicated a 17.39% ± 6.34 cell viability after 24 h of treatment with a 40 nM concentration of the NMOF-CS-FA-D nanocomposite. Furthermore, the expression levels of Caspase-9 and BAX, key apoptotic genes, along with BECLIN1, an autophagy gene, were found to increase by two-fold, four-fold, and two-fold, respectively, following 5 h of treatment with the nanocomposite. Additionally, analysis of cell cycle distribution revealed 15.4 ± 2% of cells in the sub-G1 phase, indicative of apoptotic cells, and 31.9% of cells undergoing early and late apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of the NMOF-CS-FA-D nanocomposite in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation with low side effects.