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1.
Salud(i)cienc., (Impresa) ; 19(4): 335-338, sept. 2012.
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-128299

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de gravedad del hidrops fetal por isoinmunización materna Rh(D) y su repercusión sobre el resultado perinatal en una serie de casos de transfusión intrauterina. Material y método: Análisis retrospectivo, analítico y transversal de 150 fetos que recibieron 531 transfusiones intrauterinas en un período de 21 años. Todos presentaban un proceso evolutivo de gravedad y la presencia de hidrops previo al tratamiento se demostró en 67 fetos (45%), los cuales se clasificaron, de acuerdo con los hallazgos ultrasonográficos, como portadores de hidrops moderado o de hidrops grave. Las variables incluyeron edad gestacional, niveles de hemoglobina y hematocrito, número de transfusiones, tasas de supervivencia, la mortalidad acaecida por el procedimiento y las condiciones neonatales y evolutivas de los homigénitos. Resultados: Hubo 123 nacidos vivos (82%). Cuando no existió hidrops al inicio de la primera transfusión, la supervivencia global de los fetos que se presentaron con hidrops moderado fue del 76%, en tanto que los casos con hidrops grave fueron 52%. La reversión intrauterina del hidrops se documentó en el 81% de los fetos con hidrops moderado y en el 30% de aquellos con hidrops grave. La pérdida fetal como complicación durante el procedimiento fue baja. Condiciones neonatales pronósticas como el puntaje de Apgar a los 5 minutos y el peso obtenido fueron más favorables entre los fetos sin hidrops o con hidrops moderado que en los grados graves de afección hidrópica...(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Hydrops Fetalis/diagnosis , Rh Isoimmunization/complications , Rh Isoimmunization/diagnosis , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/statistics & numerical data , Perinatal Care
2.
Salud(i)ciencia (Impresa) ; 19(4): 335-338, sept. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-702208

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de gravedad del hidrops fetal por isoinmunización materna Rh(D) y su repercusión sobre el resultado perinatal en una serie de casos de transfusión intrauterina. Material y método: Análisis retrospectivo, analítico y transversal de 150 fetos que recibieron 531 transfusiones intrauterinas en un período de 21 años. Todos presentaban un proceso evolutivo de gravedad y la presencia de hidrops previo al tratamiento se demostró en 67 fetos (45%), los cuales se clasificaron, de acuerdo con los hallazgos ultrasonográficos, como portadores de hidrops moderado o de hidrops grave. Las variables incluyeron edad gestacional, niveles de hemoglobina y hematocrito, número de transfusiones, tasas de supervivencia, la mortalidad acaecida por el procedimiento y las condiciones neonatales y evolutivas de los homigénitos. Resultados: Hubo 123 nacidos vivos (82%). Cuando no existió hidrops al inicio de la primera transfusión, la supervivencia global de los fetos que se presentaron con hidrops moderado fue del 76%, en tanto que los casos con hidrops grave fueron 52%. La reversión intrauterina del hidrops se documentó en el 81% de los fetos con hidrops moderado y en el 30% de aquellos con hidrops grave. La pérdida fetal como complicación durante el procedimiento fue baja. Condiciones neonatales pronósticas como el puntaje de Apgar a los 5 minutos y el peso obtenido fueron más favorables entre los fetos sin hidrops o con hidrops moderado que en los grados graves de afección hidrópica...


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Perinatal Care , Hydrops Fetalis/diagnosis , Rh Isoimmunization/complications , Rh Isoimmunization/diagnosis , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine
3.
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med ; 25(8): 1333-7, 2012 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22046976

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Alloimmunization is the main cause of fetal anemia. There are not many consistent analyses associating antenatal parameters to perinatal mortality in transfused fetuses due to maternal alloimmunization. The study aimed to determine the prognostic variables related to perinatal death. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort study analyzed 128 fetuses treated with intrauterine transfusion (IUT), until the early neonatal period. Perinatal mortality was associated with prognostic conditions related to prematurity, severity of fetal anemia and IUT procedure by univariated logistic regression. Multiple logistic regression was used to compute the odds ratio (OR) for adjusting the hemoglobin deficit at the last IUT, gestational age at birth, complications of IUT, antenatal corticosteroid and hydrops. RESULTS: Perinatal mortality rate found in this study was 18.1%. The hemoglobin deficit at the last IUT (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.04-1.53), gestational age at birth (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.38-0.74) and the presence of transfusional complications (OR: 5.43, 95% CI: 142-20.76) were significant in predicting fetal death. CONCLUSION: Perinatal mortality prediction in transfused fetuses is not associated only to severity of anemia, but also to the risks of IUT and prematurity.


Subject(s)
Blood Group Incompatibility/mortality , Blood Group Incompatibility/therapy , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/mortality , Perinatal Mortality , Adult , Blood Group Incompatibility/diagnosis , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/statistics & numerical data , Cohort Studies , Female , Fetal Death/diagnosis , Fetal Death/epidemiology , Fetal Death/etiology , Fetus/immunology , Gestational Age , Humans , Pregnancy , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Rh Isoimmunization/diagnosis , Rh Isoimmunization/mortality , Rh Isoimmunization/therapy , Risk Factors , Young Adult
4.
Ginecol Obstet Mex ; 79(6): 351-7, 2011 Jun.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21966826

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: the leading cause of fetal anemia is Rh isoimmunization. The timely diagnosis by ultrasound and intravascular transfusion improves the prognosis. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the increase in hemoglobin in the fetus and correlate the red cell transfusion volume with elevation of hemoglobin and perinatal outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: prospective, case series study. We included 17 patients with fetal anemia detected by measuring the peak systolic velocity of middle cerebral artery and determination of fetal hemoglobin before and after cordocentesis. After confirmation of fetal anemia (Hb <10 g/dL), was held fetal transfusion with 50 mL/kg estimated fetal weight, with packed red blood cells type O Rh negative. RESULTS: In 17 cases fetal anemia was diagnosed, of which 11 (64%) had Rh isoimmunization and 6 (36%) were not immune. The 17 cases received 27 intravascular transfusions, in 75% hemoglobin rose to 10 g/dL, 45% in the first transfusion, 25% in the second and 10% in the third transfusion. Fetal hemoglobin between before and after transfusion was 6.5 and 12.9 g/dl, respectively (p<0.001) and allowed to continue the pregnancy from 3 to 12 weeks from the first transfusion. There were 4 deaths (2 stillbirths and 2 neonatal), but only one was related to the procedure. the survival rate was 76%, mortality in the presence of hydrops was 30% and no deaths in patients without hydrops. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality in fetal anemia was 23.6% and only one case was related to intravascular transfusion. In cases of survival to birth, pregnancy lasted >30 weeks gestation. Hemoglobin rose from 27 to 300% of the initial fetal hemoglobin. The presence of fetal hydrops significantly increases mortality.


Subject(s)
Anemia, Hemolytic/therapy , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/statistics & numerical data , Fetal Diseases/therapy , Pregnancy Outcome , Rh Isoimmunization , Anemia, Hemolytic/epidemiology , Anemia, Hemolytic/etiology , Blood Flow Velocity , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/methods , Cordocentesis , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/epidemiology , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/etiology , Female , Fetal Blood/chemistry , Fetal Death/epidemiology , Fetal Death/etiology , Fetal Diseases/blood , Fetal Diseases/epidemiology , Fetal Diseases/etiology , Hemoglobins/analysis , Humans , Hydrops Fetalis/etiology , Hydrops Fetalis/mortality , Infant, Newborn , Middle Cerebral Artery , Pregnancy , Prospective Studies , Stillbirth/epidemiology
5.
Ginecol Obstet Mex ; 78(9): 469-77, 2010 Sep.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21961364

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis, care and prevention of hemolytic disease in fetuses and newborns is the most prominent historical example of a successful medical procedure aimed to abate perinatal morbidity and mortality caused by a disease which for centuries was described only unknown origin. OBJECTIVE: To review the perinatal outcome with intrauterine transfusion (IUT) in severe alloimmunization RhD over 21 years in a referral center of Mexico. The overall survival rate of fetuses and the relations with gestational age, and presence or absence of hydrops was analyzed. The authors present data about alloimmunization and a historical synopsis about IUT in México. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective study was conducted from January 1, 1987, to January 31, 2008. It was collected only RhD immunizations. Primary outcome variables included gestational age and presence or absence of hydrops, type and number of IUT in each case, and we studied fetal and neonatal morbidity. RESULTS: A total of 531 IUTs were performed in 150 fetuses. Severe hydrops was found at start of intrauterine treatment in 67 cases (45%). The survival rate was closely related to absence or presence of hydrops (88 and 60%), respectively. There were 123 liveborn fetuses and the procedure-related fetal loss rate was low (1.9%). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed good outcome with IUT for fetal anemia and the loss rate was low and similar to another publications. The hydrops was the principal factor in the survival rate because late detection and referral of fetuses is critical for fetal and neonatal outcome.


Subject(s)
Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/therapy , Hydrops Fetalis/therapy , Rh Isoimmunization/complications , Abruptio Placentae/etiology , Abruptio Placentae/mortality , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/methods , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/statistics & numerical data , Bradycardia/etiology , Bradycardia/mortality , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/etiology , Female , Fetal Death/epidemiology , Fetal Death/etiology , Fetal Death/prevention & control , Fetal Diseases/etiology , Gestational Age , Hemorrhage/embryology , Hemorrhage/etiology , Hemorrhage/mortality , Hospitals, Maternity/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Hydrops Fetalis/etiology , Mexico/epidemiology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Outcome , Referral and Consultation , Retrospective Studies
6.
Rev. argent. transfus ; 36(1): 73-78, 2010. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-671831

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: Evaluar las complicaciones inmunohematológicas producidas por las madres sensibilizadas que son sometidas a transfusión intrauterina (TIU) y su impacto en el recién nacido (RN). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un trabajo retrospectivo que incluyó 22 pacientes (ptes) de alto riesgo (20 con anti D, 1 anti C y 1 anti E) a las que se les realizaron tratamiento con TIU, los datos se obtuvieron de la historia clínica de la madre, del RN y fichas inmunohematológicas del servicio de medicina transfusional, a las pacientes se le realizaron controles inmuno - hematológicos en la primera consulta y luego cada 15 días hasta finalizar el embarazo lo que incluyó titulación más dosaje ponderal de anticuerpo, luego cada dos TIU se realizó panel identificador. Resultados: Del total de las ptes; 3 desarrollaron nuevos ac. después del 4° procedimiento, en dos pacientes se sumó un anticuerpo (Ac) y una pte formó 2. Al determinar la causa probable de la formación de dichos Ac se encontró: Un anti C que fue asociado al pasaje de sangre fetal a la madre, un anti Kell a los GR transfundidos, y en los ac anti c y Jka no se pudo dilucidar su origen. El 73% de las ptes elevó los títulos después de las TIU. La relación entre aumento de títulos y n° de TIU fue del 31% posterior a la 1a., el 56% a la 2a., 13% a la 3a. o más. El 69% de las ptes aumentó los títulos una única vez, independientemente del número de punciones y el 31 % ascendió con cada estímulo. En 9 ptes las TIU fueron transplacentarias y todas ellas elevaron los títulos de Ac; en las 13 no transplacentarias solo 7 aumentaron. Del total de RN, 52% tuvo como complicación anemia tadía un 19% recibió exanguíneotransfusión y el resto sin complicación. El dosaje ponderal de Ac se elevó más que los títulos en los casos de mayor afección en RN. Conclusión: Las complicaciones inmunohematológicas por TIU son frecuentes y pueden afectar el futuro obstétrico y transfusional de la madre... (TRUNCADO)


Objectives: Assess the immunohematological complications intrauterine transfusion (lUT) produced in sensitized mothers and its impact on the new born (NB). Materials and methods: A retrospective study was carried out, including 22 high risk patients (20 with anti-­D antibodies, 1 with anti-c antibodies and 1 with anti-E antibodies) which underwent percutaneous umbilical cord blood transfusion (or IUT), the data were obtained from the mothers and the newborns clinical chart as well as immunohematological record cards of the transfusion medicine department. Imunohematological testing including antibody titre and ponderal antibody quantitation was carried out at each patients first ap pointment and thenceforward every two weeks until the end of pregnancy, and cell panel antibody screening after every second IUT. Results: Out of the total of 22 patients; 3 developed new antibodies following the 4th procedure, two patients added one new antibody and one patient formed two antibodies. When determining the probable cause for these antibodies, the following was found: in one case an Anti-C antibody was linked to fetal-to-maternal hemorrhage, an anti-Kell antibody as reponse to antigens from the transfused red cells; and the origin of an anti-c antibody and an anti-Jka could not be explained. Increased antibody titre after IUT was found in 73% of the patients. Increase of titre regarding number of IUTs: 31% following the first procedure, 56% after the second and 13% after 3 or more procedures. Aside from the number of IUTs, in 69% of the cases the titre increased only once, while 31% of the patients suffered increase with each antigenic stimulus. Antibody titre increased in all 9 patients that under­went transplacental IUT; while only 7 of the 13 nontransplacental cases did. Late onset anemia occured in 52% of the newborns, and 19% required exsanguinotransfusion. The rest did not have any complication... (TRUNCADO)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Cordocentesis , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/methods , Anemia, Neonatal/blood , Blood Group Antigens , Retrospective Studies
7.
Rev. argent. transfus ; 30(3/4): 239-245, jul.-dic. 2004. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-913

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad hemolítica por anti D es una grave problemática de nuestro medio que es reconocido como causa de muerte perinatal. Conociendo que las pacientes con enfermedad hemolítica severa, las posibilidades de viabilidad fetal son nulas a pocas semanas de gestación donde otros tratamientos no fueron suficientes, nuestro trabajo demuestra que la transfusión intrauterina por cordocentesis (TIUPC) es una técnica que logra alta expectativa de vida ya que permite no solo reabsorber el hidrops fetal alcanzando embarazos a término con fetos viables, sino también evolución de los recién nacidos sin necesidad de internaciones prolongadas, con menor costo, en relación a los gastos ocasionados por el manejo multidisciplinario que requerían los neonatos sin este tratamiento. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/methods , Cordocentesis/methods , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/complications , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/therapy , Hydrops Fetalis/therapy , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/therapy
8.
Rev. argent. transfus ; 30(3/4): 239-245, jul.-dic. 2004. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-420546

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad hemolítica por anti D es una grave problemática de nuestro medio que es reconocido como causa de muerte perinatal. Conociendo que las pacientes con enfermedad hemolítica severa, las posibilidades de viabilidad fetal son nulas a pocas semanas de gestación donde otros tratamientos no fueron suficientes, nuestro trabajo demuestra que la transfusión intrauterina por cordocentesis (TIUPC) es una técnica que logra alta expectativa de vida ya que permite no solo reabsorber el hidrops fetal alcanzando embarazos a término con fetos viables, sino también evolución de los recién nacidos sin necesidad de internaciones prolongadas, con menor costo, en relación a los gastos ocasionados por el manejo multidisciplinario que requerían los neonatos sin este tratamiento.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Cordocentesis/methods , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/methods , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/therapy , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/complications , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/therapy , Hydrops Fetalis/therapy
9.
Rev. bras. ginecol. obstet ; Rev. bras. ginecol. obstet;20(3): 137-44, abr. 1998. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-212912

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: analisar 54 transfusöes intravasculares intra-uterinas (TIVs), ressaltando complicaçöes do procedimento e morbimortalidade perinatal. Material e Métodos: fetos submetidos a TIVs na Clínica Materno-Fetal e Maternidade Carmela Dutra (Florianópolis, SC), entre janeiro de 1992 e agosto de 1997, foram incluídos no estudo. As características das gestantes, dados relativos ao procedimento e ao recém-nascido foram tabulados para análise e apresentados de forma descrita, utilizando-se percentagem, média, desvio padräo, mediana, variaçäo e risco relativo (RR) com intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento (IC) conforme apropriado. Resultados: foram realizadas 50 TIVs e quatro ex-sangüíneo transfusöes em 21 fetos. Houve quatro óbitos (20 por cento), três dos quais (75 por cento) ocorridos em fetos hidrópicos. A idade gestacional média quando da primeira transfusäo foi de 29,1 semanas. A concentraçäo média de hemoglobina foi de 5,69 mg/dl. A taxa de mortalidade decorrente do procedimento foi de 7,4 por cento. A idade gestacional média ao nascimento foi 33,9 semanas e o peso médio foi 2.437 gramas. Sessenta e cinco por cento dos recém-nascidos receberam ex-sangüíneo transfusao complementar. Conclusäo: a taxa de mortalidade por procedimento (7,4 por cento) foi semelhante à relatada na literatura mundial. A taxa de mortalidade perinatal (20 por cento) foi mais elevada do que a relatada na literatura estrangeira, mas inferior à relatada em estudo conduzido no Brasil, no qual a prevalência de fetos hidrópicos foi semelhante.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Adult , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/therapy , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects , Confidence Intervals , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Infant Mortality
10.
J Pediatr ; 131(3): 373-80, 1997 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9329412

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcome for 92 fetuses treated between May 1987 and January of 1993 with intrauterine (intravascular) transfusions for severe hemolytic disease in comparison with a high-risk and a healthy control group. STUDY DESIGN: Information on the perinatal period was obtained from the patient records. The children regularly attended the outpatient clinic, and a general pediatric examination was performed on each visit. The psychometer development of the child until age 4 1/2 years was assessed according to Gesell. At the age of 5 years, the adaptation part of the Denver Developmental Screening Test and a Dutch-language test were used. A neurologic examination was performed according to Touwen. RESULTS: In our study, 77 (83.7%) of 92 fetuses were born alive after intravascular transfusions. The overall survival rate was 79.3%. The follow-up group included 69 infants, with an age range of 6 months to 6 years. Correlation between antenatal and perinatal features showed a significant negative relationship between the number of intrauterine transfusions and the duration of phototherapy (p = 0.002). The probability that neurologic abnormalities would occur was significantly greater when perinatal asphyxia had been present (p < 0.05) and with a lower cord hemoglobin level at birth (p = 0.03). The total number of children with disabilities was 10.1% (7/69). CONCLUSIONS: The neurodevelopmental outcome for the group of survivors compared favorably with a group of high-risk, very low birth weight infants (10.1% to 18%), and less favorably with a healthy control group (10.1% to 6%).


Subject(s)
Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/methods , Developmental Disabilities/etiology , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/therapy , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/etiology , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Very Low Birth Weight , Phototherapy , Prognosis , Rh Isoimmunization/complications , Risk Factors , Survival Rate , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
11.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 61(5): 341-8, 1996. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-194472

ABSTRACT

Presentamos la reevaluación de nuestra experiencia en transfusión intravascular, experiencia acumulada desde 1989 a la fecha. Los resultados alcanzados en 82 procedimientos en 26 pacientes, con sobrevida de 8 de 10 fetos hidrópicos y 13 de los 16 no hidrópicos, son comparables a los presentados pr otros centros cuyos datos están disponibles para su análisis en la literatura de la especialidad. Compartimos además, lo que hemos aprendido en la práctica de este procedimiento durante los últimos años


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/therapy , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/therapy , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/methods , Cordocentesis , Disease-Free Survival , Fetal Death , Hematocrit/methods , Hydrops Fetalis/therapy , Infant Mortality , Rh-Hr Blood-Group System , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects
12.
J Pediatr ; 126(1): 61-4, 1995 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7815227

ABSTRACT

A transient transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease occurred in a premature infant of 30 weeks of gestation. We demonstrated donor lymphocytes in a skin biopsy specimen with a two-step immunoperoxidase technique using monoclonal antibodies against human leukocyte antigen determinants specific for the donor. The girl survived and is immunocompetent.


Subject(s)
Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine , Graft vs Host Disease/immunology , HLA Antigens/immunology , Skin/immunology , Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Biopsy , Blood Group Incompatibility/diagnosis , Blood Group Incompatibility/immunology , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects , Female , Graft vs Host Disease/etiology , Graft vs Host Disease/mortality , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Lymphocytes/immunology
13.
Ginecol Obstet Mex ; 59: 128-33, 1991 Apr.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1908814

ABSTRACT

Experience with intraperitoneal blood transfusion, using ultrasonographic guide, in 24 patients with severe isoimmunization to Rh factor, is reported. A total of 57 procedures, were done from 24 weeks of gestation. In 66.6% two or more transfusions were done in the same product. There were 71% of alive newborns and in 29% of the cases it was not possible to improve perinatal survival. The analysis of these results were correlated with antecedents: presence of hydrops, gestational age at the time of resolving pregnancy, and main disease status. The usefulness of intraperitoneal transfusion, is commented upon, and new perspectives, as intravascular transfusion in cases with severe hydrops, are considered.


Subject(s)
Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/methods , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/therapy , Ultrasonography, Prenatal , Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine/adverse effects , Erythroblastosis, Fetal/complications , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Female , Fetal Death/etiology , Gestational Age , Humans , Hydrops Fetalis/etiology , Hydrops Fetalis/therapy , Infant, Newborn , Infusions, Parenteral , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic , Rh Isoimmunization
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